簡(jiǎn)介：1HOWTOBUILD020SHARINGECONOMYBUSINESSMODELSJMARTINCHAPTERⅠSHARINGOFECONOMICBUSINESSMODELSSHARINGECONOMYHASBEENWIDELYACCEPTEDBYSOCIETY,SUCHASVEHICLERENTAL,PRIVATEAPARTMENTS,TOURISMINDUSTRY,ETC,ANDITHASTAKENINITIALSHAPEINAPPLICATIONTHISISINSEPARABLEFROMTHEPRACTICALDRIVINGFACTORSOFTHESHARINGECONOMYFIRST,THESOCIALDEMANDELEMENTTHERISEOFSOCIALNETWORKSHASEFFECTIVELYPROMOTEDTHESATISFACTIONOFPEOPLESSOCIALNEEDSWHENSOCIALNEEDSREACHACERTAINLEVEL,PEOPLEBEGINTOREFLECTONTHERAPPROCHEMENTOFCOMMUNICATION,WHICHCANNOTONLYPROMOTEECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,BUTALSOSATISFYPEOPLESSOCIALNEEDS,ANDPROMOTETHEAPPLICATIONOFSHARINGECONOMYANDDEVELOPMENTSECOND,EXCESSIVECONSUMPTIONFACTORSMANYPEOPLEINREALLIFE,BECAUSEOFLACKOFPLANNING,BUYALARGENUMBEROFGOODS,RESULTINGINTHEOVERALLORPARTIALUSEOFTHEPRODUCTCANNOTBEFULLYUSED,INANIDLESTATEHOWTOCHANGETHEIDLESTATUSOFTHISRESOURCEHASBECOMEONEOFTHEDRIVINGFACTORSOFTHEBUSINESSMODELOFTHESHAREDECONOMYTHIRD,THEELEMENTSOFTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMOBILEINTERNETANDSMARTTERMINALS,ONTHEBASISOFTRADITIONALECOMMERCE,HASREEMERGEDMOREDIVERSIFIEDTRADINGMETHODS,SOTHATTHESHAREDECONOMYCANFORMACOMPLETECLOSEDLOOP,ANDTHEREAREVARIOUSMEANSATTHEENTRANCETOGUIDECUSTOMERSTODIVERT,SUCHASNCF,TWODIMENSIONALCODEANDELECTRONICPURSE,THESETECHNICALINNOVATIONSPROVIDEIMPORTANTTECHNICALSUPPORTFORTHEEFFECTIVEOPERATIONOF020MODECHAPTERⅡ020THEDEVELOPMENTOFSHAREDECONOMICANDBUSINESSMODELSSECTIONISTATUSANALYSISTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHE020MODELPRESENTSTHEFOLLOWINGFEATURESTHEFIRSTONLINEINDUSTRYISDEVELOPINGRAPIDLYWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTAND3ANDCOMMODITIESRECIRCULATIONISLOWMOSTOFTHEMARESTILLINASTATEOFDUSTARTICLE2THEINTEGRITYSYSTEMISNOTBALANCEDTHECORRESPONDINGGUARANTEEMECHANISMFORTHECREDITSYSTEMISSTILLNOTPERFECT,SUCHASWHETHERTHEDETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHEGOODSISTRUE,HOWTHETRANSACTIONDISPUTESARERESOLVED,ANDHOWTHERIGHTSANDINTERESTSOFTHETWOPARTIESAREPROTECTED,WHICHMAKESITDIFFICULTFORTHESHAREDECONOMYTOHAVEAGOODEXTERNALDEVELOPMENTSPACEARTICLE3THEMOBILEADVANTAGEISNOTWELLMOBILIZEDFORTHESHARINGECONOMY,MANYPEOPLESTILLREMAINATTHEEXCHANGELEVEL,ANDTHEYMAINLYFOCUSONHIGHERVALUEPRODUCTSFORALARGENUMBEROFSMALLSIZEDPRODUCTS,THEOWNERSWOULDRATHERCHOOSETOSHAREWITHOUTSPENDINGTIMETHISISRELATEDTOTHEDEGREEOFINTEGRATIONOFECOMMERCEDEVELOPMENTIFYOUCANNOTBUILDA020PLATFORMCONNECTEDTOAMOBILETERMINAL,THISADVANTAGEWILLNOTBEAPPARENTCHAPTERⅢHOWTOBUILDASHAREDECONOMICBUSINESSMODELSECTION1ANALYSISOFINNOVATIONFACTORSARTICLE1ESTABLISHANEFFECTIVENETWORKITISUNREALISTICTORELYSOLELYONTHEENTITYSALESMODELTOACHIEVEECONOMICSHARINGONLYTHROUGHTHEHIGHLYDEVELOPEDINTERNETTECHNOLOGY,WECANBUILDA020PLATFORMTHATMEETSTHESHARINGECONOMYTHROUGHTHEDISSEMINATION,SHARING,ANDUNBOUNDEDNATUREOFTHENETWORK,WECANEFFECTIVELYLINKHUMANRESOURCESANDMATERIALSANDALLOWMOREANDMOREPEOPLETOPARTICIPATEINTHESHARINGECONOMYARTICLE2USEIDLECAPACITYEXCESSIVECONSUMPTIONLEADSTOALARGEAMOUNTOFIDLECAPACITYITSVALUEINTIME,SPACE,ANDFUNCTIONCANONLYBEMAXIMIZEDTHROUGHTHESHARINGECONOMYTOMAKEUSEOFTHEIDLEVALUEOFGOODSORFUNCTIONSASMUCHASPOSSIBLETOBETTERMEETTHENEEDSOFSOCIETYARTICLE3MININGSOCIALNEEDSANYECONOMICMODELISBASEDONPEOPLEPEOPLESBEHAVIORSSUCHASCONSUMPTION,USE,ANDCHOICEAREALLRELATEDTOTHEIRSOCIAL

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院院交通工程學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)汽車服務(wù)工程姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)外文出處外文出處MECHANICALELECTRICALENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY用外文寫附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)外文資料與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)選題有一定相關(guān)度，譯文翻譯得較通順、流暢，但專業(yè)性略欠缺，個(gè)別用詞不準(zhǔn)。具備了閱讀和翻譯一般專業(yè)科技文獻(xiàn)的能力。簽名2013年03月06日在共747件故障現(xiàn)象中，有278件的現(xiàn)象是離合器發(fā)抖，占總數(shù)的3610％，和236件離合器分離不徹底的現(xiàn)象，占總數(shù)的3065％以上，以上現(xiàn)象總共占總數(shù)的6675％，是主要的故障。離合器打滑，約115例，也是主要的故障，因此，這三種現(xiàn)象應(yīng)集中在離合器摩擦磨損的研究。13統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析在汽車有故障的離合器的現(xiàn)象中離合器故障的現(xiàn)象統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析在汽車有故障的離合器的現(xiàn)象中離合器故障的現(xiàn)象共629件是離合器發(fā)抖，離合器分離不徹底，離合器打滑這三種現(xiàn)象，離合器故障現(xiàn)象可以分為以下的主要條件和三個(gè)現(xiàn)象的總數(shù)的比例如表2所示。共629件是離合器發(fā)抖，離合器分離不徹底，離合器打滑這三種現(xiàn)象，有392件是異常磨損的現(xiàn)象，占總數(shù)的6232％。因此主要的現(xiàn)象，異常磨損是主要的研究方向。14統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析離合器故障的異常磨損現(xiàn)象統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析離合器故障的異常磨損現(xiàn)象在這個(gè)時(shí)候，磨損過(guò)程一般分為輕微的磨損，較小的磨損，時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，嚴(yán)重的磨損的正?，F(xiàn)象，所以正常磨損的離合器應(yīng)貫穿運(yùn)行在第一階段和穩(wěn)定磨損階段。在“QC/T2592型汽車干摩擦式離合器總成技術(shù)條件”中，離合器的駕駛的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)里程是

