簡(jiǎn)介：大型公共建筑消防應(yīng)急照明電源設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)的研究摘要本文在實(shí)地調(diào)查近年新落成的一些大型公共建筑消防應(yīng)急照明電源設(shè)計(jì)存在無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足實(shí)際需要情況的基礎(chǔ)上，針對(duì)技術(shù)規(guī)范亟待完善的電源設(shè)計(jì)的重要問(wèn)題，提出了修改建議，提高應(yīng)急照明的可靠性，改善人員逃生條件，以適應(yīng)“以人為本”“生命至上”的社會(huì)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，減少火災(zāi)事故中的人員傷亡。關(guān)鍵詞消防；應(yīng)急照明電；源蓄電；池分散供電引言近年，各地新落成了不少大型公共建筑，尤其是大型體育、文化場(chǎng)館等，這些建筑都是人群高度集中的開(kāi)放場(chǎng)所，一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)和斷電等事故，容易發(fā)生疏散混亂、相互踩踏造成傷亡事故，提高應(yīng)急疏散照明的可靠性，具有極其重要的意義。但由于一些技術(shù)規(guī)范未能及時(shí)修改和統(tǒng)一，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)依據(jù)不同，設(shè)計(jì)思想有很大差別，無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足實(shí)際需要，需加以完善。本文對(duì)應(yīng)急照明技術(shù)規(guī)范在實(shí)踐中遇到的問(wèn)題，作個(gè)簡(jiǎn)要分析，以引起從業(yè)者的足夠重視。應(yīng)急照明在火災(zāi)和突發(fā)緊急事故中有著重要的作用，確保消防應(yīng)急照明系統(tǒng)安全可靠的工作意義重大。消防應(yīng)急燈具有三大功能消防應(yīng)急工作照明燈組成的消防工作照明系統(tǒng)，滿(mǎn)足正常工作照度要求；由消防應(yīng)急疏散照明燈組成的消防疏散功能系統(tǒng)，供人員疏散時(shí)提供必須的照度而設(shè)置；由低位消防應(yīng)急疏散照明和疏散指示及其他標(biāo)志形式組成的應(yīng)急疏散標(biāo)識(shí)功能系統(tǒng)，為人員疏散提供明確引導(dǎo)方向及途徑。1有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范1民用建筑電器設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GJ162008第3191條“一級(jí)負(fù)荷應(yīng)由兩個(gè)電源供電，當(dāng)一個(gè)電源發(fā)生故障時(shí)，另一個(gè)電源應(yīng)不致同時(shí)受到損壞。一級(jí)負(fù)荷容量較大或有高壓用電設(shè)備時(shí)應(yīng)采用兩路高壓電源。如一級(jí)負(fù)荷容量不大時(shí)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先采用從電力系統(tǒng)或臨近單位取得第二低壓電源，亦可采用應(yīng)急發(fā)電機(jī)組，如一級(jí)負(fù)荷僅為照明或電話(huà)站負(fù)荷時(shí)，宜采用蓄電池組作為備用電源”；2建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1012條火災(zāi)事故照明和疏散照明指示標(biāo)志可采用蓄電池作備用電源，但連續(xù)供電時(shí)間不應(yīng)少于20MIN；3建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1013條消防用電設(shè)備應(yīng)采用單獨(dú)的供電回路，并當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)切斷生產(chǎn)、生活用電時(shí)，應(yīng)能保證消防用電，其配電設(shè)備應(yīng)有明顯標(biāo)志；4建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1028條“其疏散走道和疏散門(mén)，均宜設(shè)置燈光疏散指示標(biāo)志”；5火災(zāi)自動(dòng)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GB5011698第6318條“消防控制室在確認(rèn)火災(zāi)后，應(yīng)能切斷有關(guān)部位的非消防電源，并接通警報(bào)裝置及火災(zāi)應(yīng)急照明燈和疏散標(biāo)志燈”；要，完全可以做到萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。而且也認(rèn)為以發(fā)電機(jī)作備用電源的應(yīng)急照明供電方式比自帶蓄電池的應(yīng)急燈要高級(jí)，要可靠。但從上面的分析中得知，發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)，這種傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足應(yīng)急照明的需要?！睉?yīng)急照明”，也叫“事故照明”，其實(shí)質(zhì)就是“事故照明”，要充分考慮到發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)的具體情況，而不僅僅是非火災(zāi)突然斷電時(shí)的情況。而且，從大量的實(shí)際火災(zāi)案例看，由于應(yīng)急照明的缺位造成人員踩踏造成的致死致傷的人員數(shù)量之多，足以引起我們對(duì)火災(zāi)中應(yīng)急照明的重要性進(jìn)行重新認(rèn)識(shí)。在實(shí)踐中，近年落成的一些大型公用建筑，屢屢出現(xiàn)這樣的事情建筑消防報(bào)建時(shí)，按照傳統(tǒng)雙回路應(yīng)急電源設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，用發(fā)電機(jī)組作應(yīng)急電源，圖紙可以順利通過(guò)政府消防主管部門(mén)的審核，也能順利通過(guò)建筑消防驗(yàn)收；但在投入使用時(shí)，負(fù)責(zé)消防日常監(jiān)督管理的政府區(qū)域消防管理單位，卻對(duì)應(yīng)急照明提出異議，要求在安全出口、疏散通道上、消防設(shè)備房等重要區(qū)域，安裝自帶蓄電池供電的雙頭應(yīng)急照明燈或筒燈，滿(mǎn)足實(shí)際需要，對(duì)所謂雙回路供電保證應(yīng)急照明說(shuō)法不屑一顧。發(fā)生這種情況的原因主要是一些設(shè)計(jì)單位沒(méi)有充分考慮到實(shí)際需要，缺乏實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，加上一些建設(shè)單位也認(rèn)為，應(yīng)急照明燈影響美觀(guān)，無(wú)法與日漸高檔的裝修標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相適應(yīng)，沒(méi)有必要。另外國(guó)家規(guī)定應(yīng)急照明燈具的使用范圍也偏小，相關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范沒(méi)有把應(yīng)急照明采用自帶蓄電池方式和備用發(fā)電機(jī)方式兩者之間的級(jí)別差異明確表述，存在不明確的情況，設(shè)計(jì)人員認(rèn)識(shí)不深刻，無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足大型公共建筑的消防安全需要。在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上，負(fù)責(zé)消防日常監(jiān)督管理的政府區(qū)域消防管理單位人員，顯然具有更豐富的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，更了解火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)，供電線(xiàn)路和設(shè)備的損壞情況，以及應(yīng)急照明的正常工作對(duì)于救生和救災(zāi)的重要性，這樣的要求應(yīng)該說(shuō)是完全正確的。所以，在一些大型公用建筑上，就會(huì)看到這種無(wú)奈的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)竣工投入使用的高檔建筑，在疏散通道、疏散樓梯、安全出口、電梯廳、消防設(shè)備房、大型功能房等重要區(qū)域，以線(xiàn)槽或線(xiàn)管明敷的方式，加裝了必要的自帶蓄電池的雙頭應(yīng)急照明燈，外觀(guān)上與其它暗敷的電氣線(xiàn)路很不協(xié)調(diào)。這種事后的改進(jìn)，既不美觀(guān)，也由于重新施工造成經(jīng)濟(jì)上的損失和浪費(fèi)。而且，視管理單位和設(shè)計(jì)單位的認(rèn)識(shí)和重視程度不同，對(duì)待這個(gè)問(wèn)題的態(tài)度也有很大區(qū)別。設(shè)計(jì)單位往往認(rèn)為設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)充分，大型公共建筑往往又是綜合性的，并非功能單一的建筑，在歸類(lèi)上有分歧，因此拒絕變更改進(jìn)，造成一些大型公共建筑此項(xiàng)改造工作困難重重，留下了明顯的消防安全隱患。再加上假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品在使用領(lǐng)域占比例較大。在現(xiàn)實(shí)場(chǎng)所發(fā)現(xiàn)很多應(yīng)急照明設(shè)施為不合格產(chǎn)品，特別是應(yīng)急照明燈具、疏散指示標(biāo)志、不合格產(chǎn)品在使用中占很大的比例，給人員安全疏散和滅火救援留下了很大隱患。以光致型發(fā)光標(biāo)識(shí)牌代替疏散指標(biāo)。光致型發(fā)光標(biāo)識(shí)牌是一種稀土材料制成的蓄光型標(biāo)志牌。目前技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)下，在日光或日光燈類(lèi)光源照射10H以上的

簡(jiǎn)介：THEDISCUSSIONOFWATERSAVINGTECHNOLOGYABOUTWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEINBUILDINGQIJUNFENG1,,YANGYANYAN2,HULINPENG31SCHOOLOFMUNICIPALANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,JILININSTITUTEOFARCHITECTUREANDCIVILENGINEERING,CHANGCHUN,PRCHINA2DEPARTMENTOFTHERMALENERGYENGINEERING,COLLAGEOFAUTOMOBILEENGINEERING,JILINUNIVERSITY,CHANGCHUN,PRCHINA3YATAIREALESTATEDEVELOPMENTCO,LTDCHANGCHUN,CHANGCHUN,PRCHINAJLSQJF126COMABSTRACTACCORDINGTOTHEPRESENTSITUATIONOFBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,ANALYZINGTHEWATERSAVINGTECHNIQUESOFBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGETOACHIEVEEFFECTIVEUTILIZATIONOFWATERRESOURCETHEWATERSAVINGTECHNIQUESMAINLYINCLUDEREASONABLYLIMITINGTHEPRESSUREOFWATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSANDAVOIDINGOVERPRESSUREFLOWPERFECTINGHOTWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMANDREDUCINGINEFFECTUALCOLDWATERADOPTINGWATERSAVINGWATERDISPENSINGFIXTURESANDSANITARYWAREPROMOTINGTHEUTILIZATIONOFHIGHQUALITYPIPEANDVALVEANDIMPROVINGTHECURRENTCONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLASWELLASDEVELOPINGANDPROMOTINGTHETECHNOLOGYOFUTILIZATIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERKEYWORDSBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEWATERCONSERVATIONTECHNIQUESIINTRODUCTIONWATERISASTRATEGICRESOURCEWHICHISRELATEDTOHUMANSURVIVALANDDEVELOPMENTTHETOTALWATERRESOURCESINOURCOUNTRYRANKSSIXTHINTHEWORLD,BUTTHEPERCAPITAPOSSESSIONOFWATERRESOURCESISONLYAQUARTEROFWORLDAVERAGETHEDISTRIBUTIONOFWATERRESOURCESISEXTREMELYUNEVENINOURCOUNTRY,ANDTWOTHIRDSOFCITIESNATIONWIDEHAVEVARYINGDEGREESWATERSHORTAGEINRECENTYEARS,CITYLIFESUFFERSGROWINGSHORTAGEOFWATERRESOURCESANDWATERPOLLUTION,WHICHNOTONLYDISTRESSTHEPEOPLESLIVELIHOODBUTALSOHASBECOMEAMAJORCONSTRAININGFACTORTHATPREVENTINGSOCIOECONOMICSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTTHEREFORE,WESHOULDFOCUSONWATERSAVINGCONSTRUCTIONWATERSAVINGISSYSTEMENGINEERINGEXCEPTFORFORMULATINGRELEVANTLAWSANDREGULATIONSRELATEDTOWATERSAVING,STRENGTHENINGDAILYMANAGEMENTANDPUBLICEDUCATION,USINGPRICELEVERAGETOPROMOTEWATERSAVING,INADDITIONEFFECTIVETECHNICALMEASURESSHOULDBETAKENTOENSURETHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONWATERSAVINGTHOROUGHLY1IIREASONABLELIMITTHEPRESSUREOFWATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSANDAVOIDOVERPRESSUREFLOWINARTICLE335OFCODEFORDESIGNOFBUILDINGOFWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,DOMESTICWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSHOULDBEVERTICALDIVISIONTHEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFRESIDENTIALWATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSISLESSTHAN035MPA,WHILEOFFICEBUILDING’SISLESSTHAN045MPAINSPECIALCIRCUMSTANCESTHEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREISLESSTHAN055MPA。