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簡介：1中文中文6600字,3500單詞，單詞，21萬英文字符萬英文字符出處出處GHORBANZADEHM,TAGHVAEISHAPATTERNFORECOPARKDESIGNINBESHGHARDASHLANDSCAPEJCIêNCIAENATURA,2015,37225236目錄摘要錯誤錯誤未定義書簽。未定義書簽。目錄11引言32環(huán)境和項目的背景33環(huán)境舉措和“生態(tài)景觀設計”44環(huán)境設計和生態(tài)園策略的起源55生態(tài)園的環(huán)境設計模式56設計目標761環(huán)境保護7611種植本土植物7612森林項目的分水嶺劃分7613水資源保護762環(huán)境發(fā)展7621利用可持續(xù)材料7622最有效的利用該地區(qū)的水資源8623利用健康能源的項目863滿足人類需求和娛樂環(huán)境8631教學環(huán)境問題8632環(huán)境展示8633財政資源864符合條件的兼容性9641重視當?shù)鼐包c9642重視歷史和文化特點97結論931引言據(jù)顯示，地球正經(jīng)歷環(huán)境危機。這場危機的三大主題是人類人口的迅速增長及其相關的經(jīng)濟活動；不可再生和可再生資源的枯竭；對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和生物多樣性造成廣泛和嚴重的傷害。1234在這種危急的情況下，科學和藝術的學科有責任提新的方法來解決或至少減少這方面的問題。如今建筑和景觀建筑藝術的知識與眾多學科跨越連接，雖然景觀設計可以是一個焦點，但同樣的環(huán)境保護學家、生物學家、藝術家和環(huán)境設計師的方法往往是同樣有效。同時，如伊朗這樣擁有傳統(tǒng)和特殊文化的一些國家，他們的建筑環(huán)境和定居點是遵循其珍貴的文化價值和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的信念的表達。因此，需要一個新的詞匯來表達不同的設計理念和方法，這在可持續(xù)建筑和生態(tài)景觀的討論中變得非常明顯。其中除了最佳的潛力，從文章中得出是發(fā)現(xiàn)自然潛力，比如生態(tài)園區(qū)各種有用的功能。這樣的地方，是在重視環(huán)境和娛樂的基礎上，來實現(xiàn)城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展。了解以下幾點建議是必不可少的“設定所有項目的目標并且達到它，使其與經(jīng)濟要求相適應；與其他方案的協(xié)調(diào)性；適應當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)和管理的使用，同時給予娛樂、教育功能的可行性；生態(tài)公園的發(fā)展要通過環(huán)境保護行業(yè)和可再生能源行業(yè)的一致行動。它構成了相關的環(huán)保技術和服務，特別是可再生能源產(chǎn)業(yè)及其產(chǎn)品”5。因此，發(fā)展中國家的政府和專業(yè)人士認為保護、恢復，并根據(jù)地環(huán)境的潛力制定指令。在本文中，已完成位于伊朗東北部BESHQARDASH景觀生態(tài)園研究調(diào)查，這個BESHQARDASH生態(tài)公園區(qū)域具有很多的功能，本文試著引入BESHQARDASH區(qū)域及其自然潛能，作者考慮的基本原則和生態(tài)公園的目標。同時，研究適合生態(tài)公園設計模式的生態(tài)設計方法以及本土景觀的調(diào)查。在這個過程中，從本土研究到隱性的建筑知識以及景觀到現(xiàn)代科學技術的巨大的范圍跨度。從研究本土建筑及景觀引用現(xiàn)代技術和科學的研究隱性知識的巨大范圍，相關的文獻是實質(zhì)性的。得到其中一些為保護環(huán)境所提出來的理論人與自然，可持續(xù)發(fā)展和生態(tài)范式的關系。此外，學習和調(diào)查世界上3個生態(tài)園案例，有針對性的提出調(diào)整意見，對半干旱地區(qū)的生態(tài)園提出在設計每個階段的原則。講述的案例中，是環(huán)境在適應該地區(qū)的文化和社會特征之后得到一個的模式，這個模式有效地維護以及恢復自然潛力和發(fā)展環(huán)境。2環(huán)境和項目的背景BESHGHARDASH的命名來自今天歷史悠久的純天然區(qū)域BESHGHARDASH公園，位于伊朗東北（見圖1）部博瓊德（北呼證

