簡介：0南京郵電大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院專業(yè)學(xué)生姓名班級學(xué)號外文出處南郵外文數(shù)據(jù)庫附件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文指導(dǎo)教師評價1．翻譯內(nèi)容與課題的結(jié)合度□優(yōu)√良□中□差2．翻譯內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確、流暢□優(yōu)√良□中□差3．專業(yè)詞匯翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性□優(yōu)□良√中□差4．翻譯字符數(shù)是否符合規(guī)定要求√符合□不符合總評為良。指導(dǎo)教師簽名洪小娟2012年5月3日2定義定義埃德蒙茲2001所界定的復(fù)雜性復(fù)雜的是，在給定的語言中這難以制定的整體行為，即使給予了相當(dāng)完整的信息，其原子組件和它們的相互關(guān)系的模型屬性。112112復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)至少早在18世紀(jì)已經(jīng)正式出現(xiàn)，歐拉在他試圖解決著名的哥尼斯堡橋問題的圖論研究中首先出現(xiàn)。圖論的概念已被廣泛應(yīng)用，因為在這里有一些手段聯(lián)系著實體集的各個學(xué)科。調(diào)查這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點導(dǎo)致了一系列基礎(chǔ)的分析現(xiàn)代圖理論的解決措施。社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析工具的應(yīng)用可以追溯到20世紀(jì)初（斯科特，1991），從那以后,社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的規(guī)則SNA成為了網(wǎng)絡(luò)研究涉及的作用物間個人、組織等開發(fā)的一種度量，針對社會角色和相互作用物的不同方面。我們將在第2節(jié)討論SNA。1212典型的復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)和特點典型的復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)和特點我們目前只是簡要概述了一個典型復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)的特點和其顯著特征。一個詳盡的文獻(xiàn)是有用的，尤其是BARABáSI（2001年）和瓦茨（2003提供了一個全面的網(wǎng)絡(luò)解釋。121121隨機(jī)圖理論隨機(jī)圖理論其中最早嘗試研究這些所謂“復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)”的行為追溯到隨機(jī)圖理論的開創(chuàng)性的工作，在20世紀(jì)50年代開始的保羅鄂爾多斯和阿爾弗雷德萊利的ER模型，基本ER模型需要通過選擇隨機(jī)等，由此產(chǎn)生的網(wǎng)絡(luò)是從空間的N條邊連接N個節(jié)點。在隨機(jī)圖（足夠大）圖表中每個節(jié)點有相同概率，給定線路的概率P并不小,隨機(jī)的直徑通常是小直徑增加對數(shù),作為一個隨機(jī)圖的擴(kuò)展。122122PARETOPARETO分布及自組織臨界性分布及自組織臨界性假設(shè)使用統(tǒng)計方法,在許多情況下,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差和數(shù)據(jù)分布是已知和穩(wěn)定的。在許多情況下，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，仿真結(jié)果生成的數(shù)據(jù)具有肥尾和薄高峰被稱為LEPTOKURTOSIS特點。其中一個復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)的特點是外觀的冪律分布在很多地方。非正式的，這意味著大多數(shù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接節(jié)點相對很少也相對較小反之亦然。所謂的冪律（S）源于對帕累托分布、專業(yè)化的帕累托原理,命名VIFREDO帕累托維基百科,2005。概率密度分布函數(shù)的定義為巴泰勒米（2003）討論了兩個參數(shù)XM和K作為分布參數(shù)，如果形狀（峰度）參數(shù)KI（0,2K值≤1，平均是無限的，而對于K≤2。方差是有限的。圖1顯示了的薄峰度，這是分布的特點。我們在這里的目的是影響，而不是討論提出一種分析性能的分布，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)任何標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文本在隨機(jī)分布。這些特點為進(jìn)一步的研究基礎(chǔ)模型和現(xiàn)象的的處理提供線索。我們在后面將回到這個問題上。另一個問題就是“如果這些系統(tǒng)是模擬系統(tǒng)平衡市場所描述的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論，規(guī)范效用最大化代理商將不支持大的分析分布式系統(tǒng)性能,”。這進(jìn)一步鼓勵了在統(tǒng)計簽名驗證相關(guān)理論。事實上,更高，更薄的頻率分布與相應(yīng)的正態(tài)分布，即

簡介：0南京郵電大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院專業(yè)學(xué)生姓名班級學(xué)號外文出處南郵外文數(shù)據(jù)庫附件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文指導(dǎo)教師評價1．翻譯內(nèi)容與課題的結(jié)合度□優(yōu)√良□中□差2．翻譯內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確、流暢□優(yōu)√良□中□差3．專業(yè)詞匯翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性□優(yōu)□良√中□差4．翻譯字符數(shù)是否符合規(guī)定要求√符合□不符合總評為良。指導(dǎo)教師簽名洪小娟2012年5月3日2定義定義埃德蒙茲2001所界定的復(fù)雜性復(fù)雜的是，在給定的語言中這難以制定的整體行為，即使給予了相當(dāng)完整的信息，其原子組件和它們的相互關(guān)系的模型屬性。112112復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)至少早在18世紀(jì)已經(jīng)正式出現(xiàn)，歐拉在他試圖解決著名的哥尼斯堡橋問題的圖論研究中首先出現(xiàn)。圖論的概念已被廣泛應(yīng)用，因為在這里有一些手段聯(lián)系著實體集的各個學(xué)科。調(diào)查這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點導(dǎo)致了一系列基礎(chǔ)的分析現(xiàn)代圖理論的解決措施。社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析工具的應(yīng)用可以追溯到20世紀(jì)初（斯科特，1991），從那以后,社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析的規(guī)則SNA成為了網(wǎng)絡(luò)研究涉及的作用物間個人、組織等開發(fā)的一種度量，針對社會角色和相互作用物的不同方面。我們將在第2節(jié)討論SNA。1212典型的復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)和特點典型的復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)和特點我們目前只是簡要概述了一個典型復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)的特點和其顯著特征。一個詳盡的文獻(xiàn)是有用的，尤其是BARABáSI（2001年）和瓦茨（2003提供了一個全面的網(wǎng)絡(luò)解釋。121121隨機(jī)圖理論隨機(jī)圖理論其中最早嘗試研究這些所謂“復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)”的行為追溯到隨機(jī)圖理論的開創(chuàng)性的工作，在20世紀(jì)50年代開始的保羅鄂爾多斯和阿爾弗雷德萊利的ER模型，基本ER模型需要通過選擇隨機(jī)等，由此產(chǎn)生的網(wǎng)絡(luò)是從空間的N條邊連接N個節(jié)點。在隨機(jī)圖（足夠大）圖表中每個節(jié)點有相同概率，給定線路的概率P并不小,隨機(jī)的直徑通常是小直徑增加對數(shù),作為一個隨機(jī)圖的擴(kuò)展。122122PARETOPARETO分布及自組織臨界性分布及自組織臨界性假設(shè)使用統(tǒng)計方法,在許多情況下,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差和數(shù)據(jù)分布是已知和穩(wěn)定的。在許多情況下，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，仿真結(jié)果生成的數(shù)據(jù)具有肥尾和薄高峰被稱為LEPTOKURTOSIS特點。其中一個復(fù)雜網(wǎng)絡(luò)的特點是外觀的冪律分布在很多地方。非正式的，這意味著大多數(shù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接節(jié)點相對很少也相對較小反之亦然。所謂的冪律（S）源于對帕累托分布、專業(yè)化的帕累托原理,命名VIFREDO帕累托維基百科,2005。概率密度分布函數(shù)的定義為巴泰勒米（2003）討論了兩個參數(shù)XM和K作為分布參數(shù)，如果形狀（峰度）參數(shù)KI（0,2K值≤1，平均是無限的，而對于K≤2。方差是有限的。圖1顯示了的薄峰度，這是分布的特點。我們在這里的目的是影響，而不是討論提出一種分析性能的分布，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)任何標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文本在隨機(jī)分布。這些特點為進(jìn)一步的研究基礎(chǔ)模型和現(xiàn)象的的處理提供線索。我們在后面將回到這個問題上。另一個問題就是“如果這些系統(tǒng)是模擬系統(tǒng)平衡市場所描述的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論，規(guī)范效用最大化代理商將不支持大的分析分布式系統(tǒng)性能,”。這進(jìn)一步鼓勵了在統(tǒng)計簽名驗證相關(guān)理論。事實上,更高，更薄的頻率分布與相應(yīng)的正態(tài)分布，即

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簡介：出處MESKENDAHLSTHEINFLUENCEOFBUSINESSSTRATEGYONPROJECTPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTANDITSSUCCESSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFPROJECTMANAGEMENT,2010,288807817中文7020字THEINFLUENCEOFBUSINESSSTRATEGYONPROJECTPORTFOLIOMANAGEMENTANDITSSUCCESSACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKSASCHAMESKENDAHLTECHNISCHEUNIVERSIT?TBERLIN,CHAIRFORTECHNOLOGYANDINNOVATIONMANAGEMENT,GERMANYRECEIVED12MARCH2010RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM25JUNE2010ACCEPTED29JUNE2010商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對項目組合管理及項目組合成功影響的一個理論框架商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對項目組合管理及項目組合成功影響的一個理論框架摘要與企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)建相比，公司戰(zhàn)略實施面臨著更多的困難，為了消除公司戰(zhàn)略制定與戰(zhàn)略實施之間的差距，本文探究了商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、項目組合管理、商業(yè)成功之間的關(guān)系，先前的研究為這些孤立的概念之間正相關(guān)系提供了一些證據(jù)，但是至今為止，還沒有一個連貫整體的理論框架來解釋從商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略到成功的整個過程，因此有關(guān)項目組合管理的研究都是戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向概念的延伸。本文在查閱大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)商業(yè)，提出一個考慮戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向、項目組合結(jié)果、項目組合成功、商業(yè)成功的全面的概念模型，這個模型今后可以用于企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略對項目組合管理和組合成功影響的實證研究，另外該模型在考慮其他因素條件下很容易延伸。1引言根據(jù)MANKINSANDSTEELE2005，公司只實現(xiàn)其戰(zhàn)略潛在價值的63，JOHNSON2004報道指出，66的公司戰(zhàn)略從來沒有被實現(xiàn)，當(dāng)戰(zhàn)略的實施通常被認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)略的墳?zāi)苟缓雎裕芯康闹攸c偏向于戰(zhàn)略的制定這個方面（GRUNDY,1998MORRISANDJAMIESON,2005）。但是就如HREBINIAK2006陳述的一樣，戰(zhàn)略的實施比戰(zhàn)略的制定面臨著更多的困難，這也恰是項目組合管理能夠發(fā)揮作用的地方，SHENHARETAL2001強(qiáng)調(diào)項目和項目組合是強(qiáng)有力的戰(zhàn)略武器，因此項目和項目組合常常被視為在特定戰(zhàn)略實施過程中的關(guān)鍵點CLELAND,1999DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005GRUNDY,2000項目組合管理把公司內(nèi)部所有項目中同時進(jìn)行的項目看做一個巨大的整體，在理論研究和實際應(yīng)用中獲得越來越多的重視ARTTOANDDIETRICH,2004DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005PATANAKULANDMILOSEVIC,2009。項目組合是在一個企業(yè)內(nèi)部共同享有和競爭有限資源的一系列項目ARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,1999。目前文獻(xiàn)認(rèn)為項目組合管理的重點在于項目的評估、優(yōu)先級定位和選擇與戰(zhàn)略一致的項目EGARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,2004COOPERETAL,2001ENGLUNDAND目前，只有很少的研究從單一的角度探究了企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略、項目組合管理、商業(yè)成功之間的關(guān)系，MüLLERETAL2008認(rèn)為在戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的項目選擇與項目組合管理之間存在正相關(guān)系，一些其他的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)項目優(yōu)先級作為項目組合管理的一部分是一個成功的關(guān)鍵要素EGCOOPERETAL,1999ELONENANDARTTO,2003FRICKEETAL,2000。另外，一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)項目組合對于商業(yè)成功也有積極的影響，但至今沒有一個理論框架來解釋從戰(zhàn)略計劃經(jīng)過項目組合管理到商業(yè)成功整個過程，筆者提出一個基于戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向、項目組合結(jié)構(gòu)、項目組和成功、商業(yè)成功的理論框架，這里項目組合重點考慮分析的項目為公司內(nèi)部發(fā)起的項目、RWALKERANDRUEKERT,1987。本文依據(jù)VENKATRAMAN1989的提議提出了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的概念來評估企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略，戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向描述一個公司行為和業(yè)績的總體態(tài)勢，它克服應(yīng)用分類方法EGMILESANDSNOW,1978PORTER,1980WRIGHTETAL,1995在評價公司戰(zhàn)略MORGANANDSTRONG,2003方面的廣泛局限性。在企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略和限制性條件下，項目組合結(jié)構(gòu)是一個周期性過程在評估和選擇新的項目提案及正在進(jìn)行的項目ARCHERANDGHASEMZADEH,1999。為了評價項目組合管理以及其影響，與單個項目相比，結(jié)果更應(yīng)該可度量以及包含多個方面DIETRICHANDLEHTONEN,2005MARTINSUOANDLEHTONEN,2007。項目組合成功的評估常常依據(jù)多維度的評價指標(biāo)（COOPERETAL2002），由于項目組合的周期性，項目組合管理需要提升整體業(yè)務(wù)，因此從近期和長期結(jié)果來看，商業(yè)成功應(yīng)從項目組合管理概念基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行考慮SHENHARETAL2001。圖1展示了本文的基本框架，它認(rèn)為戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)ι虡I(yè)成功的影響通過項目組合結(jié)構(gòu)和項目組合成功來作用的，同時，它也表明了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)椖拷M合結(jié)構(gòu)和項目組和成功之間的關(guān)系具有調(diào)節(jié)作用。為了滿足現(xiàn)代公司EGS?DERLUND,2004的要求同時消除企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略制定與企

簡介：STRATEGICMANAGEMENTJOURNAL,VOL12,3348I991THELINKBETWEENRESOURCESANDTYPEOFDIVERSIFICATIONTHEORYANDEVIDENCESAYANCHATTERJEEWEATHERHEADSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,CASEWESTERNRESERVEUNIVERSITY,CLEVELAND,OHIO,USA81RGELWERNERFELTSLOANSCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,MASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,CAMBRIDGE,MASSACHUSETTS,USAINTHISPAPERWETHEORETICULLYARIDRRNPIRICULLYITIVESTIGMTETHEIDEATHATFIRNISDIVERSIFYINPARTTOIRTILIREPRODIRCTIVERESOURCESWHICHARESIRRPLIRSTOCIRRRENTOPERUTIONSKNOWLEDGEOFTHESERESOURCESALLOWS11STORNUKEPREDICTIONSUBOIRTTHEDIRECTIONOFUFIRM’SEXPANSIONINPARTICIRLUR,WESUGGESTTHATEXCESSPHYSICULRESOIRRCES,NIOSTKNOWLEDGEBASEDRESOURCESUNDEXTERNULFIRIANCIIILRESOURCESUREUSSOCIUTEDWITHRMRERELUTEDDIVERSIFCUTION,WHILEITITERNULFINUNCIULRESOIRRCESUREUSSOCIUTEDWITHINOREWIRELUTEDDIVERSIFICUTIORIPERHAPSTHERESEARCHQUESTIONTHATHASATTRACTEDTHEMOSTATTENTIONINTHESTRATEGICMANAGEMENTDISCIPLINEISTHEPOSSIBLEASSOCIATIONBETWEENFIRMDIVERSIFICATIONANDPERFORMANCEWHILETHEREAREMANYSTUDIESWHICHHAVESUPPORTEDRUMELT’S1974ORIGINALFINDINGTHATRELATEDDIVERSIFIEDFIRMSPERFORMBETTERTHANTHOSETHATAREUNRELATEDMONTGOMERY,1979BETTIS,1981RUMELT,1982PALEPU,1985VARADARAJAN,1986VARADARAJANANDRAMANUJAM,1987JOSE,NICHOLS,ANDSTEVENS,1986LUBATKINANDROGERS,1989THEREISAGROWINGNUMBERTHATFINDTHEOPPOSITEMICHELANDSHAKED,1984RAJAGOPALANANDHARRIGAN,1986ELGERSANDCLARK,1980CHATTERJEE,1986ORAREINDIFFERENTLUBATKIN,1987THISLACKOFCONSISTENTSUPPORTFORTHERELATEDNESSHYPOTHESISRAISESAQUESTIONISUNRELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONTHEBETTERCHOICEINSPECIFICINSTANCES,EVENTHOUGHONAVERAGEITSEEMSTOBEINFERIORTORELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONTOILLUSTRATE,MONTGOMERY1979FOUNDTHATRELATEDDIVERSIFIERSOPERATEWITHINHIGHPROFITINDUSTRIESTHISCOULDBEBECAUSETHESAMEFIRMSAREBETTERATDIVERSIFICATIONSTRATEGYASWELLASINDUSTRYSELECTION,ORITCOULDBEBECAUSESOMEUNDERLYINGFACTORSALLOWTHEMTOENTERTHESEINDUSTRIESANDMAKERELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONTHEIRBESTSTRATEGYIFITCANBESHOWNTHAT,UNDERSPECIFICSITUATIONS,UNRELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONCANALSOCREATEVALUE,THENWEWILLHAVETAKENTHEFIRSTSTEPTOEXPLAININGSOMEOFTHEAPPARENTINCONSISTENCIESINTHELITERATURETOTHEBESTOFOURKNOWLEDGETHEREARENOSTUDIESTHATHAVETRIEDTOANSWERTHISQUESTION’ITMAYWELLBETHATFIRMSAREINDIFFERENTTOTHETYPERELATEDORUNRELATEDOFDIVERSIFICATIONHOWEVER,IFWECANIDENTIFYSYSTEMATICFACTORSTHATINFLUENCETHETYPEOFMARKETSENTERED,THISWILLBEANIMPORTANTFINDINGFOREXAMPLE,THERELATEDNESSHYPOTHESISWOULDNEEDTOBEMODIFIEDIFITCANBESHOWNTHATBOTHRELATEDANDUNRELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONCANBEJUSTIFIEDDEPENDINGUPONCERTAINEXANTEFACTORSSPECIFICTOINDIVIDUALFIRMSTHISPAPERBUILDSATHEORETICALFOUNDATIONTOIDENTIFYSYSTEMATICFACTORSTHATINFLUENCETHETYPEOFDIVERSIFICATION,ANDEMPIRICALLYEXAMINESTHEVALIDITYOFTHESEFACTORSTOEXPLAINTHETYPEOFDIVERSIFICATIONUNDERTAKENBYADIVERSEGROUPOFFIRMSBETWEEN1981AND1985THISPAPERDEMONSTRATESTHATTHERESOURCEPROFILEOFTHEICHATTCRJEEANDWERNERFELT1988DOLINKRESOURCESTOTHETYPEOFENTEREDMARKETHOWEVER,THEYDONOTCONTROLFOROTHERFACTORSTHATCANAFFECTTHCDECISIONTOENTERCERTAINTYPESOFMARKETS,NORDOTHEYDRAWTHELINKBETWEENTHESELECTIONOFTYPEOFMARKCTANDPERFORMANCETHESEITRETHEMAJOREXTENSIONSMADEINTHISPAPEROVERTHECHATTERJEEANDWERNERFELT1988STUDY01432095/91/01003316080001991BYJOHNWILEYCARLETON,HARRIS,ANDSTEWART,1984LECRAW,1984ANDLEMELIN,1982WHICHARERELATEDTOTHEIRCOREMARKETSBETTIS,1981CAVES,PORTER,SPENCE,ANDSCOTT,1980TAKENTOGETHERTHESESTUDIESSUGGESTTHETESTABLEHYPOTHESISTHATINTANGIBLEASSETSAREUSEDTOENTERRELATEDMARKETSWHERETHEYAREMOSTLIKELYTOGENERATEACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEINSUM,WEEXPECTHIGHLEVELSOFINTANGIBLEASSETSTOENCOURAGERELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONH2RELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONPRESENCEOFINTANGIBLEASSETSWILLLEADTOFINANCIALRESOURCESFINANCIALRESOURCESINGENERALARETHEMOSTFLEXIBLEOFALLRESOURCESBECAUSETHEYCANBEUSEDTOBUYALLOTHERTYPESOFPRODUCTIVERESOURCESTOARRIVEATHYPOTHESESABOUTHOWFINANCIALRESOURCESWILLBEUSEDWEWILLBREAKTHEMUPINTOTWOCLASSESTHEFIRSTCLASS,INTERNALFUNDS,CONSISTSOFLIQUIDITYATHANDANDUNUSEDDEBTCAPACITYTOBORROWATNORMALRATESTHESECONDCLASS,EXTERNALFUNDS,CONSISTSOFNEWEQUITYANDPOSSIBLYHIGHRISKDEBTSSUCHASJUNKBONDSSEVERALTHEORIESSUGGESTTHATLOWERLEVELSOFINTERNALFUNDSRELATIVETOEXTERNALFUNDSWILLLEADTOLOWERLEVELSOFUNRELATEDDIVERSIFICATIONANDVICEVERSA

簡介：中文中文4195字出處出處JMANAGGOV201014115–144一個關(guān)于應(yīng)急理論基礎(chǔ)的內(nèi)部控制因素及其后果的形成ANNUKKAJOKIPII摘要摘要為了保證企業(yè)需求內(nèi)部控制活動的有效性和信息的可靠性以及遵守法律的適用性。因此，COCO,COSO等幾個框架顯示公司的特征，這個不同對內(nèi)部的控制也不同。每個組織要選擇最適合的控制系統(tǒng)時，必須考慮到意外事故的風(fēng)險是否切合權(quán)變理論。本文研究的是檢視這些風(fēng)險特點的選擇是否適應(yīng)他們公司內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)和它是否會導(dǎo)致一些更加優(yōu)惠的有效性的評估控制管理。雖然內(nèi)部控制的組成部分已進(jìn)行單獨控制，本文嘗試闡明內(nèi)部控制的關(guān)鍵點并將其放到更加廣闊的背景中。結(jié)果證明，基于對741芬蘭公司W(wǎng)EB調(diào)查，表明公司用內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)來應(yīng)對環(huán)境的不確定性，并觀測控制的有效性的戰(zhàn)略對其內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)有著顯著的效果。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞內(nèi)部控制、成效、權(quán)變理論、結(jié)構(gòu)方塊建模11文章概述文章概述人們普遍認(rèn)為，一個內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)可以幫助企業(yè)降低風(fēng)險的財務(wù)報表的可靠性保證體系和法律的遵循情況（SPIRAANDPAGE2003）因此，越來越多的企業(yè)倒閉和一些廣泛宣傳企業(yè)舞弊行為導(dǎo)致企業(yè)在他們具體的操作環(huán)境下更多的關(guān)注自己的內(nèi)部控制。在巨大的管理壓力下，如何提高內(nèi)部控制的有效性以及有效的與董事會和股東溝通。由于內(nèi)部控制可能會影響長期的報告，導(dǎo)致審計人員、供應(yīng)商、客戶都對內(nèi)部控制感興趣。KINNEY在2000年指出，盡管內(nèi)部控制對公司影響很大，但在組織環(huán)境中內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)卻無法實現(xiàn)。關(guān)于內(nèi)部控制的抓也文獻(xiàn)在國際研究上已取得進(jìn)展，但迄今為止，內(nèi)部控制的研究數(shù)量有限。在2004年SELTOANDWIDENER出版的專業(yè)文章中提出，在管理控制中研究較少的內(nèi)部控制有著很強(qiáng)的實用性。在2000年MAIJOOR越來越重視企業(yè)內(nèi)部的控制，以及現(xiàn)有的研究不足，為其創(chuàng)造了新的研究基于和需求。這項研究有助于了解內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)及其在公司環(huán)境中觀察到對公司的效果。即使內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)框架中提出了一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)部控制目標(biāo)，但仍然需要注意的是，有效地內(nèi)部控制是要根據(jù)公司的不同特點來制定的。因此，即使是內(nèi)部控制的框架中也無法提供一個企業(yè)的特點和其控制系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系。因此，本研究利用一個應(yīng)急方法，審查內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計，并且將其放到不同釋。權(quán)變理論構(gòu)成了一種新的方法來演技有內(nèi)部控制的理論和基礎(chǔ)特點，這些從應(yīng)急控制文件總結(jié)而來。戰(zhàn)略尺寸組織結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)知環(huán)境的不確定性應(yīng)變特征RQ1RQ2RQ3RQ4控制環(huán)境風(fēng)險評估控制活動信息和通信監(jiān)控內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)RQ5效率和效力活動可靠性信息遵守法律和法規(guī)內(nèi)部控制評判效果因此管理控制在組織制度中的一個重要控制子集一直是權(quán)變理論的研究主體。研究主要集中在上下文變量對管理控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的影響，在這文獻(xiàn)中，是對文獻(xiàn)回顧的研究基礎(chǔ)上分析的。其目的是利用了解內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)的特點和影響來觀察成效以作為制定權(quán)變理論。內(nèi)部控制和權(quán)變理論共享某些元素，但是共同點和不同點的廣度取決于所用的定義。在2003年CHENHALL指出，以前的應(yīng)變研究是基礎(chǔ)的管理控制研究，遵循傳統(tǒng)的感知旨在協(xié)助管理人員決策的被動工具。一是管理控制系統(tǒng)包含了一個會計系統(tǒng)，還包括個人或家族控制的控制因素。圖1說明了研究框架和理論基礎(chǔ)上的內(nèi)部控制框架。變量之間的關(guān)系有三組，在應(yīng)變特點，內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)和觀察成效是本文研究的終點。前四個研究問題（RQ1RQ4）旨在測試（戰(zhàn)略，規(guī)模，組織應(yīng)變特征結(jié)構(gòu)和環(huán)境的不確定性）等因素對內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。這些因素前人都有所研究（例如CHENHALL2003；DONALDSON2001；HOQUEANDJAMES2000；MACINTOSH1994；SIMONS1987；DRAZINANDVANDEVEN1985；OTLEY1980指出，指出這些因素對控制結(jié)構(gòu)和企業(yè)的績效產(chǎn)生一定的影響。第五個研究因素（RQ5）集中于內(nèi)部控制結(jié)構(gòu)與內(nèi)部控制有效性的關(guān)系上。變量之間的理論關(guān)系是基于COSO1994年提出的。指出根據(jù)特定的情況對內(nèi)部控制的需求不盡相同，但是內(nèi)部控制組成的部分功能可以引導(dǎo)有效地內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)。FISHER1998年指出，成功的剪裁控制系統(tǒng)以適應(yīng)企業(yè)的特點等類似的權(quán)變理論對公司的業(yè)績有著突出的貢獻(xiàn)。然而企業(yè)可能有著傳統(tǒng)性能的其他目標(biāo)。因此根據(jù)FISHER1995年的建議，在模型中所設(shè)想的一個非財務(wù)目標(biāo)對內(nèi)部控制的有效性產(chǎn)生理想的效果。用內(nèi)部控制因素管理眼力大的公司已成為關(guān)鍵的因