ALTHOUGHTHECODEMAKESCERTAINRESTRICTIVEPROVISIONFORTHEMAXIMUMPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYFITTINGSANDSERVICEPIPE,THISISCONSIDEREDFROMPREVENTINGTHEDAMAGECAUSEDBYHIGHPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYFITTINGSNOTFROMTHEANGLEOFPREVENTINGOVERPRESSUREFLOWANEXPERIMENTALRESULTOFAWATERSAVINGTAPSHOWSTHATTHEMAXIMUMFLOWRATEIS046L/SWHENTAPFULLYOPEN,THECORRESPONDINGDYNAMICPRESSUREIS022MPAANDHYDROSTATICPRESSUREIS03MPAACCORDINGTOTHERATEDFLOWQ015L/SWHICHISREGARDEDASTHESTANDARD,THEFLOWRATEWHENWATERSAVINGTAPFULLYOPENIS3TIMESOFTHERATEDFLOWINANOTHERMEASUREDSURVEYFOR67TAPS,THEREWERE47TAPSWHICHEXCEEDEDTHERATEDFLOW2THEOVERLIMITRATIOREACHES61THEREFORE,THEPROBLEMOFOVERPRESSUREFLOWINWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMISSERIOUSANDFOLLOWINGMEASURESSHOULDBEADOPTEDAREASONABLYDETERMINETHEPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYTHEPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREASHOULDBEACTEDACCORDINGTOCODEFORDESIGNOFBUILDINGOFWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,WHILETHEBESTUSEHYDRAULICPRESSUREOFSANITARYWARESISBETWEEN010MPAAND020MPA,MOSTOFTHEMAREINOVERPRESSUREFLOWINRECENTYEARS,BRANCHPIPEDECOMPRESSIONWASWIDELYUSEDINPROJECTS,WHICHBECAMEANIMPORTANTMEASUREFORWATERSAVINGINTHELOWERPARTOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREA,THEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYAFTERDECOMPRESSIONSHOULDTAKELOWVALUEASPOSSIBLEONTHECONDITIONTHATITSATISFIESTHEDEMANDOFRATEDFLOWOFSANITARYWARES’WATERSUPPLYFITTINGSITISSUGGESTEDTHAT,INHIGHERPARTOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREA,DECOMPRESSIONMEASURESSHOULDBETAKENWHENTHELOWESTHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFSANITARYWARES’WATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSISMORETHAN015MPABADOPTDECOMPRESSIONMEASURESPROPERLYALLOCATINGRELIEFFITTINGINWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMMEANSTHATHYDRAULICPRESSURESHOULDBELIMITEDWITHINLIMITINGVALUEANDREDUCETHETHREATOFOVERPRESSUREFLOW2010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONDIGITALMANUFACTURINGHYDRAULICVALVEISTHEUPGRADINGPRODUCTSOFFLOATVALVESINTHESAMECONDITIONS,WESHOULDGIVEPRIORITYTOTHESELECTIONOFTHEBETTERWATERSAVINGVALVESVIIMPROVETHECURRENTCONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLACCORDINGTOTHECURRENTCODEINOURCOUNTRY,FIREPOOLSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDWHENMUNICIPALWATERSUPPLYPIPELINES,WATERSUPPLYPIPESORNATURALWATERCANNOTMEETFIREDEMANDWHENTHEMUNICIPALWATERSUPPLYPIPELINEISBRANCHEDORTHEREISONLYONEWATERINLETPIPEEXCEPTFORSECONDRESIDENTIALBUILDINGTHEVOLUMEOFFIREPOOLSHOULDMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSOFINDOORANDOUTDOORWATERUSEWITHINTHEFIREDURATIONTIMEINTHISWAY,THEVOLUMEOFFIREPOOLOFEVERYHIGHRISEBUILDINGISVERYLARGEBYCALCULATED,THEVOLUMEWILLBEFROMSEVERALHUNDREDSOFCUBICMETERSTOMORETHANSEVERALTHOUSANDCUBICMETERSGENERALLYTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLHASTWOWAYS,NAMELYTHECOMBINATIONOFFIREPOOLANDDRINKINGWATERTANK,THECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLINDEPENDENTLYINTHECASEOFCOMBINATIONOFFIREPOOLANDDRINKINGWATERTANK,SINCEMOSTBUILDINGS’FIREWATERSTORAGEISMUCHGREATERTHANDRINKWATERSTORAGE,DRINKWATERSTAYSTOOLONGINTANKTORESULTPOORWATERQUALITYBECAUSEOFTHEEXHAUSTOFRESIDUALCHLORINETHEREFORE，DRINKINGWATERTANKANDFIREPOOLSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDSEPARATELYINTHENEWBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONNOTONLYTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLINDEPENDENTLYOCCUPIESVALUABLEBUILDINGSPACETHATCOSTSALOTOFCONSTRUCTIONINVESTMENT,BUTALSOFIREWATERISEASYTOBESMELLYBECAUSEOFFIREWATER’SLOWERFREQUENCYOFUSEINORDERTOENSUREFIREWATERQUALITY,WEHAVETOREPLACEFIREWATERREGULARLYWHICHRESULTSINWASTEOFWATERRESOURCETHEREFORE,IPUTFORWARDSOMESUGGESTIONSABOUTTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLAADAPTTHEREGIONALCOOPERATIONMODEOFFIREPOOLWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCITYCONSTRUCTION,THEDENSITYOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSGROWSQUICKLYGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTSSHOULDCOORDINATETHERELEVANTUNITSANDDEPARTMENTSTOPROMOTETHATTHEADJACENTBUILDINGSINTHESAMEBLOCKSHARETHESAMEFIREPOOLANDESTABLISHSHAREDCONTROLCENTERACCORDINGTOTHEACTUALSITUATIONTHEDESIGNOFFIREPOOLSHOULDBEACCORDANCEWITHTHEMAXIMFIREWATERVOLUMEOFBUILDINGUSERELEVANTBENEFICIARIESUNDERTAKECERTAINCOSTACCORDINGTOTHESCALEOFBUILDINGINTHISWAY,WECANSAVEINVESTMENT,REDUCEWASTEWATER,ANDENSURETHEFIREWATERBDEVELOPRECLAIMEDWATERASTHESOURCEOFFIREWATERATPRESENT,SOMECITIESWITHSEVEREWATERSHORTAGESINOURCOUNTRYHAVECARRIEDOUTTOEXPLORETHECONSTRUCTIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERSYSTEMITDEMANDSTHATRECLAIMEDWATERSYSTEMSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDINTHEPUBLICBUILDINGS,ESPECIALLYINLARGEHOTELS,GUESTHOUSES,ETCIFWEDEVELOPRECLAIMEDWATERASTHESOURCEOFFIREWATER,THESOURCEOFDRINKINGWATERCANBESAVEDINLARGEQUANTITYIFWERECYCLERECLAIMEDWATERREASONABLY,UTILIZERECLAIMEDWATERANDCOMBINEITWITHFIREWATERTOFORMEFFECTIVECIRCULATION,THESECONDARYPOLLUTIONPROBLEMCAUSEDBYTHELONGTIMESTAYOFFIREWATERCANBESOLVEDCMAKEFULLUSEOFMUNICIPALWATERRESOURCESWITHTHECONTINUOUSDEVELOPMENTANDPROMOTIONOFCITYWATERSUPPLYNETWORKS,THECAPACITYANDRELIABILITYOFMUNICIPALWATERSUPPLYAREGREATLYIMPROVEDWHENMUNICIPALWATERLINENETWORKCANSATISFYTHEDEMANDOFFIREWATERDURINGFIREHAZARD,THEINDOORFIREPOOLWASSUGGESTEDTOBECANCELEDANDDIRECTLYDRAWWATERFROMMUNICIPALWATERPIPENETWORKSVIIDEVELOPANDPROMOTETHETECHNOLOGYABOUTUTILIZATIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERTHEWATERSAVINGOFBUILDINGMEANSNOTONLYTOREDUCETHENEEDOFWATER,BUTALSOTOINCREASETHEAVAILABLEWATERINTHEREGIONSWITHSEVEREWATERSHORTAGE,TOENHANCETHEEFFICIENCYOFUSAGEOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERISANIMPORTANTPARTOFWATERSAVINGRECLAIMEDWATERISNOPOTABLEWATEROFKINDSOFDRAINAGEWATERAFTERPROCESSEDCOMPLYINGWITHTHEWATERQUALITYSTANDARDITCANBEUSEDASTOILETFLUSHING,URBANGREENING,VEHICLESWASHING,FIRE,ETCWITHINLIFE,THEMUNICIPALADMINISTRATION,THEENVIRONMENTACCORDINGTOTHEDATA,AFTERUSEOFWATERREUSESYSTEM,RESIDENTIALWATERCONSUMPTIONWILLSAVE3040ANDATTHESAMETIMETHEEMISSIONSWILLREDUCE3550COMMERCIALRESIDENTIALDISTRICTCANSAVE70SCIENTIFICRESEARCHINSTITUTIONCANSAVEWATERAROUND40FORGENERALRESIDENTIALCOMMUNITYITCANSAVE305WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCITYANDTHEIMPROVEMENTOFLIVINGSTANDARDS,THECITY’SWATERCONSUMPTIONWILLCONTINUETOINCREASEINTHEAREAWITHTHESHORTAGEOFAVAILABLEWATERRESOURCES,THEPRICEOFWATERWILLMAINTAINACERTAINGROWTHRATE,THUSTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHESECONDWATERRESOURCEISECONOMICALLYVIABLEITISTHEEFFECTIVEMEASURESFORRECLAMATIONOFSEWAGEANDWATERSAVING,ITALSOISTHEINEVITABLEDIRECTIONOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFWATERSAVINGSIMILARTORECLAIMEDWATER,RAINRECYCLINGISTHERAINWATERTHROUGHCOLLECTION,STORAGE,HANDLING,ANDTOBEUSEDASMISCELLANEOUSWATERSINCE1980,EUROPE,JAPANANDOTHERCOUNTRIES,ONEAFTERANOTHER,HAVECARRIEDOUTINVESTIGATIONABOUTRAINWATERCOLLECTIONANDUTILIZATIONRESEARCHSHOWSTHAT,IFRAINWATERCOLLECTIONANDUTILIZATIONSYSTEMISESTABLISHED,THECOLLECTION,PROCESSINGANDRECYCLINGOFRAINWATERNEARBY,USEDFORFLUSHINGTOILET,CLEANINGVEHICLES,AFFORESTING,SPRAYINGSTREETS,ORASASUPPLEMENTFOR671670

簡(jiǎn)介：EFFECTOFNANOSILICAONTHECOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGYOFPOLYPROPYLENE/POLYOLEFINELASTOMERBLENDSSHLEEA,MKONTOPOULOUA,,CBPARKBADEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,QUEEN’SUNIVERSITY,KINGSTON,ONK7L3N6,CANADABDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALANDINDUSTRIALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFTORONTO,TORONTO,ONM5S3G8,CANADAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED25OCTOBER2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM8JANUARY2010ACCEPTED11JANUARY2010AVAILABLEONLINE18JANUARY2010KEYWORDSNANOCOMPOSITESTHERMOPLASTICOLEFINBLENDSCOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGYABSTRACTTHISPAPERREPORTSTHEEFFECTOFNANOSILICASIO2ONTHEMORPHOLOGYOFCOCONTINUOUSIMMISCIBLEPOLYPROPYLENEPP/POLYOLEFINELASTOMERPOEBLENDSTHEUNFILLEDBLENDSDISPLAYPHASEINVERSIONANDACOCONTINUOUSSTRUCTUREATARATIOOF50/50PP/POEBYWEIGHTUPONADDITIONOFSIO2INTHEPRESENCEOFMALEATEDPPCOMPATIBILIZERAFINERSTRUCTURE,CONSISTINGOFELONGATEDPOEPARTICLESDISPERSEDWITHINTHEPPPHASEISOBTAINEDTHISTRANSFORMATIONISASSOCIATEDTOTHEPRESENCEOFFINELYDISPERSEDSIO2PARTICLESTHATARELOCALIZEDEXCLUSIVELYWITHINTHEPPMATRIXTHEIMPACTPROPERTIES,FLEXURALANDYOUNG’SMODULIOFTHEBLENDSINCREASESIGNIFICANTLY,POINTINGTOASYNERGISTICEFFECTARISINGFROMTHEPRESENCEOFTHEREINFORCEDPPPHASE,CONTAININGHIGHAMOUNTSOFTHEFINELYDISPERSEDELASTOMERICPHASE?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONPOLYMERBLENDINGISUSEDEXTENSIVELYTODEVELOPNEWMATERIALSTHATEXHIBITAFAVORABLECOMBINATIONOFPROPERTIES,DEPENDINGONTHESELECTIONOFBLENDCOMPONENTSASMOSTPOLYMERSAREIMMISCIBLE,THEIRBLENDSFORMMULTIPHASESYSTEMSWITHVARIOUSMORPHOLOGIESANDSYNERGISTICPROPERTIESTHENATUREOFTHESTRUCTURESCREATEDDURINGPROCESSINGDEPENDSUPONSEVERALFACTORS,SUCHASTHEMATERIALPROPERTIESOFTHENEATPOLYMERSINTERFACIALTENSION,RHEOLOGICALPROPERTIES,PROCESSINGCONDITIONSSHEARRATEANDMIXINGTIMEANDTHERELATIVEAMOUNTSOFMATERIALUSEDTHETYPEOFMORPHOLOGYDETERMINESTOALARGEEXTENTTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEBLENDS,THUSPROPERCONTROLOFTHEMORPHOLOGYPLAYSAKEYROLEININDUCINGDESIRABLEPROPERTIESTOTHEBLENDSTHEDROPLET/MATRIXMORPHOLOGY,WHICHIMPARTSFAVORABLEIMPACTANDOTHERMECHANICALPROPERTIES,ASINTHECASEOFHIGHIMPACTPOLYSTYRENEANDPOLYPROPYLENE,HASBEENWIDELYSTUDIEDCOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGIESHAVEALSODRAWNSIGNIFICANTINTEREST1,BECAUSETHEYHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOWIDENTHEAPPLICATIONRANGEFORPOLYMERBLENDSDUETOTHEIRINTERCONNECTEDNATURE1–4COCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGIESEXHIBITINTERESTINGPROPERTIESRELEVANTTOCONDUCTIVITYORPERMEABILITYOWINGTOTHEPERCOLATIONOFTHETWOPHASESAWIDERANGEOFTECHNIQUESTODETERMINETHECOCONTINUITYREGIONANDTHERESULTINGSTRUCTURES,INCLUDINGSOLVENTEXTRACTION5–9,MICROSCOPY10–14ANDRHEOLOGY10,15–17HAVEBEENDESCRIBEDINTHELITERATUREEXTENSIVERESEARCHDURINGTHELASTDECADEHASCONFIRMEDTHEINFLUENCEOFNANOPARTICLEADDITIONONTHEMORPHOLOGYOFPOLYMERBLENDSITISNOWWIDELYACCEPTEDTHATINTHEPRESENCEOFNANOPARTICLES,SUCHASORGANOCLAYSANDNANOSILICA,THEDROPLETMATRIXMORPHOLOGYSHIFTSTOWARDAFINERDISPERSIONOFTHEMINORPHASETHESELECTIVELOCALIZATIONOFTHENANOFILLERINONEOFTHEPHASES,TYPICALLYTHEMATRIXORTHEINTERPHASE,SEEMSTOBEKEYTOEXPLAININGTHISPHENOMENONPOSSIBLEEXPLANATIONSTHATHAVEBEENOFFEREDINCLUDECOMPATIBILIZINGEFFECTSDUETOFILLERADSORPTIONATTHEINTERFACEOFTHETWOPOLYMERS,RESULTINGINAREDUCTIONINTHEINTERFACIALTENSION18–20HOWEVERTHESEMECHANISMSAREOBVIOUSLYNOTDOMINANTWHENTHEFILLERRESIDESINTHEMATRIX21INTHATCASEITHASBEENSPECULATEDTHATEXFOLIATEDCLAYPLATELETSORWELLDISPERSEDNANOPARTICLESSURROUNDEDBYANIMMOBILIZEDBOUNDLAYEROFPOLYMERMAYHINDERPARTICLECOALESCENCEBYACTINGASPHYSICALBARRIERS22–24ONTHEOTHERHAND,THEREAREQUITEAFEWREPORTSOFNANOFILLERSFAVORINGTHEFORMATIONOFCOCONTINUOUSSTRUCTURESINVARIOUSBLENDCOMBINATIONS25–30INSOMECASES,THEFORMATIONOFADOUBLEPERCOLATEDSTRUCTURE,WHERECONDUCTIVEFILLERSSUCHASCARBONNANOTUBESAREDISPERSEDINONEOFTHECOCONTINUOUSPHASESISDESIRABLEANDISDONEONPURPOSE,SINCEITCANRESULTINFAVORABLECONDUCTIVEPROPERTIES31,32ITISTHEREFORECLEARTHAT,APARTFROMTHEOBVIOUSEFFECTTHATNANOFILLERSHAVEONTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEBLENDS,THEYCANALSOGENERATEAMOREINDIRECTEFFECT,THROUGHTHECONTROLOFTHEIRMORPHOLOGYCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELT16135333079FAXT16135336637EMAILADDRESSMARIANNAKONTOPOULOUCHEEQUEENSUCAMKONTOPOULOUCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTPOLYMERJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/POLYMER00323861/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JPOLYMER201001018POLYMER5120101147–1155FOURBLOCKSOFKNEADINGDISCSHAVINGPOSITIVET30?,NEUTRAL90?,ANDNEGATIVE?30?STAGGEREDANGLESANDTWOLEFTHANDEDSCREWELEMENTS,TOPROVIDEGOODDISPERSIVEANDDISTRIBUTIVEMIXINGTHESCREWSPEEDWAS200RPM,RESULTINGINANEXTRUSIONRATEOF25KG/HTHETEMPERATUREPROFILEINTHEEXTRUDERFROMTHEFEEDINGSECTIONTOTHEDIEWAS60?C–200?C–205?C–205?C–210?C–210?C–200?CFORALLBLENDSTHESECONDITIONSWERESELECTEDBECAUSEPRIORWORKHASSHOWNTHATTHEYPROVIDETHEOPTIMUMDISPERSIONOFNANOSILICASILICAWASADDEDTOTHE50/50PP/POEBLENDSATLOADINGSRANGINGFROM1TO5WTPPGMANWASUSEDTOIMPROVETHEDISPERSIONOFSIO2RESULTINGINAPPMATRIXCOMPOSITIONOFPP/PPGMAN90/10ANTIOXIDANT03PHRWASADDEDTOALLFORMULATIONS23MECHANICALPROPERTIESTENSILEPROPERTIESWEREMEASUREDUSINGANINSTRON3369UNIVERSALTESTER,ATCROSSHEADSPEEDSOF50MM/MINDUMBBELLSHAPEDSPECIMENSWERECUTWITHATYPEVDIEACCORDINGTOASTMD638FROM15MMTHICKSHEETS,WHICHWEREPREPAREDBYCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGOFTHECOMPOUNDEDSAMPLE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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文9934字出處出處CIVILENGINEERINGANDENVIRONMENTALSYSTEMS,2009,264323338本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯外文翻譯（20132013屆）屆）題目目學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)系名稱(chēng)園林藝術(shù)系指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師2012年12月28日2哈馬碧濱水新城和生態(tài)村代表瑞典兩種類(lèi)型的可持續(xù)住宅。哈馬碧濱水新城是一個(gè)大型的城市住宅開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目,而農(nóng)業(yè)村是小型的住宅開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目。