簡介：中文中文4700字出處出處ANTHOPOULOSKPETROS1,JULIANGEORGI2LANDSCAPEPREFERENCEEVALUATIONFORHOSPITALENVIRONMENTALDESIGNJJOURNALOFENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION,2011,2,639647對醫(yī)院環(huán)境設計景觀傾向的評價對醫(yī)院環(huán)境設計景觀傾向的評價EVALUATIONOFLANDSCAPEORIENTATIONINHOSPITALENVIRONMENTDESIGN學部（院）建筑與藝術學院專業(yè)環(huán)境藝術設計學生姓名學號指導教師完成日期對醫(yī)院環(huán)境設計景觀傾向的評價11。自中世紀以來，醫(yī)院在修道院等領域使用的修道院花園來治療和療養(yǎng)12。病人的房間有一個醫(yī)院花園的視圖，可以使病人享受于光、小湖、季節(jié)性花卉、休息區(qū)域或人行道。薩拉戈薩醫(yī)院是一個這樣的例子，它在西班牙，建于1409年，景觀設計師的靈感來自于那個時代，特別是他考慮到病人的相互作用。這就是19世紀所謂的為“倫理療法”。在薩拉戈薩醫(yī)院，病人不關在自己的房間。相反，醫(yī)院的花園是用于治療的，患者進行交流一般有另一個整天可以在戶外的空間12。后來，在1860年，弗洛倫斯南丁格爾贊揚通風和新鮮空氣以及消除不必要的噪音，適當?shù)恼彰?，溫暖，干凈的水的“最佳護理”效應11。與此形成鮮明對比的是，在17世紀美國醫(yī)院正在為病人提供糟糕的環(huán)境。建筑物小，房間沒有窗戶，沒有花園，并且對精神病患者的治療有“在樁上捆綁病人”或使用一種“絞刑架”13。18世紀歐洲浪漫主義運動是醫(yī)院在設施和場地設計方面有許多重要的變化的原因。醫(yī)學治療的理論加之存在于自然環(huán)境中的醫(yī)院在興起。浪漫主義是一種“針對人類情感的統(tǒng)一與道德和自然彌漫文化的運動，”庫珀馬庫斯14提到，在18世紀，多蘿西婭林德迪克斯18021887是第一個有興趣，通過擴展醫(yī)院環(huán)境修改病人的治療方法的人。她提出了一些基本的原則，美國議會立法在關于區(qū)域安排這些機構。然而，在20世紀，醫(yī)學科學的進步和技術的發(fā)展的同時，城市化和其他經(jīng)濟因素導致了許多醫(yī)院忽視外部區(qū)域15。在歐洲很多醫(yī)院在治療程序中增加了一個稱為“園藝療法”方法園藝，旨在“保持患者的心態(tài)遠離災難并驅(qū)動它進行創(chuàng)造性行動”12。園藝療法從職業(yè)治療開始發(fā)展，并于1950年在美國成為一個獨立的專業(yè)。一個設計良好的醫(yī)院花園可以提供了安全感、減少壓力、社會接觸和互動，滋養(yǎng)，游客可以享受自然和可以幫助開發(fā)感官，但不能開發(fā)環(huán)境內(nèi)的一個城市的結構9。1212大自然的好處大自然的好處幾項研究非病人組的結果顯示，即使是視覺短暫的遇到真實的或模擬自然環(huán)境在短短35分鐘也能引起顯著的心理生理的恢復61618。這個恢復表現(xiàn)為負面影響減少，高度積極的影響和生理系統(tǒng)的變化，說明有減少覺醒或應力動員電、心血管、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌和肌肉骨骼17。因此，謝爾曼關注用戶在醫(yī)院的活動19，發(fā)現(xiàn)66的員工使用花園的形式是從一個地方“演練”到另一個。雖然這個活動不充分利用園林的全部能力，如卡普蘭在研究經(jīng)驗中表明20，即使是這些短暫的邂逅也可能提高員工的福利和工作滿意度，這兩者都預測病人醫(yī)療滿意度21。此外，道格拉斯和道格拉斯基于定性和定量方法調(diào)查病人的看法22。從問卷調(diào)查

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