簡介：TOCBASEDAPPROACHONADECISIONMAKINGMODELOFRECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSABSTRACTBASEDONTHECONCEPTOFTHETHEORYOFCONSTRAINTS,THISPAPERDISCUSSESADECISIONMAKINGMODELOFRECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSTAKINGTHEMEASUREOFTHROUGHPUTASITSDECISIONOBJECTIVE,WEFORMULATETHERECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSPROBLEMINTOALINEARPROGRAMMINGMEANWHILE,WEAPPLYTHETOCBASEDMODELTOARUBBERMANUFACTURINGENTERPRISEWHICHPROVESTHATITISMOREEFFECTIVETHANTHETRADITIONALAPPROACHINMINIMIZINGTHETOTALCOSTKEYWORDSDECISIONMAKINGMODEL；REVERSELOGISTICS；THEORYOFCONSTRAINTS；THROUGHPUTIINTRODUCTIONTHEGOALOFMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIESISTOSHIPGOODSTHROUGHTHEIRPLANTS,DISTRIBUTIONCENTERSTOTHEIRCUSTOMERSTHISMOVEMENTOFGOODSMOSTOFTENMEANSAPROFIT1TOALLINVOLVEDTHESESAMECOMPANIES,HOWEVER,DONOTWANTPRODUCTSTOBERETURNEDFORANYREASONTHEYDONOTPLANFORTHEBACKWARDMOVEMENTORRETURNOFGOODS,KNOWNASREVERSELOGISTICS,ASTHESERETURNSREPRESENTASUBSTANTIALCOSTRATHERTHANAPROFITTRADITIONALLY,SOMEMANAGERSEVENPERCEIVERETURNEDGOODSASAFAILUREOFTHEIRDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEM1HOWEVER,WITHTHEQUICKCONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCES,SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTISEMERGINGASADOMINANTPARADIGMTHATISLIKELYTOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEDESIGNOFANYSOCIETALANDECONOMICALPOLICIESACCORDINGTOPETEKETAL2,THEREARETHREEMAINREQUIREMENTSFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTRESOURCECONSERVATION,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION,ANDSOCIALASWELLASECONOMICDEVELOPMENTREVERSELOGISTICSCONCEPTOFASUPPLYCHAINPROVIDESTHEBESTSTRATEGYTOREDUCEANDREUTILIZEWASTEANDPROTECTENVIRONMENT3REVERSELOGISTICSISACTUALLYVERYINVOLVEDINMODERNINDUSTRYINTHEDISTRIBUTIONACTIVITIESSUCHASPRODUCTRETURNS,SOURCEREDUCTION/CONSERVATION,RECYCLING,SUBSTITUTION,REUSE,DISPOSAL,REFURBISHMENT,REPAIRANDREMANUFACTURING4OVERTHELASTDECADE,REVERSELOGISTICSHASHADASIGNIFICANTECONOMICIMPACTONINDUSTRYASWELLASSOCIETYTHISIMPACTCANBESEENEITHERASDETRIMENTALTOACOMPANY,ANDTHUSAVOIDED,ORASACOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEWITHPOTENTIALFORCAPTURINGMARKETSHARECOMPANIESTHATRECEIVEITEMSBACKFROMTHECUSTOMERWHOTRYTOHIDEFROMTHESIGNIFICANCEOFREVERSELOGISTICSMISSPROFITMAKINGOPPORTUNITIESONTHEOTHERHAND,COMPANIESTHATUSEREVERSELOGISTICSASANINORDERTOMEETENVIRONMENTALCONCERNS/REGULATIONS,MANUFACTURERSOFTENATTEMPTTORECOVERTHERESIDUALVALUEOFTHEIRUSEDPRODUCTSTHROUGHREMANUFACTURINGPRODUCTREMANUFACTURINGSUCHASTRANSFORMINGUSEDITEMSINTOMARKETABLEPRODUCTSTHROUGHREFURBISHMENT,REPAIRANDUPGRADINGCANALSOYIELDSUBSTANTIALCOSTBENEFITS6TYPICALLY,ARECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSSYSTEMINVOLVESTHECOLLECTIONOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSATDESIGNATEDREGIONALDISTRIBUTIONCENTERSOFRETAILOUTLETS,THETRANSFERANDCONSOLIDATIONOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSATCENTRALIZEDRETURNCENTERS,THEASSETRECOVERYOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSTHROUGHREPAIRS,REFURBISHING,ANDREMANUFACTURING,ANDTHEDISPOSALOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSWITHNOCOMMERCIALVALUEGENERALLY,THERECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSMANAGEMENTCONCERNSTHEFOLLOWINGISSUES?THECONSIDERATIONOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFDETACHINGANDREPROCESSING,ANDTHERELIABILITYOFREPAIRINGOFTHERECYCLEDPRODUCTS?SUFFICIENTQUANTITYANDREQUIREDQUALITYOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTS?AMARKETFORTHERECYCLEDPRODUCTS?ACORRESPONDINGRECYCLEDPOLICYONRECYCLEDPRODUCTS?NECESSARYINFORMATIONFORTHEDECISIONMAKINGONTHEOPERATIONOFPRODUCTRECYCLINGHOWEVER,THEPROBLEMFORTHEMANUFACTURERISHOWTOCOLLECTTHERECYCLINGPRODUCTSFROMCUSTOMERSWITHINLIMITEDCENTRALIZEDRETURNCENTERS,TRANSFERTHEMTOTHERECYCLINGLOGISTICSSYSTEM,ANDTAKETHEREPAIRINGSTRATEGIESSUCHASDETACHING,REUSING,RECYCLING,DISPOSAL,ANDSOON,TOMAKETHEMAXIMIZATIONOFTHEIRECONOMICBENEFITSTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTWOFOLDFIRSTTOPROVIDEANINDEPTHANALYSISOFTHERECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSSYSTEMANDITSOPERATIONMANAGEMENTWHICHISCORRESPONDINGLYFORMULATEDASALINEARPROGRAMMINGBASEDONANEXAMPLEANDSECONDTODEMONSTRATEHOWSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTSANDSUCCESSFULIMPLEMENTATIONOFATOCTHEORYOFCONSTRAINTSAPPROACHTOMEASURETHEREVERSELOGISTICSSYSTEMCOMPAREDWITHTHETRADITIONALCOSTMEASUREITISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSTHECONCEPTSOFTOCISINTRODUCEDINSECTION2THERECYCLINGREVERSELOGISTICSSYSTEMANDITSMODELISILLUSTRATEDINSECTION11709781424420131/08/2500?2008IEEEDRLEONGAILLARD1,MRANDREASSCHROETER21HEADOFRESEARCH,LAOINSTITUTEFORRENEWABLEENERGYLIRE,SOKPALUANGROAD,SOKPALUANGVILLAGE,VIENTIANE,LAOPDR,POBOX80102DIRECTOR,SUNLABOBRENEWABLEENERGYLTD,LAOTHAIROAD,WATNAKVILLAGE,VIENTIANE,LAOPDR,POBOX9077EMAILOFCORRESPONDINGAUTHORANDYSCHROETERSUNLABOBCOMOPPORTUNITYFORENHANCEDBUSINESSWILLPROSPERBYMAINTAININGCUSTOMERSUPPORT,THEULTIMATEISSUEFORPROFITABILITY52ALLRECYCLEDPRODUCTSWITHSUFFICIENTQUANTITIESANDREQUIREDQUALITYFORTHESUSTAINABLESUPPLYAFTERREPROCESSING3ALLDETACHEDPARTSORREPRODUCEDPRODUCTSFROMTHERECYCLEDPRODUCTSHAVEANADEQUATEMARKETFORSALEANDREUSE4DECISIONMAKINGONLYFORTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSOFTHEWHOLEREVERSELOGISTICSSYSTEM,NOTCONSIDERINGTHEDETAILEDOPERATIONSATTHETESTINGCENTERBPARAMETERSANDMATHEMATICALFORMULATIONI–INDEXOFREPRODUCEDPRODUCTSAFTERREPROCESSINGATTESTINGCENTERJ–INDEXOFRECYCLEDPRODUCTSM–INDEXOFTHEMARKETFORREUSEPRODUCTSU–INDEXOFRECYCLEDSITEST–INDEXOFTESTINGSITESPIM–ACCEPTABLEPRICEOFREPRODUCEDPRODUCTIFORSECONDARYMARKETMPJ–UNITPRICEFORTHERECYCLEDPRODUCTJCJUT–UNITSHIPMENTCOSTFROMRECYCLEDSITEUTOTESTINGCENTERTFORRECYCLEDPRODUCTJCITM–UNITSHIPMENTCOSTFROMTESTINGCENTERTTOMARKETMFORREPRODUCEDPRODUCTIΘJU–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簡介：??