到了90年代末，10個(gè)生態(tài)村已建成或在規(guī)劃的過(guò)程中還有70個(gè)項(xiàng)目正在瑞典討論中PALMLINDéN1999）。這些類(lèi)型的可持續(xù)住宅領(lǐng)域有高度特定的生態(tài)目標(biāo)，但他們的方法是不同的一個(gè)是自頂而下，另一個(gè)是自底而上的，可達(dá)到不同的效果。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革始于1978年,目的是將中國(guó)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)向市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)化。瑞典在20世紀(jì)90年代后期放松管制也有類(lèi)似的目的（SILVEIRA2001）。隨著高速的發(fā)展，中國(guó)正面臨能源短缺的問(wèn)題。在過(guò)去的十年中，空調(diào)在建筑中的使用頻率迅速增加，這也是最近夏季電力短缺的主要原因之一。為了應(yīng)對(duì)這一挑戰(zhàn)，中國(guó)政府制定了十一五計(jì)劃（20062010），為國(guó)家的可持續(xù)發(fā)展制定了一個(gè)發(fā)展藍(lán)圖。能源效率是計(jì)劃中一個(gè)重要的部分。共提出了10個(gè)節(jié)能項(xiàng)目高效節(jié)能熱水氣；區(qū)域熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)（CHP）；利用工業(yè)余熱；替代石油；電力系統(tǒng)的能源效率；動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的能源效率；建筑物的能源效率；照明設(shè)施的能源效率；政府辦公室的能源效率；建立檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)；技術(shù)支持系統(tǒng)的能源效率（中國(guó)人民共和國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院2006年）。盡管中國(guó)政府已經(jīng)建立了能源效率的政策，但在幾十年前它還沒(méi)有能力引導(dǎo)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)。1978年以前,幾乎所有的建筑物被計(jì)劃由國(guó)家出資建設(shè)。今天，大多數(shù)中國(guó)房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目在以市場(chǎng)為基礎(chǔ)的原則下經(jīng)營(yíng)，參與中國(guó)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)的各種資金大部分來(lái)源于私人。在過(guò)去的十年中，房地產(chǎn)投資迅速增加（圖2）。圖2年度中國(guó)房地產(chǎn)投資（1元≈1/8美元）（資料來(lái)源中國(guó)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局2006年統(tǒng)計(jì)）最初投資者竭盡所能地最大限度提高他們的利潤(rùn)而忽略其他責(zé)任。當(dāng)這個(gè)早期緊張忙碌的氣氛漸漸平靜下來(lái)，中國(guó)政府、開(kāi)發(fā)商、建筑師和消費(fèi)者開(kāi)始意識(shí)到能源效率的重要性。然而，他們幾乎沒(méi)有這方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。政府對(duì)房地產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)已經(jīng)建立初步條例，但還遠(yuǎn)不夠完整，形勢(shì)非常復(fù)

簡(jiǎn)介：OVERVIEWARTICLEANALYSISOFBUILDINGENVIRONMENTASSESSMENTFRAMEWORKSANDTHEIRIMPLICATIONSFORSUSTAINABILITYINDICATORSYUYAKAJIKAWATOSHIHIROINOUETHONGNGEEGOHRECEIVED28JUNE2010/ACCEPTED25MARCH2011/PUBLISHEDONLINE23APRIL2011?INTEGRATEDRESEARCHSYSTEMFORSUSTAINABILITYSCIENCE,UNITEDNATIONSUNIVERSITY,ANDSPRINGER2011ABSTRACTGREENCONSTRUCTIONISGAININGINCREASINGATTENTIONINTHEGLOBALCONTEXTHOWEVER,THECONSTRUCTIONOFSUSTAINABLEGREENBUILDINGSANDENVIRONMENTSINVOLVESDIFFERENTTOOLSANDSYSTEMSANDDIVERSEPERSPECTIVESTHEREFORE,THEDEVELOPMENTOFENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENTTOOLSISANIMPORTANTTASKFORMANAGINGGREENHOUSINGANDGREENBUILDINGPROJECTSINTHISPAPER,WEDISCUSSTHEBENEFITS,LIMITATIONS,ANDFUTUREDIRECTIONSOFTHEASSESSMENTFRAMEWORKTHEREAREFOURCHARACTERISTICSOFBUILDINGENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT,IE,COMPREHENSIVENESS,DESIGNGUIDELINE,SIGNALING,ANDCOMMUNICATIONTOOLS,WHICHAFFORDBOTHBENEFITSANDLIMITATIONSWEILLUSTRATETHEROLEOFTHEASSESSMENTFRAMEWORKASAHUBPROMOTINGINTEGRATIONOFDIVERSEKNOWLEDGE,ASADESIGNGUIDELINEENCOURAGINGBETTERDESIGNANDACTION,ASSIGNALINGENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYDESIGNANDACTION,ANDASACOMMUNICATIONTOOLONTHEOTHERHAND,THEREARELIMITATIONS,SUCHASTHEUSEOFAMIXTUREOFQUANTITATIVEANDQUALITATIVEMEASURES,AMBIGUITYOFWEIGHING,LACKOFFINANCIALEVALUATION,ANDLACKOFINVOLVEMENTOFDIVERSEDISCIPLINESANDSTAKEHOLDERSTODEVELOPANEFFECTIVEASSESSMENTFRAMEWORK,THEFOLLOWINGTHREEFACTORSMUSTBECONSIDEREDKNOWLEDGE,POWER,ANDIMPLEMENTATIONWEPROPOSETHATKNOWLEDGEINNOVATION,ACREDIBLEAPPROACHFORASALIENTSOLUTION,ANDCOLLECTIVEACTIONREPRESENTTHEFUTURECHALLENGESOFTHEASSESSMENTFRAMEWORKKEYWORDSSUSTAINABILITYSCIENCE?INDICATORS?KNOWLEDGEINNOVATION?GREENBUILDING?SUSTAINABLECONSTRUCTIONINTRODUCTIONSUSTAINABILITYINDICATORSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDANDPUBLISHEDAROUNDTHEWORLD,ANDTHEREARE894ENTRIESREGISTEREDINTHEDATABASEOFTHECOMPENDIUMOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINDICATORINITIATIVESIISD2010THISWIDEPOPULARITYREFLECTSTHEINCREASINGCONCERNABOUTINDICATORSALTHOUGHCONCERNISALSOCENTEREDONTHEAMBIGUITYOFTHETERMSUSEDINSUSTAINABILITYASSESSMENT,ANDTHEPLURALITYOFPURPOSEINCHARACTERIZINGANDMEASURINGSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTASWELLASTHECONFUSIONOFDATA,ANDMETHODSOFMEASUREMENTPARRISANDKATES2003SUSTAINABILITYINDICATORSAREDEVELOPEDTOREPRESENTWHATISTOBESUSTAINED,WHATISTOBEDEVELOPED,ANDFORHOWLONGPARRISANDKATES2003THESEINDICATORSHAVEEDITEDBYKEISUKEHANAKI,UNIVERSITYOFTOKYO,JAPANYKAJIKAWAWHILEITISESPECIALLYDIFFICULTFORSUCHANAPPROACHTOCOMPAREALTERNATIVEOPTIONSWITHANQUANTITATIVESCALETHEREISATRADEOFFAMONGOPTIONSEXPERTASSESSINGSYSTEMSAREALSOAVAILABLE,BUTTRAINEDASSESSORSARENOTSATISFIEDWITHTHESESYSTEMSPREASSESSMENTTOOLSAREUSEFULINCLARIFYINGTHEOBJECTIVESOFBUILDINGOWNERSATTHEEARLYDESIGNSTAGEANDINSETTINGDESIREDRATINGSASSESSEDINDEXESAREAWARDEDINEACHAREA,EG,ENERGYSAVINGORSECURITY,ACCORDINGTOTHEIRPERFORMANCEMOSTBEAMETHODSPROVIDEQUANTITATIVEDATAPERFORMANCEINDICATORSTOSUPPORTDECISIONMAKINGANDDETERMINETHEPERFORMANCELEVELOFBUILDINGS’RATINGSLABELINGTYPICALLYTAKESTHEFORMOFASINGULAR,EASILYRECOGNIZABLEDESIGNATION,EG,‘GOLD’OR‘EXCELLENT’DIFFERENTTYPESOFBUILDINGSNEEDTOBEASSESSED,FOREXAMPLE,OFFICEBUILDINGS,RESIDENTIALBUILDINGSSINGLEFAMILYORMULTIUNIT,FACTORIES,SCHOOLS,HOSPITALBUILDINGS,COMMERCIALBUILDINGSANDOTHERTYPESOFBUILDINGSDIFFERENTTYPESOFBUILDINGSHAVEDIFFERENTTENDENCIESINENERGYUSEANDARETHEREFOREASSESSEDWITHDIFFERENTBENCHMARKSBEAMETHODSCANEVALUATETHESEDIFFERENTTYPESOFBUILDINGSNEWBUILDINGSANDEXISTINGBUILDINGSAREASSESSEDDIFFERENTLYHOWEVER,THEUSEFULNESSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALBUILDINGASSESSMENTMETHODINTHISRESPECTISDOUBTFULBECAUSETHEREMEDIALWORKNEEDEDTOMAKEACOMPLETEDBUILDINGCOMPLYMAYBETOOEXTENSIVE,COSTLYANDTIMECONSUMINGCRAWLEYANDAHO1999FOREXAMPLE,REPLACINGANEXISTINGVENTILATIONSYSTEMBYINSTALLINGMOREWINDOWSTOALLOWFORNATURALVENTILATIONANDDAYLIGHTMAYBEIMPRACTICABLE,DIFFICULT,OREXPENSIVETOFACILITATEENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENTMETHODSHAVEBEENAPPLIEDPREDOMINANTLYTONEWCONSTRUCTION,BUTWHILEREFURBISHMENTANDMAINTENANCEOFEXISTINGBUILDINGSAREALSOANIMPORTANTPARTOFASUSTAINABLEFUTUREDING2008,EFFORTINTHISAREAISNOTYETSUFFICIENTINTHISPAPER,THEFOLLOWINGFOURMAJORBEATOOLSAREEXPLAINEDINDETAILSUSTAINSCI20116233–246235123