簡(jiǎn)介：一、外文原文原文一原文一PERFORMANCEEVALUATION,ECONOMICVALUEADDEDANDMANAGERIALBEHAVIOURFORTHEPASTTWODECADESMANYCOUNTRIESSTARTEDTRANSFORMINGTHEIRECONOMIESFROMTRADITIONALPROTECTEDONESTOTHOSEOFMORELIBERALIZED,GLOBALIZEDANDMARKETDRIVENTHISPERIODHASALSOSEENTHEECONOMIESBECOMINGMOREKNOWLEDGEORIENTEDANDHUMANRESOURCESSTARTEDASSUMINGMOREPROMINENCEINTHEGROWTHOFTHEECONOMIESANDBUSINESSESPOSINGAGREATERCHALLENGEFORCOMPANIESTOACQUIREANDRETAINTALENTEDWORKFORCEESPECIALLYATTHESTRATEGICMANAGERIALLEVELSTHEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYALSOSTARTEDWITNESSINGTHERAPIDRISEOFTHEAGENCYPROBLEMCONFLICTOFINTERESTBETWEENMANAGERSANDOWNERSSOITISVERYESSENTIALTOALIGNTHEINTERESTSOFTHEMANGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSORATLEASTREDUCETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMINTHISREGARDECONOMICVALUEADDEDHASBEENSEENASBETTERALTERNATIVETOTHESTOCKPRICEANDTRADITIONALPERFORMANCEMEASURESWHILESUCCESSFULEVASTORIESINTHEWESTAREQUITEENCOURAGING,CORPORATEINDIAISSLOWLYCATCHINGUPTHEEVAADOPTIONALTHOUGHNOTAPANACEA,EVABASEDCOMPENSATIONPLANSWILLDRIVEMANAGERSEMPLOYAFIRM’SASSETSMOREPRODUCTIVELYANDEVASHOULDHELPREDUCETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEINTERESTSOFTHEMANAGERSANDSHAREHOLDERS,IFNOTPERFECTLYALIGNTHEM1INTRODUCTIONFORTHEPASTTWODECADESMANYCOUNTRIESSTARTEDTRANSFORMINGTHEIRECONOMIESFROMTRADITIONALPROTECTEDONESTOTHOSEOFMORELIBERALIZED,GLOBALISEDANDMARKETDRIVENTHISPERIODHASALSOSEENTHEECONOMIESBECOMINGMOREKNOWLEDGEORIENTEDANDHUMANRESOURCESSTARTEDASSUMINGMOREPROMINENCEINTHEGROWTHOFTHEECONOMIESANDBUSINESSESBUTTHISHASALSOPOSEDAGREATERCHALLENGEFORCOMPANIESTOACQUIREANDRETAINTALENTEDWORKFORCEESPECIALLYATTHESTRATEGICMANAGERIALLEVELSTHEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYALSOSTARTEDWITNESSINGTHERAPIDRISEOFTHEAGENCYPROBLEMCONFLICTOFINTERESTBETWEENMANAGERSANDOWNERSTHEMANAGERS–INTHEIRANIDEALPERFORMANCEMEASURESHOULDENSURETHATTHEMANAGERSWOULDBEARALLTHECONSEQUENCESOFTHEIROWNACTIONS,BUTARENOTEXPOSEDTOTHEFLUCTUATIONSOVERWHICHTHEYHAVENOCONTROLINSEARCHOFSUCHAMETRIC–TRADITIONALLYCOMPANIESAREUSEDTOCAPTUREMANAGERIALPERFORMANCEANDREWARDTHEMTHROUGHTHEOPERATIONBASEDMEASURESLIKEPROFITS,EPS,ROCEANDROEHOWEVERTHESEMEASURESARENOTFREEFROMLIMITATIONSANAPPROPRIATEPERFORMANCEMEASURESHOULDASSESSHOWMANAGERIALACTIONSAFFECTTHEFIRMVALUEFORTHISTOHAPPENTHEPERFORMANCEMEASUREMUSTINCORPORATEATLEASTTHREETHINGSIRALA,2005ATHEAMOUNTOFCAPITALINVESTEDBTHERETURNEARNEDONTHECAPITALANDCCOSTOFCAPITALWACC–REFLECTINGTHERISKADJUSTEDREQUIREDRATEOFRETURNISTHEREANYMEASURETHATINCLUDESRETURNS,CAPITALEMPLOYEDANDTHECOSTOFCAPITALEMPLOYEDINITSCOMPUTATIONTHESTERNSTEWARTCOMPANY,ANEWYORKCITYBASEDCONSULTINGFIRMANSWERSTHISQUESTIONPOSITIVELYANDINTRODUCESITSECONOMICVALUEADDEDEVA3WHATISECONOMICVALUEADDEDEVAISTHEADJUSTEDNETOPERATINGTAXAFTERTAXANOPATFORAPERIODMINUSTHECAPITALCHARGETHERUPEECOSTOFCAPITALOFTHEINVESTMENTOVERTHATPERIODEVACANBEEXPRESSEDASEVAADJUSTEDNETOPERATINGPROFITAFTERTAXESANOPATCAPITALCOSTWHEREANOPATCAPITALEMPLOYEDCEROCEASROCEEBIT1T/CECAPITALCOSTWACCXCAPITALEMPLOYEDCETHUSEVACAPITALEMPLOYEDCEROCEWACCCAPITALEMPLOYEDEVAROCEWACCCAPITALEMPLOYEDCAPITALISGENERALLYMEASUREDBYBOOKVALUEWACCISTHEWEIGHTEDAVERAGEOFCOSTOFEQUITYGENERALLYMEASUREDBYCAPMANDCOSTOFDEBT

簡(jiǎn)介：華北科技學(xué)院2011屆本科畢業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯及原文屆本科畢業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯及原文文獻(xiàn)題目文獻(xiàn)題目MARKETINGSTRATEGYADJUSTMENTANDMARKETINGINNOVATIONINTHEEXPERIENCEECONOMYERA文獻(xiàn)作者文獻(xiàn)作者WUQINXUE發(fā)表時(shí)間發(fā)表時(shí)間200176資料出處資料出處圖書館外文期刊圖書館外文期刊外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)第267頁(yè)至第頁(yè)至第230頁(yè)學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名李培凱李培凱學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)200804024109院部部管理學(xué)院管理學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)工商管理工商管理班級(jí)級(jí)B081指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師趙恩超趙恩超2011年6月18日上升心理需求。因此企業(yè)應(yīng)該盡量靠近客戶，感知客戶心理需求，開展“關(guān)系營(yíng)銷”來(lái)滿足客戶。心理需要，簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)就是迎合消費(fèi)者的心理，比如說(shuō)當(dāng)前社會(huì)追求品味、格調(diào)奢華等，針對(duì)這一現(xiàn)狀企業(yè)可以有針對(duì)的產(chǎn)品分為不同檔次。零售商業(yè)中一些聰明的商人們?cè)噲D改變消費(fèi)者購(gòu)物模式，讓消費(fèi)者參加到一個(gè)有趣的活動(dòng)。如在旅游活動(dòng)，娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)，或是探索、野營(yíng)、峽谷漂流和沖浪中讓消費(fèi)者在不知不覺(jué)中加深對(duì)企業(yè)的好感，從而培養(yǎng)顧客忠誠(chéng)度。22使交互式概念成為營(yíng)銷計(jì)劃的核心概念和指導(dǎo)方針目前，許多企業(yè)完全依靠廣告和降價(jià)來(lái)推銷產(chǎn)品，導(dǎo)致廣告投資費(fèi)用增長(zhǎng)迅速。然而據(jù)調(diào)查事實(shí)上只有20的廣告會(huì)有效果，而其余80被浪費(fèi)了，因?yàn)閺V告的效果畢竟有限，很多企業(yè)過(guò)分夸大廣告效果，而忽視了本身產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量導(dǎo)致過(guò)分包裝，使現(xiàn)代許多企業(yè)面臨尷尬狀況。企業(yè)高層對(duì)于廣告與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量選取那個(gè)側(cè)重點(diǎn)存在嚴(yán)重分歧，高層的不團(tuán)結(jié)境遇使企業(yè)發(fā)展非常艱難。其他完善行業(yè)集體造成自身價(jià)格戰(zhàn)，使企業(yè)更受到極大挑戰(zhàn)市場(chǎng)份額縮減，造成企業(yè)形象敗壞。而在體驗(yàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的期間，企業(yè)可以培養(yǎng)忠誠(chéng)顧客，允許用戶體驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品，確認(rèn)其價(jià)值，讓客戶自動(dòng)接近產(chǎn)品。將重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該放在顧客信任被選用的產(chǎn)品上。交互模式不僅在企業(yè)和客戶之間，更是在客戶自己。讓事實(shí)說(shuō)話讓“好感覺(jué)”的口碑傳播。