第24卷?第4期?吉首大學(xué)學(xué)報自然科學(xué)版VOL24?NO4????2003年12月JOURNALOFJISHOUUNIVERSITYNATURALSCIENCEEDITIONDEC2003??ARTICLEID10072985200304002704NEWTRENDSANDPROBLEMSINMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINEDESIGNTHEORY?WANGAILUN,DUANJIAN,HUANGMINGHUI,ZHONGJUECOLLEGEOFMECHANICALANDTHEREAFTERABRIEFDISCUSSIONISGIVENKEYWORDSINTERFACEEXTRAORDINARYPHYSICALFIELDPROCESSINGMACHINEFUNCTIONMATERIALCLCNUMBERTH11??????DOCUMENTCODEA1?THETIMEBACKGROUNDOFMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINEINTHELONGSPANOFHISTORYOFHUMANPROGRESS,MANYTOOLS,MACHINESANDMETHODSWERECREATEDANDAVARIETYOFMATERIALSWITHDIFFERENTPROPERTIESWEREPROCESSEDMATERIALSANDITSPROCESSINGHAVEBECOMEONEOFPILLARANDDRIVINGFORCEOFMANKINDPROGRESSINPACEWITHMULTIPOLARCOMPETITIONINCURRENTWORLDANDPEOPLE?SSTRIVINGPERSEVERINGLYFORHAPPIERLIFE,MATERIALFUNCTIONGOESBEYONDUNCEASINGLYMEN?SKNOWLEDGEANDIMAGINATION,FOREXAMPLE,CRYPTICFUNCTIONMATERIAL,SEMICONDUCTORMATERIAL,ENERGYMATERIAL,VIBRATIONABSORPTIVEMATERIAL,SUPERSTRENGTHALUMINUMALLOYACCOUNTINGFOR70PERCENTOFAPPLICATIONOFAERONAUTICSANDSPACE,METALFOILOF45?M,DEEPDRAWINGPLATEWITHANISOTROPYBELOW1PERCENT,ELECTRONICALUMINUMFOILWITHMICROORIENTATIONUPTO95PERCENT,HEATRESISTINGALUMINUMALLOYWITHSUPERSTRONGSPECIFICSTRENGTHUSEDINAERONAUTICS,SPACEANDDEEPSEA,ETC1,2THUSSEVERALIMPORTANTDEVELOPMENTTRENDSWITHDISTINCTTIMEFEATURESINMATERIALPROCESSINGDOMAINARESHAPEDUPASFOLLOWS1CREATINGMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINEWITHEXTRAORDINARYPHYSICALFIELDFORPROCESSINGMATERIALWITHSPECIALTEXTURESTRUCTURESANDFUNCTIONSFOREXAMPLE,APPLICATIONSOFTHERMALENERGYANDMECHANICALENERGYAREBREAKINGTHROUGHUNCEASINGLYTECHNOLOGYLIMIT,ANDSOMENONTRADITIONENERGY,SUCHASMICROWAVE,CHEMICALENERGY,BIOENERGY,ETC,AREINTRODUCEDINTOMATERIALPROCESSINGPROCEDUREONEAFTERANOTHER,SOTHATSOMEMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINESWITHEXTRAORDINARYENERGYCIRCUMSTANCEAREPRODUCED2BREAKINGTHROUGHTRADITIONALPHYSICALLIMITSANDINTEGRATINGMELTING,SOLIDIFYING,PLASTICDEFORMATIONANDHEATTREATMENTTOOBTAINSPECIALFUNCTIONOFMATERIALANDCUTDOWNEXPENSES3FOREXAMPLE,NEARNETSHAPINGMATERIALPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY,SUCHASFASTROLLING,SPRAYINGDEPOSITION,OVERPLASTICMOLDING,INJECTIONMOLDING,HIGHENERGYBEAM,ETC,ISAPPLIED?RECEIVEDDATE20030612FOUNDATIONITEMSUPPORTEDBYNATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINA59835170ANDSTATEKEYPROJECTOFFUNDAMENTALRESEARCHG1999064906BIOGRAPHYWANGAILUN1960,WASBORNINCHANGSHACITY,PROFESSOROFCOLLEGEOFMECHANICALRESEARCHAREAISMODERNMACHINEDESIGNTHEORYANDMAKINGSKILL,DYNAMICSOFMECHANICALANDELECTRONICSYSTEMINSTANTANEOUSLYANDTHUSDYNAMICINSTABILITYISRESULTEDINTHUSFOLLOWINGPROBLEMSCANBEPUTFORWARDMECHANISMOF?SPECTRECHATTER?AROSEFROMSTICKINGSLIDINGFRICTIONANDPARTIALHYDRODYNAMICLUBRICATIONINROLLINGINTERFACE,INSTABILITYCONDITIONANDMECHANISMOFCONSTRAINTBETWEENSMOOTHSURFACEANDROTATINGBODYUNDERTHECIRCUMSTANCEOFHIGHSPEED,HEAVYDUTYANDBOUNDARYLUBRICATION,LUBRICATIONFILMABSORPTIONMECHANISMANDPHYSICALCHEMISTRYBEHAVIOUROFINTERFACEOFUNCEASINGLYREGENERATIVESURFACE,THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENRHEOLOGICALCHARACTERISTICANDMACHINEOPERATIONPARAMETERS33MULTIBODYNONLINEARCONTACTMECHANISMUNDERTHECONDITIONOFEXTRAHIGHPRESSUREFIELDTOBUILDTHESUPERSTRENGTHPRESSUREFIELDONLARGEAREAISONEOFBASICFUNCTIONOFMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINE,ANDITISALSONECESSARYTOFORMBYONCELARGESIZESTRUCTUREELEMENTSUCHASSPACECRAFT,INTERCONTINENTALVEHICLES,CARANDLARGESCALEAEROPLANEETCTHEABILITYTOBUILDSUPERSTRONGPRESSUREFIELDISONEOFIMPORTANTFEATUREANDTHEBASEOFINDEPENDENTNATIONALDEFENSEUNDERTHECIRCUMSTANCEOFSUPERSTRENGTHPRESSUREFIELD,MULTIBODYSTRONGNONHERTZCONTACTANDNONLINEARFRICTIONWILLBEPRODUCED,THUSLOCALPERMANENTDEFORMATIONANDDEGRADINGOFELEMENTACCURACYMAYBELEDNEWTHEORYFOUNDATIONOFDESIGNOFMACHINEWITHSUPERSTRENGTHPRESSUREFIELDWILLBEFURNISHEDTHROUGHSTUDYOFMULTIBODYSTRONGNONHERTZCONTACTMECHANISM,MULTIBODYNONLINEARFRICTIONMECHANISMSUCHASPROVIDINGFORCEDISPLACEMENTMIXEDSOLVINGPROCESSOFTHREEDIMENSIONMULTIBODY34LOADDISTRIBUTIONLAWINMULTISLIDINGPAIRWITHSTRUCTUREBIASLOADWITHREGARDTOSTATICALLYINDETERMINATESTRUCTURE,LOADDISTRIBUTIONOFCONSTRAINTPOINTISDETERMINEDBYDEFORMATIONCOMPATIBILITYCONDITIONHOWEVER,CONCERNINGSOMEPLANELARGESIZESTATICALLYINDETERMINATESTRUCTUREWITHSLIDINGDEGREEOFFREEDOMINTHIRDDIMENSION,LOADDISTRIBUTIONCANNOTBEDETERMINEDBYDEFORMATIONCOMPATIBILITYCONDITIONTHUSNEWTHEORYBASISWILLBEPROVIDEDBYANALYZINGOFCONTACTBEHAVIOURANDMECHANISMOFSLIDINGPAIRSUCHASCREEP,FORCEOFFRICTION,INTEGRALDEFORMATIONCOMPATIBILITYCONDITION,ETC35COUPLINGMECHANISMANDSTABILITYOFMULTIPHYSICALFIELDSINMATERIALPROCESSINGSYSTEMSINTHEWAKEOFSYSTEMFUNCTIONBECOMINGMOREANDMOREDIVERSIFIED,CONVENTIONALTECHNOLOGYLIMITSINMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINEISBEINGBROKETHROUGHUNCEASINGLY,SYSTEMSTRUCTUREALSOBECOMESINCREASINGLYCOMPLICATED,ANDSYSTEMPERFORMANCEBECOMESINCREASINGLYMULTICAUSALFOREXAMPLE,ANYINSTANTANEOUSSTATEOFROLLERINFASTROLLINGMILLSISAFFECTEDBYELASTICDEFORMATION,PLASTICFLOW,HEATTRANSFERPROCESS,HYDRODYNAMICLUBRICATIONPROCESS,INTERFACEPHYSICALCHEMISTRYMOLECULARSTATEANDSOON5INADDITION,ELECTROMECHANICALCOUPLINGINPROCESSINGSYSTEMHAVEALREADYGONEBEYONDCONVENTIONALCONCEPT,FORINSTANCE,SOMESINGULARPOINTPHENOMENONSUCHASMICROVARIABLECANBETRANSFORMEDINTOMACROVARIABLE,AREPRESENT,THUSROLLEROPERATIONINSTABILITYMAYBELEDBYPERTURBATION8THEREFORE,THISSUBJECTWILLSTUDYTHEINTERACTIONMECHANISMOFMULTIPHYSICALFIELDANDTHEINFLUENCEONPROCESSINGSYSTEMSTABILITYANDPROCESSINGMATERIALQUALITYSTARTEDWITHANALYSISOFMICROSTATEOFEXECUTIVEBODY36MULTITECHNOLOGYINTEGRATIONANDCOALESCENCEOFACCURATECONTROLTHEMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINE,WHICHOPERATEUNDERTHECIRCUMSTANCEOFEXTRAORDINARYPHYSICALFIELD,ISACOMPLICATEDLARGESCALESYSTEM,ANDSOMEPARAMETERSOFTHESYSTEMVARYONFEASIBLEFIELDBOUNDARYTHEREBY,TOKEEPUNDERACCURATECONTROLANDADJUSTMENTOFMULTIFIELDCIRCUMSTANCE,MULTIDIMENSIONCOORDINATION,MULTIENERGYCONVERSION,MULTILEVELINFORMATIONTRANSFER,INTERFACEMULTIPROCESSCOUPLING,ETCISOFMUCHSIGNIFICANCESINCEAVARIETYOFMULTIINTERACTIONEXISTSINCONTROLMODEL,ITISNECESSARYTOESTABLISHINTEGRATIONFRAMEWORKOFCOORDINATIONWORKACCORDINGTODECOUPLINGOFCONTROLMODEL,SOASTOACCURATECONTROLBASEDONTHEMULTITECHNOLOGYINTEGRATIONANDCOALESCENCEISREALIZED37QUASIREALITYDESIGNANDCONCURRENTDESIGNBASEDONKNOWLEDGEINNOVATIONSYSTEMSDIGITALIZATIONANDVISUALIZATIONOFMATERIALPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGYWILLPROMOTEIMMEDIATELYTHEQUALITYOFDESIGN,OPERATIONANDCONTROLTHEREFOREOPTIMIZATIONOFMATERIALPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGYANDMATERIALPROCESSINGMACHINEBYMEANSOFREALIZATIONOFVIRTUALSIMULATIONOFPROCESSINGPROCEDURETHROUGHQUASIREALITYDESIGNANDCONCURRENTDESIGNIS29第4期???????????王艾倫材料制備機(jī)械設(shè)計理論中的新趨勢和新問題

簡介：GUOETAL/JZHEJIANGUNIVSCIAAPPLPHYSGEJIAN1ZJUEDUCNRECEIVEDMAY26,2010REVISIONACCEPTEDJULY9,2010CROSSCHECKEDAUG11,2010ABSTRACTLANDSCAPEDESIGNFORAGREENCOMMUNITYSHOULDBEFAVORABLEFORTHEAMBIENTECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTANDFORENHANCEMENTOFBOTHTHELOCALCLIMATEOFARESIDENTIALAREAANDTHEENVIRONMENTALQUALITYOFLIFETHISPAPERPRESENTSOPTIMIZATIONMETHODSFORPLANTLANDSCAPEDESIGNTHATTAKEACCOUNTOFRESULTSOFCOMPARISONSOFNOISEREDUCTIONEFFECTS,HEATISLANDTEMPERATUREDECREASESANDEFFECTSONVENTILATIONTHESEMETHODSAREBASEDONDIFFERENTPLANTCONFIGURATIONSANDVARIOUSLUMINOUSENVIRONMENTS,SUCHASEXTERIORSUNSHINEANDSHADEDAREASAFTERTHESIMULATIONOFEXTERIORLUMINOUS,ACOUSTICANDTHERMALENVIRONMENTSOFARESIDENTIALAREAUSINGTHEANALYTICSOFTWAREECOTECT,CADNA/A,ANDPHEONICSTHREEDIFFERENTTYPESOFRESIDENTIALBUILDINGSARESIMULATEDINCLUDINGAFACULTYAPARTMENTINTHEXIXICAMPUSOFZHEJIANGUNIVERSITY,THEHUAQINGVILLAANDTHEGANGWANJIAYUANFACULTYAPARTMENTOFZHEJIANGUNIVERSITY,CHINA,BASEDONGREENBUILDINGDESIGNTHEORYINADDITION,THEMETHODSANDPROCESSFLOWOFLANDSCAPEDESIGNOFGREENRESIDENTIALAREASAREALSODESCRIBEDFORTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTHEEXTERIORPHYSICALLIVINGENVIRONMENTKEYWORDSLANDSCAPEDESIGN,GREENCOMMUNITY,GREENBUILDING,EXTERIORPHYSICALENVIRONMENTDOI101631/JZUSA1000241DOCUMENTCODEACLCNUMBERTU0231INTRODUCTIONANALYSISOFDATAFROMCLIMATEMONITORINGOVERTHEPAST100YEARSSHOWSTHATHUMANACTIVITIESARELARGELYRESPONSIBLEFORCLIMATECHANGEBEFORETHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION,THEATMOSPHERICCONCENTRATIONOFCO2WAS280010?6,WHILEBY2007ITHADRISENTO383110?6THEAVERAGEGLOBALTEMPERATUREHASINCREASEDBY074°COVERTHESAMEPERIODWANGETAL,2010FIFTYPERCENTOFGLOBALENERGYISCONSUMEDINBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONANDOPERATIONOFWHICH34ISASSOCIATEDWITHCONSTRUCTIONWUANDYUAN,2010THEENVIRONMENTALLYHARMFULPRACTICESOFHUMANCENTRISMNEEDTOBERESTRAINEDTOCREATEAMORENATURALECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTFROMTHE1970S,WESTERNCOUNTRIESSETABOUTRESTRAININGENERGYCONSUMPTIONXUE,2010AFTER40YEARSOFPRACTICEWITHBUILDINGCOMFORTIMPROVING,INDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,NEWBUILDINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONPERUNITAREAHASBEENREDUCEDTO1/3–1/5OFTHAT30YEARSAGOQIU,2008HIGHENERGYCONSUMINGBUILDINGSACCOUNTFOR98OFMORETHAN41010M2OFURBANBUILDINGSINCHINAWANG,2010BIN2009,THECHINESEGOVERNMENTPROMULGATEDANEWPOLICYONTHEPOSITIVERESOLUTIONOFCLIMATECHANGETHATVIGOROUSLYADVOCATEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFGREENBUILDINGSWANG,2010AINVIEWOFTHERELATIVELYINADEQUATERESOURCESPERCAPITAANDWEAKFOUNDATIONSOFTHEECOLOGICALENVIRONMENT,THEPROMOTIONANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHECONCEPTIONOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTAREOFGREATURGENCYINCHINATHEBUILDINGINDUSTRY,WHICHCONSUMESAGREATDEALOFENERGYANDRESOURCES,MUSTJOURNALOFZHEJIANGUNIVERSITYSCIENCEAAPPLIEDPHYSICSISSN18621775ONLINEWWWZJUEDUCN/JZUSWWWSPRINGERLINKCOMEMAILJZUSZJUEDUCN?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORPROJECTNOR1080363SUPPORTEDBYTHEZHEJIANGPROVINCIALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINA?ZHEJIANGUNIVERSITYANDSPRINGERVERLAGBERLINHEIDELBERG2010GUOETAL/JZHEJIANGUNIVSCIAAPPLPHYSENG2010119691700693LOCALSEEDSASMUCHASPOSSIBLETOIMPROVESURVIVALRATEANDFACILITATEMAINTENANCEANDFUTUREMANAGEMENT2FUNCTIONALPRIORITYHIGHTREESSHOULDBEPLANTEDATANADEQUATEDISTANCEFROMBUILDINGSANDPREFERABLYNOTONTHESOUTHSIDEOFBUILDINGSBECAUSEOFDAYLIGHTANDVENTILATIONCONSTRAINTS3HARMONYANDUNIFICATIONVARIOUSPLANTSANDCORRESPONDINGCONFIGURATIONSSHOULDBEADOPTEDTOCREATEARTISTICLANDSCAPESACCORDINGTODIFFERENTCHARACTERISTICSOFEVERYSPACERESIDENTIALCOMMUNITIESNEEDUNIFORMTYPESOFPLANTSTOFORMTHEGREENINGSTYLEOFAWHOLEREGIONHUMANCULTURE,HISTORY,ANDENVIRONMENTSHOULDALLBETAKENINTOACCOUNTFORHARMONY3LUMINOUSENVIRONMENTOFRESIDENTIALAREASITISNECESSARYTOACHIEVEHARMONYBETWEENTHEECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTANDLIVINGCONDITIONSINLANDSCAPEDESIGNAREASONABLECONFIGURATIONOFPLANTSISREQUIREDBASEDONTHEHELIOPHILICITYOFPLANTSFORAHEALTHYDEVELOPMENTINACCORDANCEWITHDIFFERENTSUNSHINEANDSHADINGCONDITIONSINVARIOUSRESIDENTIALAREASUNDERGOINGPLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTIONTHISAPPROACHSHOULDINFLUENCETHEUTILIZATIONOFTHEBUILDINGSANDENVIRONMENTTHEFACULTYAPARTMENTINTHEXIXICAMPUSOFZHEJIANGUNIVERSITY,HANGZHOU,CHINAWASTAKENASANEXAMPLEINTHISCASETHELUMINOUSENVIRONMENTOFTHERESIDENTIALAREAANDITSEFFECTONLANDSCAPEDESIGNHAVEBEENANALYZEDUSINGSIMULATIONWITHTHEECOLOGICALDESIGNSOFTWAREAUTODESKECOTECTANALYSISBYTHESQUAREONECOMPANY31PROJECTINTRODUCTIONLOCATEDINTHEXIXICAMPUSOFZHEJIANGUNIVERSITY,THEFACULTYAPARTMENTCOVERSANAREAOF34155M2INACONSTRUCTIONAREAOFABOUT90888M2THEREAREATOTALOF10HIGHRISERESIDENTIALBUILDINGS,EACHOFWHICHISABOUT30MHIGH,ANDTWOUNDERGROUNDGARAGES32SIMULATIONOFTHELUMINOUSENVIRONMENTOFTHERESIDENTIALCOMMUNITYHANGZHOUCITYISLOCATEDONTHEEASTERNCOASTOFCHINAINASUBTROPICALMONSOONZONEDAILYSUNSHINEAVERAGES54HANDREACHESAMAXIMUMINSUMMERTHEMINIMUMDIFFERENCEINAVERAGEDAILYSUNSHINEBETWEENSUMMERANDWINTERIS36HTHECITYISDESIGNATEDATYPEIVCLIMATICZONEAMONGTHEFIVELUMINOUSCLIMATEZONESNATIONWIDE,ANDTHESTIPULATEDOUTDOORCRITICALILLUMINATIONIS4500LXFIG2SHOWSTHEAVERAGEDAILYRADIATIONWHICHISACCUMULATEDONTHESITETHROUGHTHESIMULATIONUNDEROUTDOORILLUMINATIONOF4500LXINEARLYSPRINGILLUMINATIONOF3500–4500LXWASADOPTEDINTHESIMULATIONANDISSHOWNONASCALEFROMDARKTOLIGHTWITHSCALEDIVISIONSOF100LXTHEALLDAYACCUMULATEDSHADEISALSOSHOWNTHEEXTERIORENVIRONMENTOFTHERESIDENTIALAREAISDIVIDEDINTOFOURTYPE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簡介：中文3237字中文翻譯低溫?zé)狎?qū)動雙級低溫?zé)狎?qū)動雙級LIBR/HLIBR/H2O吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)的理論分析吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)的理論分析WBMA廣州能源研究所、中國科學(xué)院、中央大道81號,中國廣州SMDENG屋宇設(shè)備工程系,香港理工大學(xué)九龍區(qū),香港1994年12月19日收到修改于1995年6月6日摘要摘要一份詳細(xì)的理論分析提出了兩級LIBR/H20吸收制冷系統(tǒng),它是由一個蒸發(fā)器、低壓吸收器、低壓發(fā)生器、高壓吸收器、高壓發(fā)生器、冷凝器、低壓熱交換器和高壓熱交換器組成的，并且是通過低溫?zé)嵩打?qū)動的。由理論分析和初步實驗比較結(jié)論表明,發(fā)展理論分析體系可以合理準(zhǔn)確地描述一個實際系統(tǒng),并且在今后有廣闊的發(fā)展前途。關(guān)鍵字關(guān)鍵字吸收；溴化鋰水溶液；雙級文獻(xiàn)著作上的吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)是由低品位的能量驅(qū)動的,例如太陽能,工業(yè)廢熱圖15說明這些系統(tǒng)按照不同的工質(zhì)一般分為兩種類型吸收式制冷系統(tǒng),利用水和溴化鋰工質(zhì)對,氨水工質(zhì)對,水氯化鋰工質(zhì)對吸附系統(tǒng),使用氯化物和氨吸附劑,水硅膠,水合物,活性炭甲醇但是,只有吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)利用水合溴化物作為工質(zhì)對得以成功運作并已投入商業(yè)使用中。單級溴化鋰吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)通常是由一個蒸發(fā)器,一個吸收器,一個發(fā)生器,一個冷凝器和一個熱交換器組成這個系統(tǒng)的運作中,水作為制冷劑,溴化鋰作為吸收劑,并且熱源要求至少要在攝氏86度以上,為了達(dá)到一個合理的制冷系數(shù)COP。然而,存在大量小于86攝氏度的低溫?zé)嵩?例如工業(yè)廢熱,太陽能和地?zé)崛绻@些低溫?zé)嵩茨鼙焕没蛟倮?它不但可以提高能源系統(tǒng)的整體效率,而且還可以減少對環(huán)境的熱污染。雙級溴化鋰制冷系統(tǒng),以水作為制冷劑,溴化鋰作為吸附劑,然而它的運行要求75到86攝氏度的熱源即可并且它的制冷系數(shù)COP在038以上,這樣的系統(tǒng)可以達(dá)到當(dāng)冷凝水是32攝氏度并且得到9攝氏度的冷凍水的制冷過程,尤其是低溫?zé)嵩吹某隹跍囟瓤梢越档?4攝氏度以下因此,雙效溴化鋰吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)在工業(yè)廢熱的回收,太陽能,地?zé)崮芾梅矫嬗兄匾饬x和用途雙效溴化鋰制冷系統(tǒng)的研究是通過模擬單級溴化鋰制冷系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行的雙效溴化鋰吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)和吸收式熱泵已經(jīng)報道過一些研究其中包括馬龍,VLIET森AL、格羅斯曼森等,但到目前為止很少研究雙級溴化鋰吸收式制冷系統(tǒng)本文的理論分析闡明了雙級吸收制冷系統(tǒng)在不同的工況條件下的性能,并對理論分析和初步實驗結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較。術(shù)語表COP制冷系數(shù)C冷凝器H焓KJ/KGCH冷凍水M表面張力KG/SE蒸發(fā)器P壓力PAG發(fā)生器Q熱量KWH高壓Q熱導(dǎo)率KJ/KGI入口T溫度°CL低壓4TTTTWWIH?????250,,2?HAHMXTPF高壓發(fā)生器中的稀溶液通過熱源被加熱到TH4并且濃度為XHR。溫度TH4和濃度XHR處于壓力PM下的平衡狀態(tài)。60,,4?CHHRPTXF7TTTTHHIH?????48TTTTWWIC?????9CCTFP?濃溶液以高壓循環(huán)的形式通過高壓發(fā)生器回到高壓吸收器。質(zhì)量和能量守恒質(zhì)量和能量守恒蒸發(fā)器質(zhì)量守恒10013??MM能量守恒113311HMHMQE??低壓吸收器質(zhì)量守恒1212181MMM??能量守恒138181112121HMHMHMQA???低壓發(fā)生器質(zhì)量守恒14MMMM??1417能量守恒15141417171HMHMHMQMMG???質(zhì)量守恒161218MMMM??低壓熱交換器質(zhì)量守恒（171814MM?1712MM?（18能量守恒1212171718181414HMHMHMHM???（19高壓吸收器質(zhì)量守恒2028HHMMMM??

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簡介：ACOMPARISONOFROTARYREGENERATORTHEORYANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSFORANAIRPREHEATERFORATHERMALPOWERPLANTTEODORSKIEPKOA,,RAMESHKSHAHBABIALYSTOKTECHNICALUNIVERSITY,15351BIALYSTOK,POLANDBDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,ROCHESTERINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,ROCHESTER,NY146235604,USAABSTRACTTHEAIMOFTHEPAPERISTOCOMPARERESULTSOBTAINEDBASEDONTHEORETICALMODELINGWITHDIRECTLYMEASUREDEXPERIMENTALDATAONAFULLSCALEOPERATINGAIRPREHEATERFIRST,THEMODELOFROTARYREGENERATORENERGYTRANSPORTINVOLVINGLONGITUDINALMATRIXHEATCONDUCTIONISFORMULATEDINTHEPAPERTHENASOLUTIONOFTHEMODELEQUATIONSYSTEMISPRESENTEDWITHREFERENCETOAUTHORS?FORMERPAPERSTHERESULTSREPRESENTINGTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONSOFHEATEXCHANGINGGASESANDCONTINUOUSLYROTATINGMATRIXAREILLUSTRATEDBYMEANSOF3DCHARTSFORTHEROTARYAIRPREHEATEROF53MDIAMETER,THETEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONSCOMPUTEDARECOMPAREDWITHEXPERIMENTALDATARIGHTTRENDSANDAFAIRAGREEMENTBETWEENTHEORYANDEXPERIMENTSAREFOUNDFINALLY,THECOMPUTEDANDEXPERIMENTALREGENERATORHEATTRANSFEREFFECTIVENESSESARECOMPAREDANDFOUNDTOBEWITHIN?3AGREEMENTATABOUT88REGENERATOREFFECTIVENESS?2003PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERINC1INTRODUCTIONANIMPORTANTCHARACTERISTICOFAROTARYHEATEXCHANGERISTOCOMBINECOMPACTNESSWITHHIGHPERFORMANCESUCHAHEATEXCHANGERHASAROUNDDISKMATRIXCOREHAVINGALARGEAMOUNTOFHEATTRANSFERSURFACETHEDISKROTATESCONTINUOUSLYWITHACONSTANTFRACTIONOFTHECORESUBMERGEDINTOTHEHOTFLUIDSTREAMANDTHEREMAININGFRACTIONINTOTHECOLDFLUIDSTREAMINTURN,WHENTHEHOTGASPENETRATESINTOFLOWPASSAGESOFTHECORE,THEENERGYISSTOREDINTHEMATRIXCONVERSELY,DURINGFLOWOFTHECOLDGASTHROUGHTHESAMEPASSAGES,THEMATRIXCOREDELIVERSTHEENERGYTOTHECOLDFLUIDBECAUSEHEATISNOTTRANSFERREDACROSSAWALLSEPARATINGTHEFLUIDSBUTHEATISSTOREDANDREJECTEDALTERNATELYBYEACHMATRIXELEMENT,THEROTARYHEATEXCHANGERSAREFREQUENTLYREFERREDTOASROTARYREGENERATORSANALYSISOFHEATTRANSFERINREGENERATORSWASINITIATEDANDDEVELOPEDINGERMANYDURING1910–1930SPRIORTO1948,ALLTHEMODELSWEREBASEDONASETOFCLASSICALIDEALIZATIONSASLISTEDBYSHAH1MONDT2HASPROVIDEDADDITIONALREFERENCESONDEVELOPMENTSINTHEMODELINGWITHLONGITUDINALCONDUCTIONEFFECTSINCLUDEDINTHEANALYSISSINCE1948BAHNKEANDHOWARD3ANALYZEDNUMERICALLYTHEROTARYREGENERATORPROBLEMINORDERTODETERMINETHEREGENERATORHEATTRANSFEREFFECTIVENESSWITHLONGITUDINALCONDUCTIONEFFECTINCLUDEDTHEYSHOWEDTHATTHEEFFECTIVENESSDEPENDSUPONNTU0C?DAAT?A?SKANDPROVIDEDTHERESULTSFORAWIDERANGEOFPARAMETERS16