簡(jiǎn)介：IMPROVINGENERGYEFFICIENCYTHROUGHTHEDESIGNOFTHEBUILDINGENVELOPEHATICESOZERISTANBULTEKNIKUNIVERSITESIAYAZAGAKAMPUSUREKTORLUKBINASI,34469MASLAKISTANBUL/TURKEYARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED19OCTOBER2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM3MAY2010ACCEPTED6MAY2010KEYWORDSBUILDINGENVELOPEDESIGNHOTELENERGYPERFORMANCEENERGYMODELINGABSTRACTBUILDINGS,THEIRSURROUNDINGSANDRELATEDENTERPRISESPRODUCEMORECO2,GENERATEMOREPOLLUTION,CONSUMEMOREENERGY,ANDWASTEMORENATURALRESOURCESTHANANYOTHERHUMANENTERPRISEORINDUSTRYMOREOVER,CONSIDERABLEPARTSOFTHESEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSARETHERESULTSOFTHELODGINGINDUSTRY1HOTELSAREDESIGNEDASMULTIFUNCTIONALBUILDINGSTOPROVIDEDIFFERENTCOMFORTLEVELSANDSERVICESTOGUESTSITISOFTENDESIROUSTOPAYFOREXCLUSIVEAMENITIESRESORTSAREOFTENDEVELOPEDINUNTOUCHEDANDVERYSENSITIVEECOSYSTEMSWITHLITTLEORNOCONSIDERATIONTAKENFORTHENATURALORCULTURALSURROUNDINGSMOSTSTRATEGIESAPPLIEDINDESIGNANDMANYOFTHESERVICESOFFEREDBYLODGINGESTABLISHMENTSREQUIRETHECONSUMPTIONOFSUBSTANTIALQUANTITIESOFENERGY,WATERANDNONDURABLEPRODUCTSTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHERESOURCEUSESTARTINGFROMTHEBUILDINGDESIGNTOTHEENDUSERSINHOTELFACILITIESISTYPICALLYLOW,ANDTHERESULTINGENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSAREGREATERTHANTHOSECAUSEDBYOTHERTYPESOFCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSOFSIMILARSIZE2DECISIONSTAKENDURINGTHEARCHITECTURALBUILDINGDESIGNPLAYASIMPORTANTAROLEINREDUCINGTHESEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSASDOESTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHEBUILDINGWITHAGOALOFENHANCINGTHEOVERALLENERGYPERFORMANCEOFHOTELBUILDINGS,THISPAPERREPRESENTSARESEARCHDESIGNPROJECT,LOCATEDIN_IZMIRTURKEY,BASEDONTHEEFFECTOFPASSIVESOLARDESIGNTECHNIQUESFORDESIGNINGTHEBUILDINGENVELOPESTODEVELOPANDDEMONSTRATEHIGHPERFORMANCE?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONUTILITYEXPENSESREPRESENTTHEFASTESTGROWINGOPERATINGCOSTFORHOTELIERSANDHAVEBEENINCREASINGBYANAVERAGEOF12PERYEARFROM2004TO2006THEREISASIGNIFICANTINCREASEINENERGYUSE,COST,ANDANINCREASEOFGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSTHROUGHTHEHOTELINDUSTRY3THEREISRESEARCHONHOW,WHERE,ANDWHENENERGYISUSEDANDTHESAVINGSWHICHARELIKELYTOOCCURFROMTHESTANDPOINTOFTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHEHOTELFACILITIESHOWEVER,ASIGNIFICANTPARTOFTHEHOTELENERGYCONSUMPTIONCANBEREDUCEDDURINGTHEARCHITECTURALDESIGNSINCETHISHASADIRECTIMPACTONCHOOSINGANDSIZINGTHEMECHANICALSYSTEMOFTHEBUILDINGWHICHINTURNAFFECTSTHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONOFTHEBUILDINGDURINGITSLIFETIMETHEREFOREIDENTIFYINGTHEENERGYCONSUMINGBUILDINGCOMPONENTSISCRITICALFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEBUILDINGDESIGNERS,BUILDINGOWNERSANDUTILITIESTOEXAMINETHEPOSSIBILITIESOFREDUCINGBUILDINGENERGYCONSUMPTION,NOTONLYTHROUGHEFFICIENTBUILDINGSYSTEMSANDMANAGEMENT,BUTALSOWITHBUILDINGARCHITECTURALCHARACTERISTICSTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOSHOWHOWTOREDUCETHEENERGYDEMANDBYPASSIVEDESIGNPROPERLYDESIGNEDBUILDINGSCANSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCEENERGYCONSUMPTIONFURTHERMORELOWERENERGYUSEREDUCESGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONCARBONDIOXIDE,METHANE,NITROUSOXIDEANDREDUCESOPERATIONALCOSTS4RESEARCHTHATHASBEENDONEONHOTELENERGYEFFICIENCYGIVESACLEARUNDERSTANDINGABOUTHOTELENERGYCONSUMPTIONPATTERNSTHEAVERAGEANNUALENERGYINTENSITYFORHOTELSIS87KBTUH/FT22748KWH/M261OFTHISISFROMELECTRICITYAND39ISFROMNATURALGASANDOTHERFUELSTHISTRANSLATESTO531KBTUH/FT216774KWH/M2OFELECTRICITYAND034THERMS/SF10655KWH/M2OFNATURALGASASSHOWNONTABLE1,FIGS1AND23WHENITISCOMPAREDWITHOTHERCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSSUCHASOFFICEANDRETAIL,THEANNUALENERGYINTENSITYOFHOTEL’SISHIGHERTHEAVERAGEANNUALENERGYINTENSITYFOROFFICEBUILDINGSIS798KBTUH/FT2251,57KWH/M2AND815KBTUH/FT2256,93KWH/M2FORRETAILPROPERTIES3THEREFOREEVALUATINGTHEHOTELBUILDINGSTHROUGHENERGYEFFICIENTPERSPECTIVEHASBECOMEMORECRITICALNEVERTHELESSNONEOFTHERESEARCHGIVESANYINFORMATIONABOUTIMPORTANCEOFTHEENVELOPEOFTHEHOTELBUILDINGSINTERMSOFTHEBUILDINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONEXAMPLESOFTHESERESEARCHESFROMLITERATUREAREGIVENBELOWTOPROVETHATNONEOFTHERESEARCHCONDUCTEDSOFARHASCONSIDEREDIMPORTANCEOFTHEBUILDINGENVELOPEINTHEUSA,THEYEARLYAVERAGEENERGYINTENSITYFORLODGINGBUILDINGSIN2007RANGEDFROM15KBTUH/FT248KWH/M2TO300KBTUH/FT2947KWH/M2TYPICALLY,NEARLY75PERCENTOFAHOTEL’SORMOTEL’STOTALENERGYUSECANBEATTRIBUTEDTOSPACETELT905679845188EMAILADDRESSHSOZERHOTMAILCOMCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTBUILDINGANDENVIRONMENTJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/BUILDENV03601323/ESEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JBUILDENV201005004BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT4520102581E25933THEBUILDINGMODELFORTHEEVALUATION,AHYPOTHETICALMODELWASCREATEDATYPICAL21STORYLIGHTWEIGHTSTRUCTUREDHOTELBUILDINGBASEDONANEXISTINGHOTELWHICHWASCONSTRUCTEDIN1992INIZMIRHASBEENCREATEDTOEVALUATEITSENERGYEFFICIENCY,ASSHOWNONFIGS6E8DURINGTHE90’STHEREWEREN’TANYREGULATIONONENERGYPERFORMANCEOFBUILDINGSINTURKEYTHEMINISTRYOFPUBLICWORKSANDSETTLEMENTMPWSISRESPONSIBLEBODYFORTHEREGULATORYFRAMEWORKOFTHEBUILDINGSECTORREGULATIONONENERGYPERFORMANCEOFBUILDINGSBECAMEEFFECTIVEONDECEMBER200817HOWEVER,THEREISSTILLANEEDFORAMETHODOLOGYTOEVALUATETHEENERGYPERFORMANCEOFTHEBUILDINGANDALSOTHEREARESOMEGAPSESPECIALLYFORBIGSCALEBUILDINGS4ENERGYANALYSISENERGYEFFICIENCYRUNSWEREMADEWITHEQUEST,AFORMSANDGRAPHICSINPUTMODELINGINTERFACETOTHEDOE22ENERGYANALYSISPROGRAM18DEVELOPEDBYUSDEPARTMENTOFENERGYEQUESTISFIG3JANUARYANDJULYTEMPERATUREPROFILESFORPALERMOITALYEQUIVALENTIZMIRTURKEYFIG4JANUARYANDJULYTEMPERATUREPROFILESHIGH,AVERAGE,LOWFORIZMIRTURKEYFIG5WEATHERTESTREFERENCEYEARTRYPALERMOITALYIZMIRTURKEYEQUIVALENTHSOZER/BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT4520102581E25932583

簡(jiǎn)介：IDENTIFYINGELEMENTSOFPOORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYMANAGEMENTINCHINACMTAMA,,SXZENGA,B,ZMDENGAADEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGANDCONSTRUCTION,CITYUNIVERSITYOFHONGKONG,83TATCHEEAVENUE,KOWLOON,HONGKONGBAETNASCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,SHANGHAIJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY,SHANGHAI,PRCHINARECEIVED9APRIL2002RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM23APRIL2003ACCEPTED12MAY2003ABSTRACTCONSTRUCTIONISONEOFTHEMOSTHAZARDOUSINDUSTRIESDUETOITSUNIQUENATUREMEASUREDBYINTERNATIONALSTANDARDS,CONSTRUCTIONSITESAFETYRECORDSINCHINAAREPOORTHISPAPERAIMSTOEXAMINETHESTATUSOFSAFETYMANAGEMENTINTHECHINESECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY,EXPLORETHERISKPRONEACTIVITIESONCONSTRUCTIONSITES,ANDIDENTIFYFACTORSAFFECTINGCONSTRUCTIONSITESAFETYTHEFINDINGSREVEALTHATTHEBEHAVIOROFCONTRACTORSONSAFETYMANAGEMENTAREOFGRAVECONCERN,INCLUDINGTHELACKOFPROVISIONOFPERSONALPROTECTIONEQUIPMENT,REGULARSAFETYMEETINGS,ANDSAFETYTRAININGTHEMAINFACTORSAFFECTINGSAFETYPERFORMANCEINCLUDE?POORSAFETYAWARENESSOFTOPMANAGEMENT?,?LACKOFTRAINING?,?POORSAFETYAWARENESSOFPROJECTMANAGERS?,?RELUCTANCETOINPUTRESOURCESTOSAFETY?AND?RECKLESSOPERATIONS?THESTUDYALSOPROPOSESTHATTHEGOVERNMENTSHOULDPLAYAMORECRITICALROLEINSTRICTERLEGALENFORCEMENTANDORGANIZINGSAFETYTRAININGPROGRAMS?2003ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSCONSTRUCTIONOCCUPATIONALACCIDENTSAFETYFACTORANALYSIS1INTRODUCTIONALLOVERTHEWORLD,CONSTRUCTIONISONEOFTHEMOSTHAZARDOUSINDUSTRIESDUETOITSUNIQUENATUREJANNADIANDBUKHAMSIN,2002CONSTRUCTIONSAFETYISALWAYSAGRAVECONCERNFORBOTHPRACTITIONERSANDRESEARCHERSANUMBEROFCAUSESINFLUENCINGSAFETYPERFORMANCEINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYHAVEBEENIDENTIFIEDTHATINCLUDECORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL85227887609FAX85227887612EMAILADDRESSBCTAMCITYUEDUHKCMTAM09257535/SEEFRONTMATTER?2003ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JSSCI200309001SAFETYSCIENCE422004569–581WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/SSCISTRUCTIONMARKETSANDCONSTRUCTIONINSTITUTIONS,ANDMONITORINGCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYTHEROLEOFTHECENTRALMINISTRYISMIRROREDBYTHEPROVINCIALCONSTRUCTIONDEPARTMENTSANDTHOSEOFTHEINDEPENDENTMUNICIPALITIESTHEYARECHARGEDWITHTHERESPONSIBILITYFORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYSEEFIG1UNDERPOWERSINTHERELEVANTLEGISLATIONONCONSTRUCTIONSAFETY,SUCHAS?CONSTRUCTIONLAW?,?INSPECTIONSTANDARDSFORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETY?AND?INSPECTIONSTANDARDSFORLABOURPROTECTIONINCONSTRUCTIONENTERPRISES?,THEMINISTRYOFCONSTRUCTIONANNUALLYHIRESABOUT50SAFETYAUDITORSTOCONDUCTNATIONWIDESAFETYAUDITSTHESCOPEOFTHEAUDITSINCLUDESTHESAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMOFTHECONSTRUCTIONFIRMS,LABOURPROTECTIONMEASURES,SAFETYPITFALLSONCONSTRUCTIONSITESANDSOONINDIFFERENTPROVINCESORMAJORCITIES22SAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMOFCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSPROTECTIONOFLABOURFROMOCCUPATIONALDISEASESANDACCIDENTSINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYOFCHINAISDEFINEDBYLAWFOREXAMPLE,FORCONSTRUCTIONSITESHAVING50EMPLOYEESORMORE,MAINCONTRACTORSHAVETONOMINATEAFULLTIMESAFETYINSPECTORFORSITESWITHANAREAEXCEEDING10,000M2THEREMUSTBE2–3SAFETYINSPECTORSWHEREVERTHESITEEXCEEDS50,000M2,THEMAINCONTRACTORHASTOESTABLISHASAFETYMANAGEMENTTEAM23CONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSUPERVISORS’INSPECTIONONSAFETYSINCE1989CHINAHASBEGUNADOPTINGTHE?CONSTRUCTIONSUPERVISIONSCHEME?ONEOFTHEPROJECTSUPERVISORENGINEER?SRESPONSIBILITIESISTOMONITORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYCMTAMETAL/SAFETYSCIENCE422004569–581DEPARTMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTMINISTRYOFCONSTRUCTIONDIVISIONOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDEPARTMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONOFPROVINCESANDINDEPENDENTMUNICIPALITIESDIVISIONOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDEPARTMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONOFCOUNTIESANDCITIESCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSCONTRACTORSCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSDIRECTLYLINKEDTOTHECENTRALCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSDIRECTLYLINKEDTOPROVINCESANDINDEPENDENTMUNICIPALITIESFIG1GOVERNANCEHIERARCHYFORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYMANAGEMENT571

簡(jiǎn)介：JOURNALOFCHROMATOGRAPHYA,7641997177–182DETERMINATIONOFHIGHERFATTYACIDSINOILSBYHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHYWITHELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONTFUSE,FKUSU,KTAKAMURASCHOOLOFPHARMACY,TOKYOUNIVERSITYOFPHARMACYANDLIFESCIENCE14321,HORINOUCHI,HACHIOJI,TOKYO19203,JAPANRECEIVED15APRIL1996REVISED15AUGUST1996ACCEPTED22OCTOBER1996ABSTRACTASYSTEMOFHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHYWITHELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONWASDEVELOPEDFORTHESEPARATIONANDDETERMINATIONOFHIGHERFATTYACIDSANOCTADECYLSILICAODSCOLUMNWASUSEDASTHESTATIONARYPHASEANDANETHANOL–ACETONITRILE1090MIXTUREASTHEMOBILEPHASETHEELUATEWASMIXEDWITHAQUINONESOLUTIONWHICHWASCOMPOSEDOF6MM2METHYL1,4NAPHTHOQUINONEAND76MMLICLOINETHANOL–ACETONITRILE1090THROUGHAMIXINGCOILPEAKHEIGHTFOR4HIGHERFATTYACIDSMEASUREDAT2415MVVSSATURATEDCALOMELELECTRODESCEWASLINEARAGAINSTTHEAMOUNTOFACIDBETWEEN20AND1200PMOLFREEFATTYACIDSINVARIOUSOILSAMPLESWEREDETERMINEDBYTHISMETHOD,WHICHWASFOUNDNOTONLYSENSITIVEANDREPRODUCIBLEBUTALSOASIMPLEMEANSFORSEPARATINGANDDETERMININGFREEFATTYACIDSINOILSKEYWORDSELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONFATTYACIDS1INTRODUCTIONPHOREPRIORTHECOLUMNSEPARATIONISREQUIREDFORSENSITIVEDETECTIONINHPLCMANYDERIVATIZINGMANYATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADEFORTHESEPARATIONLABELLINGREAGENTSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFORTHISANDDETERMINATIONOFFATTYACIDSBYGASCHROMATOGPURPOSE4–13ACATALYSTINSOMECASESISREQUIREDRAPHYGC1–3ANDHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROFORCOMPLETEDERIVATIZATIONOWINGTOTHEPOORREACMATOGRAPHYHPLC4–13INCURRENTGCANALYSISTIVITYOFCARBOXYLGROUPS4FORTHEDERIVATIZATIONCOMMONLYEMPLOYEDTODAY,FREEFATTYACIDSAREOFFATTYACIDSWITHSUCHREAGENTS,THEAMOUNTOFGENERALLYCONVERTEDTOTHEIRMETHYLESTERSANDTHENREAGENT,REACTIONTEMPERATUREANDTIMEARECRITICALFORINJECTEDINTOACAPILLARYGCMETHYLATIONANDGCHIGHREACTIONEFFICIENCYANDAVOIDINGANYSIDEPRODCONDITIONS,SUCHASPROGRAMMEDTEMPERATURE,SPLITUCTFORMATIONWATERISOFTENANINCOMPATIBLEENINJECTION,ASWELLASTYPEOFCAPILLARYCOLUMN,CARRIERVIRONMENTFORDERIVATIZATIONREACTIONSANDTOFINDAGAS,ANDDETECTOR,AREALLIMPORTANTDETERMINANTSOFSOLUTIONTOTHISPROBLEM,EXAMINATIONWASMADEOFHIGHACCURACYANDPRECISIONTHEMAINADVANTAGEOFTHEUSEOFAQUEOUSMICELLARSYSTEMSFORDERIVATIZAHPLCWITHFLUORESCENTDETECTIONHPLCFLOFFATTYTION5ALTHOUGHFLUORIMETRICDETECTIONISQUITEACIDSISHIGHSENSITIVITYHOWEVER,OWINGTOTHEWEAKSENSITIVE,FLUORESCENTINTENSITYISLIABLETOVARYOWINGABSORPTIONANDFLUORESCENTPROPERTIESOFFATTYACIDS,TOTHEPRESENCEOFSUBSTANCESINCOMPLICATEDSAMPLESDERIVATIZATIONWITHASTRONGCHROMOPHOREORFLUOROUNLESSTHEREISACLEANUPPROCEDUREFORTHEIRELIMINATIONITISTHUSHIGHLYDESIRABLETODEVELOPASIMPLECORRESPONDINGAUTHORANDRAPIDMETHODTHATREQUIRESNOSUCHPROCEDURE00219673/97/1700COPYRIGHT?1997ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0021967396009065TFUSEETAL/JCHROMATOGRA7641997177–1821793RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTHATAPPLIEDPOTENTIALTHATWOULDGIVETHEREDUCTIONCURRENTOFPROTONATEDQUINONETHEREDUCTIONPOTENTIALOFPROTONATEDQUINONEWAS31VOLTAMMETRICREDUCTIONOFVKINTHEPRESENCELESSNEGATIVETHANTHATOFDISSOLVEDOXYGENTHE3OFFATTYACIDSHALFPEAKPOTENTIALOFTHEFIRSTREDUCTIONWAVEOFOXYGENINETHANOLCONTAINING38MMLICLOWAS4PROTONATIONOFQUINONEATTHEELECTRODESURFACE2730MVVSSCEHOWEVER,THEREMAYHAVEBEENOCCURSPRIORTOITSELECTRONTRANSFERPROTONATEDBACKGROUNDCURRENTDUETOTHEDISSOLVEDOXYGEN,QUINONEISREDUCEDATAPOTENTIALLESSNEGATIVETHANSINCETHEOXYGENWASREDUCEDATPOTENTIALSMORETHATOFQUINONETOGIVEANEWPEAKONTHEVOLTNEGATIVETHAN2300MVVSSCEAMMOGRAMOFQUINONE17,18HIGHERFATTYACIDS,SUCHASPALMITICACID,INANETHANOLSOLUTIONCON32HPLCECDTAININGVKANDLICLOWEREPREVIOUSLYFOUNDTO34GIVERISETOAPEAKOFPROTONATEDVKONTHEINCONSIDERATIONOFTHEABOVE,HPLCECDOFFATTY3VOLTAMMOGRAMOFVKATAPOTENTIALLESSNEGATIVEACIDSWASCARRIEDOUTREVERSEDPHASESEPARATIONOF3THANTHEREDUCTIONPOTENTIALOFVKVKITSELFGAVEHIGHERFATTYACIDSWASDONEUSINGANODSCOLUMN33ACLEARREDUCTIONPEAKAT2720MVVSSCE,ANDAANDAMPOFANETHANOL–ACETONITRILEMIXTURETHEPEAKOFPROTONATEDVKWASNOTEDAT2320MVVSDISSOLVEDOXYGENINMPANDTHEQUINONESOLUTION3SCEAFTERADDINGPALMITICACIDTOTHESOLUTIONTHEWASREMOVEDBYTHEDEGASSORA20MLALIQUOTOFPEAKHEIGHTWASPROPORTIONALTOADDEDACIDCONSOLUTIONCONTAININGFATTYACIDSWASINJECTEDINTOTHECENTRATION16COLUMNTHEELUATEWASMIXEDWITHTHEQUINONETHEHALFPEAKPOTENTIALOFAPEAKOFPROTONATEDSOLUTIONANDTHEFATTYACIDSWASDETECTEDWITHECDVKWASPREVIOUSLYSHOWNTOSHIFTTOAMOREEXAMINATIONWASMADEOFHOWTHERATIOOFACETONI3NEGATIVEPOTENTIALACCOMPANIEDBYANINCREASEINPKTRILETOETHANOLINTHEMPINFLUENCEDTHESEPARATIONAOFTHEADDEDACID17HOWEVER,HALFPEAKPOTENTIALSANDSENSITIVITYFORACIDDETERMINATIONINFIG2,THEOFPREPEAKSFORDIFFERENTHIGHERFATTYACIDSWERERETENTIONTIMEAANDTHEPEAKHEIGHTSBOFSIGNALSESSENTIALLYTHESAME,SINCEACIDSTRENGTHWASNEARLYFOR200PMOLLINOLEIC,OLEIC,PALMITICANDSTEARICACIDTHESAMEEACHFATTYACIDCOULDTHUSBEDETECTEDATWEREPLOTTEDAGAINSTTHERATIOOFTHETWOSOLVENTS,INFIG2RETENTIONTIMEAANDPEAKHEIGHTBASFUNCTIONSOFSOLVENTRATIOOFTHEMOBILEPHASEALINOLEICACID,BOLEICACID,CPALMITICACID,DSTEARICACIDAMOUNTOFACID5200PMOLHPLCCONDITIONSQUINONESOLUTION,6MMVK176MMLICLOINETHANOL–ACETONITRILE34MIXTURESAMPLEVOLUME,20MLCOLUMN,LICHROSPHER100RP18250MM34MMID,5MMCOLUMNTEMPERATURE,ROOMTEMPERATUREFLOWRATE,11ML/MINAPPLIEDPOTENTIAL,2415MVVSSCE

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簡(jiǎn)介：字?jǐn)?shù)英文字?jǐn)?shù)英文23352335單詞，單詞，1305713057字符；中文字符；中文39063906漢字漢字作者及出處作者及出處KOLCHEDANTSEVKOLCHEDANTSEVL,L,ADAMTSEVICHADAMTSEVICHA,A,STUPAKOVASTUPAKOVAO,O,ETETALALMEASURESMEASURESTOTOREDUCEREDUCECONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONTIMETIMEOFOFHIGHRISEHIGHRISEBUILDINGSC//E3SBUILDINGSC//E3SWEBWEBOFOFCONFERENCESEDPCONFERENCESEDPSCIENCES,2018,3303062SCIENCES,2018,3303062外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)MEASURESTOREDUCECONSTRUCTIONTIMEOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSABSTRACTTHEORGANIZATIONALANDTECHNOLOGICALSOLUTIONSFORHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONEFFICIENCYINCREASEARECONSIDERED,PRIMARILY–DECREASEOFTYPICALFLOORCONSTRUCTIONTIMEANDIMPROVEMENTOFBEARINGSTRUCTURESCONCRETEQUALITYTHEESSENCEOFOFFEREDTECHNOLOGYISACONCRETEMIXINGSTATIONANDAPOLYGONMAINLYFORLOADBEARINGWALLPANELSWITHSTARTERBARSCASTINGARELOCATEDONTHEBUILDINGSITEFORREINFORCEDCONCRETECOMPONENTSMANUFACTURINGANDBUTTJOINTSGROUTINGTHEWARMEDUPCONCRETEMIXTURESAREUSEDTHERESULTSOFRESEARCHESANDELABORATIONSCARRIEDOUTBYTHESPSUACEINAREAOFAPRELIMINARYWARMINGUPOFCONCRETEMIXTURESAREPRESENTEDTHEPOSSIBILITYANDFEASIBILITYOFTHEIRUSAGEINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSANDOFEXCESSHEIGHTBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONINCLUDINGCASTINPLACEANDPRECASTEXECUTIONARESHOWNTHEESSENCEOFHEATVIBROTREATINGOFCONCRETEMIXTUREISREVEALEDASAKINDOFPRIORELECTRORESISTIVECURING,ANDTHEACHIEVEDRESULTSAREACCELERATEDCONCRETESTRENGTHGAIN,POWERINPUTSDECREASE,CONCRETEQUALITYIMPROVEMENTITISSHOWNTHATTHELOCATIONOFACONCRETEMIXINGSTATIONONTHEBUILDINGSITEENABLESTOBROADENPOSSIBILITIESOFTHE“THERMOS”METHODUSEANDTOAVOIDCONCRETEMIXTURESWARMINGUPINMEDIUMMASSSTRUCTURESERECTIONCOLUMNS,GIRDERSDURINGTHEHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONITISEXPERIMENTALLYPROVEDTHATTHESPLICEBETWEENPRECASTELEMENTSENCASEDWITHWARMEDUPCONCRETEMIXTUREISEQUALWITHCONJUGATEDELEMENTSINSTRENGTHCONSTRUCTIONINHIGHRISESBUILDINGMENTIONEDPARAMETERSOFCONCRETEPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESAREESTIMATEDRELATIVELYRELATIVECOMPRESSIVE,TENSILE,BENDINGSTRENGTH,ETC,WHATGIVESTHEOPPORTUNITYTOAPPLYTHELABANDFIELDTESTSRESULTSTOCONCRETESOFDIFFERENTCLASSESINADDITIONTOTRADITIONALGOSTOVSKAYATECHNIQUES,FOREXAMPLE,GOST1018090CONCRETEMETHODSOFDETERMININGSTRENGTHONTESTSPECIMENS,FORTESTOFJOINTOFPRECASTMONOLITHICBUILDINGSWASDESIGNEDBYASPECIALTECHNIQUEONACTIVEAREAOFTHE“OLD”CONCRETEWHICHARETHEENDSOFCOMBINEDPANELSTHEVERTICALINCLINEDCHASES4MMWIDEAND6MMDEPTHWEREMADETHECONCRETEMIXTUREOF“NEW“CONCRETEWASWARMEDUPJUSTBEFORETHEPLACINGWITHALTERNATEELECTRICCURRENTOFINDUSTRIALFREQUENCY50HZTO500СAND700СTEMPERATUREANDTHENPLACEDWITHVIBRATIONINSPLICECAVITYFOR“OLD“AND“NEW“CONCRETESSAMPLESSHEARTESTINGPOSTGRADUATESTUDENTMUSTAFINRRCREATEDSPECIALMETHODEXCLUDESTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHETORSIONALMOMENTABOUT“OLD“AND“NEW“CONCRETESCONTACTPLANETHEESSENCEOFCONCRETEMIXTURETHERMALTREATMENTTHATISAKINDOFAPRELIMINARYWARMINGUP,ITSRATIONALAPPLICATIONFIELD,USEDMATERIALS,ANDTHEACHIEVEDEFFECTAREPRESENTEDINWRITINGITISIMPORTANTTONOTEHERETHATONLYAPPLICATIONOFWARMEDUPCONCRETEMIXTURESMADEATSITEPOLYGONENABLESTOGETCONCRETETRANSPORTSTRENGTHINMINIMUMTIMEWITHMINIMUMPOWERINPUTSANDREQUIREDCONCRETEQUALITYPROVIDEDTHEGROUTINGOFBUTTJOINTSBETWEENPRECASTELEMENTSWITHWARMEDUPMIXTUREPROVIDESTHEEQUALITYINSTRENGTHOFTHEJOINTANDCONJUGATEDELEMENTSTHEFEASIBILITYOFACONCRETEMIXINGSTATIONLOCATIONONASITEOFAHIGHRISEBUILDINGCONSTRUCTION,ITSPARAMETERSARESUBSTANTIATEDINWRITINGS3RESULTS31THEMOBILECONCRETEMIXINGSTATIONCMSLOCATIONONHIGHRISEBUILDINGSITE

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文3076字出處出處MAGESWARIM,VIDIVELLIBTHEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTINCONCRETEJOPENCIVILENGINEERINGJOURNAL,2010,46571畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯院系系土木工程與建筑系年級(jí)專(zhuān)年級(jí)專(zhuān)業(yè)業(yè)姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)附件件THEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTINCONCRETE指導(dǎo)老師評(píng)語(yǔ)指導(dǎo)教師簽名年月日2WASTEGLASSESALWAYSCRACKS2,6VERYLIMITEDWORKHASBEENCONDUCTEDFORTHEUSEOFGROUNDGLASSASACONCRETEREPLACEMENT7THESEWASTESTORAGEDISPOSALSAREBECOMINGASERIOUSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMESPECIALLYFORCHIDAMBARAMWHEREPLACEDISPOSALSITESARELACKINGHENCETHEREISANEEDFORRECYCLINGMOREANDMOREWASTEMATERIALSTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDFINEAGGREGATEFORTHEMAKINGOFCONCRETEISTHENATURALSANDMINEDFROMTHERIVERBEDSHOWEVER,THEAVAILABILITYOFRIVERSANDFORTHEPREPARATIONOFCONCRETEISBECOMINGSCARCEDUETOTHEEXCESSIVENONSCIENTIFICMETHODSOFMININGFROMTHERIVERBEDS,LOWERINGOFWATERTABLE,SINKINGOFTHEBRIDGEPIERS,ETCAREBECOMINGCOMMONTREATS5THEPRESENTSCENARIODEMANDSIDENTIFICATIONOFSUBSTITUTEMATERIALSFORTHERIVERSANDFORMAKINGCONCRETERECENTLY,SOMEATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADETOUSEGROUNDGLASSASAREPLACEMENTINCONCRETE810THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTOPRESENTTHERESULTSOFEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSONPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMADEWITHSHEETGLASSPOWDERCONCRETENATURALFINEAGGREGATEISSUBSTITUTEDBYWEIGHTBYSHEETGLASSPOWDERATRATESVARYINGFROM10,20,30,40AND50PERCENTAGESCOMPRESSIVE,TENSION,ANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHAREEVALUATEDANDCOMPAREDUPTO180DAYSOFAGESSPECIFICPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMATERIALSANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERAREALSOSTUDIEDMATERIALSANDMETHODSTHERAWMATERIALS,USEDFORTHISSTUDYARENATURALCOARSEAGGREGATE,FINEAGGREGATE,SHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPAGGREGATEAND53GRADESPORTLANDCEMENTTHESHEETGLASSUSEDFORTHISSTUDYWASCOLLECTEDFROMTHEPOINTSINCHIDAMBARAMTALUKATCUDDALOREDISTRICTSHEETGLASSISCONVERTEDINTOFINEAGGREGATEASSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG1ANDTHEPROCEDUREFORMAKINGSHEETGLASSCRETEISSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG2SHEETGLASSCOLLECTEDFROMSHOPSISSHOWNINFIG3,SHEETGLASSCRUSHEDISSHOWNINFIG4ANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERISSHOWNINFIG5SHEETGLASSPOWDERUSINGSIEVESIZEFROM475MMONWARDSISSHOWNINFIG6TABLE1SHOWSTHEFINENESSMODULUSRESULTSOFS,SGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPANDS50SGPFIG3SHOWSTHEFINEAGGREGATEMATERIALOFGRADINGCURVEANDALSOSGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPS50SGPAND100SGPTHESANDUSEDFORTHESTUDYWASLOCALLYAVAILABLERIVERSANDCONFORMINGTOGRADINGZONEIIIOFIS3831970THECOARSEAGGREGATEWASANORMALWEIGHTAGGREGATEWITHAMAXIMUMSIZEOF20MMIS4562000TABLE2SHOWSTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFSGPANDFINEANDCOARSEAGGREGATETABLE3SHOWSCHEMICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESGPMATERIALTHECONTROLMIXOFTHECONCRETEWASDESIGNEDWITHAMIXRATIOOFCEMENT/WATER/SAND/COARSEOF1048166361BYWEIGHTTHISMIXDESIGNYIELDEDANAVERAGE28DAYSCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH41MPATHESANDWASREPLACEDWITH10,20,30,40,AND50SGP