23產(chǎn)品推廣策略和創(chuàng)造企業(yè)品牌形象如今，消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)已進(jìn)入成熟時(shí)期。消費(fèi)者需求脫節(jié)了“定性”階段很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間，進(jìn)入一個(gè)更高的“品味”水平。因此營(yíng)銷推廣商品促銷的關(guān)鍵不僅僅應(yīng)該是出售商品本身，而是專注于銷售推廣戰(zhàn)略概念，即創(chuàng)建一個(gè)品牌形象。強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，客戶會(huì)根據(jù)遺忘自己經(jīng)驗(yàn)在人群中來(lái)努力采購(gòu)、占有、使用商品，這將會(huì)形成一個(gè)良性循環(huán)。在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)中，有一系列令人眼花繚亂的產(chǎn)品，商品越來(lái)越多的同質(zhì)性，純利潤(rùn)追尋是不夠的讓消費(fèi)者動(dòng)心的，企業(yè)必須創(chuàng)造出有特色的產(chǎn)品。為了滿足消費(fèi)者自我實(shí)現(xiàn)高層次品位的追求，將會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的消費(fèi)者追隨。因此，考慮到企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品特征和消費(fèi)心理學(xué)人性觀的必然要求，在新時(shí)代提出征服“品味”消費(fèi)者心的概念，并創(chuàng)建一個(gè)品牌形象，強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要。

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文2730字出處出處PROCEEDINGSOFTHE11THWSEASINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDMATHEMATICS,DALLAS,TEXAS,USA2007譯文中央污水處理廠廢水凈化和小型污水處理廠廢水凈中央污水處理廠廢水凈化和小型污水處理廠廢水凈化分散系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)比較化分散系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)比較JZORKO,DGORICANEC摘要摘要在本篇文章里提出了兩個(gè)關(guān)于投資的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析，一個(gè)是對(duì)綜合性的帶有成套的廢水回收系統(tǒng)的投資，另一個(gè)是單獨(dú)對(duì)不同構(gòu)成部分的分散系統(tǒng)的投資。凈現(xiàn)值NPV和資本成本CC的方法已經(jīng)用于比較建設(shè)帶有污水回收系統(tǒng)的中央污水處理廠和建設(shè)每一個(gè)處理部分都帶有自己的回收系統(tǒng)的分散廢水處理廠的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。兩個(gè)解決方案被選中其中一個(gè)來(lái)解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題，比如減少生活中每一個(gè)施工方案中的特殊維護(hù)成本。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞廢水排水區(qū)回收系統(tǒng)成本價(jià)格凈現(xiàn)值資本成本11引言引言城市廢水在水環(huán)境污染中占有一個(gè)龐大的份額,同時(shí)也是影響飲用水源質(zhì)量的重要因素之一。要保證廢水的排放和治理部門以及環(huán)境保護(hù)規(guī)劃工作安排能夠順利實(shí)施，關(guān)鍵是，排放和凈化城市污水業(yè)務(wù)項(xiàng)目的具體實(shí)施斯洛文尼亞共和國(guó)政府決策NO35208/200122004年10月14日,其中就包含廢水回收系統(tǒng)建設(shè)和城市廢水處理廠建設(shè)的計(jì)劃開支。特定城市群的污水收集和處理系統(tǒng)項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃，最終必須在遵守規(guī)定的指令91/271/EEC下執(zhí)行。按照地方業(yè)務(wù)項(xiàng)目規(guī)定，要確保城市群提供污水收集系統(tǒng)至少到2017年，廢水排放和治理的主要準(zhǔn)則取決于1總負(fù)載來(lái)自于人口當(dāng)量（指的是某種工業(yè)廢水旳有機(jī)污染物總量，用相當(dāng)于生活污水污染量旳人口數(shù)表示）中的城市廢水2城市居民的廢水濃度為PE/公頃3確定敏感地區(qū)水的富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化指標(biāo)或飲用水的來(lái)源。城市群是指一個(gè)地區(qū)，這個(gè)地區(qū)人口集中和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)充分集中，城市群為城市廢水收集、進(jìn)行城市污水處理的地方或最后的一個(gè)排放點(diǎn)。