NTU06100096C?610256DAAT??A?S610016K6032BAHNKEANDHOWARD?SRESULTSFORALIMITEDINDUSTRIALLYUSEFULRANGEWERECORRELATEDBYSHAH4INANALGEBRAICFORMULAINASERIESOFPAPERS,SKIEPKO5–7DERIVEDANANALYTICALSOLUTIONFORTHEROTARYREGENERATORPROBLEMINCLUDINGTHELONGITUDINALCONDUCTIONEFFECTINTHEMATRIXWALLBASEDONTHESOLUTION,HEEVALUATEDTHEEFFECTOFDIMENSIONLESSREGENERATORMODELPARAMETERSONTHEGASANDMATRIXTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONSANDSHOWED3DTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONGRAPHSROMIE8EXPRESSEDTHEEFFECTOFLONGITUDINALWALLHEATCONDUCTIONONTHEREGENERATOREFFECTIVENESSBYMEANSOFTWOAUXILIARYFACTORSMORERECENTLY,SHAHANDSKIEPKO9PROVIDEDDATAONTHEREGENERATOREFFECTIVENESSFORCASESINWHICHDAAT?6?A?SCONCLUDING,ALLTHEAFOREMENTIONEDRESULTSAREBASEDONTHEORETICALMODELINGNOCOMPARISONSOFMODELRESULTSWITHEXPERIMENTALDATAAREAVAILABLEINTHEOPENLITERATURETHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPAPERISCORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSTSKIEPKOCKSRACBIALYSTOKPLTSKIEPKO08941777/SEEFRONTMATTER?2003PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERINCDOI101016/S0894177703000487EXPERIMENTALTHERMALANDFLUIDSCIENCE282004257–264WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ETFSGASTEMPERATURESH1D06U161Z?0T?1D3TH2D06U261Z?0T?0D4TCOUPLINGOFMATRIXTEMPERATURES1DU1?0ZT?2DU2?11?ZTD5T1DU1?1ZT?2DU2?01?ZTD6TASSUMEDADIABATICITYOFMATRIXSURFACEFACESOJOZ????UJZ?0?0ANDOJOZ????UJZ?1?0J?12D7TTHEPROBLEMFORMULATIONABOVEISIDENTICALTOTHATINVESTIGATEDBYBAHNKEANDHOWARD3THEYSOLVEDTHEPROBLEMBYANUMERICALANALYSIS3METHODOFSOLUTIONANDRESULTSEQS1–7HAVEBEENSOLVEDANALYTICALLYBYAMETHODDEVELOPEDBYSKIEPKO5,6THEFINALFORMULASDETERMININGGASANDMATRIXTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONSWITHINHOTANDCOLDGASFLOWZONESAREAVAILABLEININFINITESERIESFORMS6ANDARENOTPRESENTEDHEREDUETOSPACELIMITATIONSTHECOEFFICIENTSOFTHEINFINITESERIESAREDETERMINEDNUMERICALLYBYSOLVINGASETOFLINEAREQUATIONSOBTAINEDFROMTRUNCATINGTHEINFINITESERIESTOSOMEFINITENUMBEROFTERMSANDUSINGTHECOLLOCATIONMETHODFORBOUNDARYCONDITIONSOFEQS5AND6INFIGS2AND3,GASANDMATRIXTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONSARESHOWNFROMTHESOLUTIONOFEQS1–7NOTICETHATTHEGASANDMATRIXTEMPERATUREFIELDSAREMARKEDLYNONLINEAREITHERINTHEDIRECTIONOFGASFLOWSANDINMATRIXROTATIONTHEEFFECTOFLONGITUDINALMATRIXHEATCONDUCTIONISDEMONSTRATEDUSINGTHREEVALUESOFKJPARAMETER,IEK1?K2?0WHENNOCONDUCTIONEFFECTISINCLUDED,ANDK1?K2?001AND02THETRENDSINTEMPERATUREVARIATIONSASFUNCTIONSOFCOORDINATESSHOWTHATHEATCONDUCTIONMAYAFFECTESSENTIALLYTHETEMPERATUREFIELDSOFBOTHGASESANDMATRIXWHENK1ANDK2VALUESAREHIGHERTHANABOUT001FORMOREDETAILEDANALYSISOFTHECONDUCTIONEFFECTONGASANDMATRIXTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONS,SEESKIEPKO6,7THEMODELDESCRIBEDBYEQS1–7ISBASEDONASETOFIDEALIZATIONSTHATMAKETHEPROBLEMEASILYMANAGEABLEHOWEVER,THEINACCURACYINCURREDBYTHEIDEALIZATIONSINDEPENDENTTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONSCANBEEVALUATEDONLYBYCOMPARISONSWITHEXPERIMENTALDATA4EXPERIMENTALEXCHANGERMEASUREMENTSWEWILLNOWPRESENTAQUANTI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簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題CREATIVITYINCHILDRENSFURNITUREDESIGN外文作者ALLISONMARISSAHOLDEN文獻(xiàn)出處MASTERSTHESIS，2018如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3184單詞，19221字符字符就是印刷符，中文5376漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）CREATIVITYINCHILDRENSFURNITUREDESIGNABSTRACTRESEARCHSHOWSTHEIMPORTANCEOFACHILDHOODHOMEENVIRONMENTENCOURAGINGOFCREATIVEANDIMAGINATIVEPLAYTHISSERIESISASETOFCHILDREN’SFURNITURETHAT,INADDITIONTOBEINGPLAYTOYS,STIMULATESCREATIVITY,INTERACTIVITYANDUNDERSTANDINGOFDESIGNCONSTRUCTIONWHENACHILDUNDERSTANDSHOWFURNITUREISASSEMBLEDANDISENCOURAGEDTOBECREATIVEINPLAY,HEORSHEGAINSVALUABLELEARNINGEXPERIENCESWHILEHAVINGFUNTOGETHER,ACHILDANDADULTCANEASILYASSEMBLEALLTHEPIECESOFFURNITUREWITHOUTANYNEEDFORTOOLSMUCHLIKEAPUZZLE,THECHILDHASFUNASSEMBLINGTHEFURNITUREWHILE,ATTHESAMETIME,LEARNSVALUABLELESSONSOFSPATIALRELATIONSHIPSANDSTRUCTURALSTABILITYTHISALSOLEADSTOANUNDERSTANDINGOFSAFETYINPLAYTHEADDEDELEMENTOFAPORTABLETHREEINCHLEDORBENCOURAGESINTERACTIONONCEALLPIECESAREASSEMBLEDABSTRACTDESIGNELEMENTSWEREUSEDTOSTIMULATEIMAGINATIONDURINGPLAYUSINGBASICGESTALTDESIGNPRINCIPLES,THEFURNITURESERIESWASDESIGNEDTONOTONLYBESTRUCTURALBUTALSOBEAUTIFULANDINTRIGUINGTHECURVEDABSTRACTSHAPESENCOURAGETHECHILDTOTAKECONTROLANDIMAGINETHEFURNITUREASINTEGRALCOMPONENTSOFTHEIRPLAYSCENETHEHISTORYOFCREATIVESTUDYTHETERM“CREATIVITY”ISAFAIRLYNEWCONCEPTINCIVILIZATIONANCIENTTHINKERSLACKEDTHOUGHTSTUDIESASIDE,PLAYISSOMETHINGEVERYADULTREMEMBERSOFCHILDHOODFOREVERYGENERATION,THETOYSANDGAMESSPARKINGTHEMOSTCREATIVITYWERETHEONESINWHICHTHECHILDRENHADTHEMOSTCONTROLTAKEABOXFOREXAMPLETOACHILD,ASIMPLEBOXCANBEIMAGINEDASANYTHINGAROCKETSHIP,ARACECAR,AHOUSE,ETCGIVEACHILDABOXANDHEORSHEWILLIMAGINEITINCREATIVEWAYSWHYBECAUSEABOXDOESNOTTELLTHECHILDWHATITSHOULDBEINSTEAD,THECHILD’SIMAGINATIONTELLSTHEBOXWHATITWILLBETHEUNCONTROLLEDNATUREOFTHISTYPEOFPLAYTIMECONTRIBUTESTOPERSONALITYDEVELOPMENTANDCREATIVETHOUGHTTHROUGHROLEPLAYING,DECISIONMAKINGANDPROBLEMSOLVINGRTADESIGNSWEDISHDESIGNERGILLISLUNDGRENFIRSTCREATEDTHEREADYTOASSEMBLERTAFURNITURECONCEPTWHENHEWANTEDTOFITATABLEINTOHISCARHEDESIGNEDTHELOVETTABLE,ASIDETABLEMADEOFPIECESTHATPACKFLATANDFITTOGETHERUSINGSIMPLETOOLSFIGURE1HESOLDHISDESIGNTOIKEAWHOBUILTTHEIRCOMPANYAROUNDTHERTACONCEPTTODAYIKEAREMAINSONEOFTHELARGESTFURNITURERETAILERSINTHEWORLDLUNDGREN’SRTACONCEPTOFFERSACONVENIENTSOLUTIONTOBOTHMANUFACTURERSANDCONSUMERSBYPACKINGTHEFURNITUREPIECESFLAT,MANUFACTURINGTIMEISSHORTENEDBECAUSETHEFURNITUREDOESNOTNEEDTOBEASSEMBLEDBEFORESHIPPINGTOASTORETHISALSOSAVESSPACEWHILESHIPPINGTHUSCUTTINGFREIGHTCOSTTHECONSUMERALSOBENEFITSBYBEINGABLETOTRANSPORTTHEFURNITUREEASILYFROMSTORETOITSDESTINATION