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文5351字出處出處ENVIRONMENTALEARTHSCIENCES,2011,622357365外文原文SURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSFORISTANBULMETROTUNNELSEXCAVATEDBYEPBTBMSGERCELEBIHCOPURIOCAKABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,SHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREPREDICTEDFORTWINTUNNELS,WHICHARETOBEEXCAVATEDINTHECHAINAGEOF0850TO0900MBETWEENTHEESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFTHEISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHEEXCAVATIONLINEIS212KMBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRTUNNELSAREEXCAVATEDBYEMPLOYINGTWOEARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMSTHATHAVETWINTUBESOF65MDIAMETERANDWITH14MDISTANCEFROMCENTERTOCENTERTHETBMINTHERIGHTTUBEFOLLOWSABOUT100MBEHINDTHEOTHERTUBESEGMENTALLININGOF14MLENGTHISCURRENTLYEMPLOYEDASTHEFINALSUPPORTSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDWITHFINITEELEMENTMETHODBYUSINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTPROGRAMEXCAVATION,GROUNDSUPPORTANDFACESUPPORTSTEPSINFEMANALYSESARESIMULATEDASAPPLIEDINTHEFIELDPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDFORATYPICALGEOLOGICALZONE,WHICHISCONSIDEREDASCRITICALINTERMSOFSURFACESETTLEMENTGEOLOGYINTHESTUDYAREAISCOMPOSEDOFFILL,VERYSTIFFCLAY,DENSESAND,VERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAY,RESPECTIVELY,STARTINGFROMTHESURFACEINADDITIONTOFINITEELEMENTMODELING,THESURFACESETTLEMENTSAREALSOPREDICTEDBYUSINGSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODELTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSARECOMPAREDANDVERIFIEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATGROUTINGOFTHEEXCAVATIONVOIDSHOULDBEPERFORMEDASFASTASPOSSIBLEAFTEREXCAVATIONOFASECTIONASAPRECAUTIONAGAINSTSURFACESETTLEMENTSDURINGEXCAVATIONFACEPRESSUREOFTHETBMSSHOULDBECLOSELYMONITOREDANDADJUSTEDFORDIFFERENTZONESKEYWORDSSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTION_FINITEELEMENTMETHOD_ANALYTICALMETHOD_SEMITHEORETICALMETHOD_EPBTBMTUNNELING_ISTANBULMETROINTRODUCTIONINCREASINGDEMANDONINFRASTRUCTURESINCREASESATTENTIONTOSHALLOWSOFTGROUNDTUNNELINGMETHODSINURBANIZEDAREASMANYSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESTRUCTURESMAKEUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONWORKSVERYDELICATEDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFGROUNDCONDITIONS,THELONGTERMSETTLEMENTSMAYBECONSIDEREDASVERYLIMITEDTHEREAREMAINLYTHREESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONAPPROACHESFORMECHANIZEDTUNNELEXCAVATIONS1NUMERICALANALYSISSUCHASFINITEELEMENTMETHOD,2ANALYTICALMETHODAND3SEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALMETHODAMONGTHEM,THENUMERICALAPPROACHESARETHEMOSTRELIABLEONESHOWEVER,THERESULTSOFALLMETHODSSHOULDBEUSEDCAREFULLYBYANEXPERIENCEDFIELDENGINEERINDESIGNINGTHESTAGEOFANEXCAVATIONPROJECTINTHISSTUDY,ALLTHREEPREDICTIONMETHODSAREEMPLOYEDFORACRITICALZONETOPREDICTTHESHORTTERMMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSABOVETHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900MBETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHPLAXISFINITEELEMENTMODELINGPROGRAMISUSEDFORNUMERICALMODELINGTHEMETHODSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ISUSEDFORTHEANALYTICALSOLUTIONAFEWDIFFERENTSEMITHEORETICALMODELSAREALSOUSEDFORPREDICTIONSTHERESULTSARECOMPAREDANDVALIDATEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT,SITEANDCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTHEFIRSTCONSTRUCTIONPHASEOFISTANBULMETROLINEWASSTARTEDIN1992ANDOPENEDTOPUBLICIN2000THISLINEISBEINGEXTENDEDGRADUALLY,ASWELLASNEWLINESAREBEINGCONSTRUCTEDINOTHERLOCATIONSONEOFTHESEMETROLINESISTHETWINLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIR,WHICHIS212KMTHEEXCAVATIONOFTHISSECTIONHASBEENSTARTEDINMAY2006CURRENTLY,AROUND1,400MOFEXCAVATIONHASALREADYBEENCOMPLETEDTHEREGIONISHIGHLYPOPULATEDINCLUDINGSEVERALSTORYBUILDINGS,INDUSTRIALZONESANDHEAVYTRAFFICALIGNMENTANDSTATIONSOFTHEMETROLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRISPRESENTEDINFIG1

簡(jiǎn)介：現(xiàn)代辦公建筑發(fā)展新趨勢(shì)現(xiàn)代辦公建筑發(fā)展新趨勢(shì)綠色決定價(jià)值個(gè)性贏得市場(chǎng)綠色決定價(jià)值個(gè)性贏得市場(chǎng)威廉．克萊因進(jìn)入二十一世紀(jì)后，美國(guó)人做過(guò)一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)，發(fā)現(xiàn)美國(guó)稅收來(lái)源的835來(lái)自于寫(xiě)字樓，而不是工廠(chǎng)。中國(guó)的比例估計(jì)還沒(méi)那么高，但同樣，寫(xiě)字樓已經(jīng)不再像二十世紀(jì)工業(yè)文明時(shí)代那樣，僅僅是工廠(chǎng)的管理附屬，僅僅是企業(yè)的接待站，僅僅是管理者的門(mén)面，而真正成為了財(cái)富的聚集地。因?yàn)閷?xiě)字樓性質(zhì)的這一種根本性變化，寫(xiě)字樓開(kāi)發(fā)，自然也越來(lái)越關(guān)注使用者，尤其是創(chuàng)造最大價(jià)值的員工本身的舒適、健康、個(gè)性化需求，能否激發(fā)使用者的靈感，進(jìn)行更有效率的腦力創(chuàng)造，成為衡量新時(shí)代寫(xiě)字樓的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。現(xiàn)代辦公建筑開(kāi)發(fā)，因而出現(xiàn)了以下一些新的趨勢(shì)。生態(tài)辦公綠色決定價(jià)值好幾年前，IBM就因?yàn)榄h(huán)境因素從中關(guān)村搬了出去，因?yàn)镮BM的全球?qū)懽謽嵌家裱?2攝氏度的辦公溫度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，用養(yǎng)熱帶魚(yú)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)養(yǎng)人、養(yǎng)設(shè)備，而中關(guān)村達(dá)不到這個(gè)要求。大企業(yè)的挑剔顯示了現(xiàn)代寫(xiě)字樓的最大特征生態(tài)辦公成為一種趨勢(shì)，最貴的樓不再是最高的樓，而是環(huán)境最好、最舒適的樓。當(dāng)然，生態(tài)辦公不僅意味著小環(huán)境的綠色舒適，還意味著針對(duì)大環(huán)境的節(jié)能環(huán)保，既讓員工快樂(lè)工作，提高效率，更能節(jié)省使用費(fèi)用，讓老板快樂(lè)賺錢(qián)。高層生態(tài)寫(xiě)字樓第2頁(yè)對(duì)流；建筑與三個(gè)三角形的綠化庭園結(jié)合，為大廈雙面均提供了富有生機(jī)的綠色空間，讓人感覺(jué)就像在園林中辦公一樣?？照{(diào)系統(tǒng)是生態(tài)寫(xiě)字樓的重要組成部分。像北京世紀(jì)財(cái)富中心、北京新保利大廈和深圳頂級(jí)寫(xiě)字樓華潤(rùn)大廈，都采用了VAV變風(fēng)量空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，通過(guò)高效的空氣處理設(shè)備、VAV分風(fēng)箱以及高精度的DDC控制器（直接數(shù)字控制器），并配以初效、中效雙級(jí)過(guò)濾設(shè)備，令樓內(nèi)的空氣更加清新、舒適。在杭州，生態(tài)寫(xiě)字樓的建設(shè)剛剛起步，像黃龍世紀(jì)廣場(chǎng)用的是呼吸幕墻，濱江區(qū)的UT斯達(dá)康新大樓大面積采用LOWE玻璃，而黃龍區(qū)的公元大廈，則可以算得上是一個(gè)較為全方位的生態(tài)寫(xiě)字樓，采用了開(kāi)放式幕墻、外遮陽(yáng)板、內(nèi)充氬氣的LOWE中空玻璃、新冷媒超級(jí)變頻多聯(lián)中央空調(diào)、全熱交換器、節(jié)能水龍頭等一系列材料、設(shè)備，還有一個(gè)7000平方米的綠色中央庭院，非常難得。生態(tài)低層庭院式商務(wù)樓生態(tài)辦公更徹底一些，自然是直接搬到郊外的景觀(guān)辦公區(qū)，趴在地面上，跟綠化結(jié)合，這在歐美已漸漸成為趨勢(shì)，尤其是高科技、需要頭腦創(chuàng)意的企業(yè)。景觀(guān)辦公區(qū)來(lái)源于霍華德的“花園城市”理念，一般坐落于大城市邊緣的新城，低密度、小體量的辦公樓與優(yōu)美的綠色園林景觀(guān)有機(jī)結(jié)合，使工作者能在休閑的環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生更多的靈感。最典型的景觀(guān)辦公區(qū)是美國(guó)的硅谷，由各種各樣的商務(wù)花園群落組成，像著名的甲骨文公司就沿湖建造，整個(gè)建筑群在湖邊徐徐展開(kāi)，景觀(guān)如畫(huà)。美國(guó)科羅拉多州奧羅拉市的水園辦公園區(qū)，人工湖、小水池、瀑布、溪流，營(yíng)造出夢(mèng)幻般的水園景色，在里面辦公，自然是神清

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