真空線的長(zhǎng)度25620M25620M抽水站4個(gè)3個(gè)真空站2個(gè)2個(gè)2121財(cái)務(wù)計(jì)劃財(cái)務(wù)計(jì)劃預(yù)見(jiàn)到以下幾種融資的投資形勢(shì)歐盟基金凝聚力基金和結(jié)構(gòu)性基金環(huán)境保護(hù)稅，政府環(huán)境部門，市政預(yù)算。我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備投資的投資計(jì)劃，假設(shè)融資的項(xiàng)目從2008年到2017年呈現(xiàn)在圖2中。圖2項(xiàng)目1和項(xiàng)目2金融計(jì)劃33項(xiàng)目項(xiàng)目1和項(xiàng)目和項(xiàng)目2在選擇時(shí)間上的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析在選擇時(shí)間上的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析為了比較這兩個(gè)命名項(xiàng)目，凈現(xiàn)值NPV方法和資本成本CC方法已被選定來(lái)進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期、持續(xù)研究。3131凈現(xiàn)值凈現(xiàn)值NPVNPV建立一個(gè)項(xiàng)目或投資的價(jià)值，凈現(xiàn)值NPV指投資方案所產(chǎn)生得現(xiàn)金凈流量以資金成本為貼現(xiàn)率折現(xiàn)之后與原始投資額現(xiàn)值的差額。凈現(xiàn)值法就是按凈現(xiàn)值大小來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)方案優(yōu)劣的一種方法。凈現(xiàn)值大于零則方案可行，且凈現(xiàn)值越大，方案越優(yōu)，投資效益越定期投資支出年項(xiàng)目一項(xiàng)目二

簡(jiǎn)介：外文資料翻譯英文原文1CURRENTDEVELOPMENTSINACCOUNTINGANDTHEDYNAMICSOFECONOMICCALCULATIONTHOMASCTAYLORBACKGROUNDTHEROLEOFACCOUNTINGASARTICULATEDINAUSTRIANECONOMICTHEORYISSECURELYFASTENEDTOTHETASKOFECONOMICCALCULATIONLUDWIGVONMISESDISTINGUISHESBETWEENPROSPECTIVEORANTICIPATIVECALCULATIONINVOLVINGTHE“PRECALCULATIONOFEXPECTEDCOSTSANDEXPECTEDPROCEEDS“RELATINGTOAPLANNEDCOURSEOFACTIONANDRETROSPECTIVECALCULATIONTHATESTABLISHESTHERESULTSOFPASTACTION,THE“ACCOUNTINGOFPROFITORLOSS“ANDHISDEVASTATINGARGUMENTTHATTHEINABILITYOFTHESOCIALISTPLANNERSTOCALCULATETHECOSTSOFALTERNATIVECOURSESOFACTIONRENDERSSOCIALISMIMPOSSIBLEANDESTABLISHESTHECRITICALROLEOFCOSTACCOUNTINGINBUSINESSDECISIONSUNDERCAPITALISMONEOFTHELONGSTANDINGDIFFICULTIESINCOSTACCOUNTINGHASBEENTHEALLOCATIONOF“INDIRECTCOSTS“TOVARIOUSOBJECTSSUCHASPRODUCTS,DEPARTMENTS,DIVISIONS,ETCFOREXAMPLE,TRADITIONALCOSTACCOUNTINGHASLONGDEPENDEDONPREDETERMINEDOVERHEADRATESINORDERTOAPPLYTHEINDIRECTCOSTOFMANUFACURINGTODIFFERENTPRODUCTSBYMEANSOFSOMEBASESUCHASDIRECTLABORCOSTORDIRECTLABORHOURSMISESWASWELLAWAREOFTHEPROBLEMOFASSIGNINGINDIRECTCOSTSFORPURPOSESOFDEPARTMENTALPROFITABILITYANALYSISTHEELABORATEMETHODSOFMODERNBOOKKEEPING,ACCOUNTANCY,ANDBUSINESSSTATISTICSPROVIDETHEENTERPRISERWITHAFAITHFULIMAGEOFALLHISOPERATIONSHEISINAPOSITIONTOLEARNHOWSUCCESSFULORUNSUCCESSFULEVERYONEOFHISTRANSACTIONSWASWITHTHEAIDOFTHESESTATEMENTSHECANCHECKTHEACTIVITIESOFALLDEPARTMENTSOFHISCONCERNNOMATTERHOWLARGEITMAYBETHEREIS,TOBESURE,SOMEAMOUNTOFDISCRETIONINDETERMININGTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFOVERHEADCOSTSBUTAPARTFROMTHIS,THEFIGURESPROVIDEAFAITHFULREFLECTIONOFALLTHATISGOINGONINEVERYBRANCHORDEPARTMENTTHEREMAINDEROFTHISARTICLEWILLDISCUSSMOREFULLYTHEPROBLEMOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONASWIDELYPRACTICEDTODAY,ANDEXPLAINHOWSOMELEADINGCOMPANIESAREIMPLEMENTINGFUNDAMENTALLYNEWAPPROACHESTOCOSTASSIGNMENTANDHOWTHESEAPPROACHESCREATEMOREEFFECTIVETOOLSFORENTREPRENEURIALDECISIONSTHEPROBLEMOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONTHEASSIGNMENTOFINDIRECTCOSTSTOPRODUCTS,DEPARTMENTS,ANDOTHERCOSTOBJECTSHASBEENALONGSTANDINGPROBLEMINCOSTACCOUNTINGINDIRECTCOSTSAREDISTINGUISHED外文資料翻譯英文原文3ACTIVITIESTHATCONSUMETHERESOURCESBYDETERMININGTHECOSTSOFDIFFERENTACTIVITIESASAFIRSTSTAGEINTHECOSTINGPROCESS,OBJECTSCANULTIMATELYBEASSIGNEDCOSTSACCORDINGTOTHEIRDEMANDSFORACTIVITIESSEPARATEPREDETERMINEDACTIVITYRATESARETHUSUSEDRATHERTHANTHEAMORPHOUSOVERHEADRATESOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONABCISFUNDAMENTALLYDIFFERENTFROMTRADITIONALCOSTINGBECAUSEITINSISTSUPONEXPLICITCAUSEANDEFFECTCONNECTIONSBETWEENTHEVARIOUSACTIVITIESANDCOSTSORCONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCESASAFIRSTSTAGEASSIGNINGCOSTSTOOBJECTSFOLLOWSINASECONDSTAGEINVOLVINGTHELINKAGEOFOBJECTSTOACTIVITIESTHROUGHTHEUSEOFACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERSANACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERIS“AQUANTITATIVEMEASUREOFTHEOUTPUTOFANACTIVITY“KAPLANANDCOOPER1998,P95TOILLUSTRATE,CONSIDERTHEACTIVITYOFSETTINGUPAMACHINETOPROCESSDIFFERENTBATCHESOFMATERIALSTHEACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERWOULDBESETUPSORSETUPHOURSASSUMETHATTOTALSETUPCOSTIS44,800FORASPECIFICPERIODOFPRODUCTIONIFTHEPROJECTEDTOTALNUMBEROFSETUPSIS70,THENANACTIVITYRATEOF640PERSETUPWOULDBEUSEDTOCOSTDIFFERENTPRODUCTSDEPENDINGONTHENUMBEROFSETUPSREQUIREDOBVIOUSLY,PRODUCTSMANUFACTUREDINSMALLLOTSIZESWILLBEASSIGNEDDISPROPORTIONATELYMOREOFTHESETUPCOSTTHANTHOSEPRODUCEDINLARGERUNSTOILLUSTRATEFURTHER,ASSUMETHAT1,000UNITSOFPRODUCTAAREPRODUCEDEACHPERIODREQUIRING30SETUPSTOACCOMMODATETHESMALLINDIVIDUALORDERSOFCUSTOMERSALSO,PRODUCTBISALARGEVOLUMEITEMINVOLVINGTHEPRODUCTIONANDSALEOF20,000UNITSANDONLY40SETUPSEACHPERIODAPPLYINGTHESETUPRATEOF640PERSETUP,PRODUCTAWOULDBEASSIGNED19,200ANDPRODUCTB25,600FORATOTALSETUPCOSTASSIGNEDOF44,800ABCNONETHELESSHASTODEALWITHTHEFACTTHATMOSTCOSTSOFBUSINESSOPERATIONSTODAYAREFIXEDINMANUFACTURING,OFTENTHEONLYPURELYVARIABLECOSTSRELATETODIRECTMATERIALSANDTOUTILITIESSUCHASELECTRICITYTHEISSUEISNOTUNIQUETOABC,FOREVENTRADITIONALOVERHEADALLOCATIONCANNOTAVOIDTHENECESSITYOFAPPLYINGFIXEDOVERHEADCOSTSTOPRODUCTSTHESOLUTIONREVOLVESAROUNDTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEAMOUNTOFCAPACITYASCRIBEDTOTHERESOURCESASSIGNEDTOEACHACTIVITYTOILLUSTRATE,ASSUMEENGINEERINGRESOURCESCOST280,000EACHPERIODANDHAVETHECAPACITYTOPRODUCE4,000ENGINEERINGCHANGEORDERSTHEACTIVITYDRIVEREACHPERIODTHEACTIVITYRATEOF70PERCHANGEORDERWOULDBEUSEDTOCHARGEDIFFERENTPRODUCTSLINESFORUSINGTHISENGINEERINGSERVICEIFDURINGTHEPERIODONLY3,800CHANGEORDERSWEREGENERATED,AFIVEPERCENTREDUCTIONINACTIVITYLEVELS,THEN14,000OFENGINEERINGCOSTSWOULDNOTBEASSIGNEDTOPRODUCTSBUTWOULDBEREPORTEDASANUNFAVORABLEVOLUMEVARIANCEANDWRITTENOFFTO

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文題目禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究學(xué)生姓名張文娟學(xué)號(hào)2008105421專業(yè)電氣工程及自動(dòng)化班級(jí)20081096指導(dǎo)教師楊力森評(píng)閱教師完成日期2012年1月12日禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究操作區(qū)時(shí)就需要很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。FAN和MCDONALD用了兩次拉姆達(dá)的迭代來(lái)解決有操作禁區(qū)區(qū)域的受限經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度問(wèn)題。HOPFIELD神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)過(guò)去常單獨(dú)使用3和文獻(xiàn)4，以解決非凸經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度優(yōu)化問(wèn)題。許多參數(shù)的調(diào)整必須為HOPFIELD網(wǎng)絡(luò)做出來(lái)，以確保其一致性和銜接到一個(gè)可行的解決方案中去。本文探討使用改良粒子群優(yōu)化技術(shù)5來(lái)解決一些有禁止作業(yè)區(qū)的單位的約束經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度問(wèn)題。應(yīng)用“近”最好方案升級(jí)調(diào)查，該技術(shù)是一種并行人口為基礎(chǔ)的搜尋方法，每個(gè)迭代包括候選方案的全體人口。以雙方速度優(yōu)化的形式，以每個(gè)人在人口更新其內(nèi)部問(wèn)題空間中的位置的方式，改良粒子群優(yōu)化技術(shù)被運(yùn)用到原始的粒子群優(yōu)化算法中來(lái)。這是旨在阻止個(gè)人在問(wèn)題限制區(qū)以外的可探尋地區(qū)活動(dòng)，并降低這種算法導(dǎo)致的現(xiàn)今局部最小值的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由于沒(méi)有梯度信息的擬議技術(shù)的利用，它可以應(yīng)用到一類非常廣泛的優(yōu)化問(wèn)題中來(lái)，包括約束和限制優(yōu)化問(wèn)題，仿真結(jié)果表明，無(wú)需梯度信息，該技術(shù)達(dá)到很好的精度，并且使用非常簡(jiǎn)單的算術(shù)和邏輯運(yùn)算而無(wú)需任何額外的調(diào)整參數(shù)。2．問(wèn)題陳述．問(wèn)題陳述考慮一些有禁止操作區(qū)單位的約束調(diào)度問(wèn)題，應(yīng)儲(chǔ)備的數(shù)學(xué)公式如下在這里I所有在線機(jī)組指數(shù)；發(fā)電成本（元/時(shí)）；第I號(hào)機(jī)組產(chǎn)生的功率（單位兆瓦）；第I號(hào)機(jī)組的成本系數(shù)函數(shù)；所上線機(jī)組的全集。受以下限制（1）功率平衡在此傳輸損耗（兆瓦）；總負(fù)荷需求（兆瓦）；

簡(jiǎn)介：大型公共建筑消防應(yīng)急照明電源設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)的研究摘要本文在實(shí)地調(diào)查近年新落成的一些大型公共建筑消防應(yīng)急照明電源設(shè)計(jì)存在無(wú)法滿足實(shí)際需要情況的基礎(chǔ)上，針對(duì)技術(shù)規(guī)范亟待完善的電源設(shè)計(jì)的重要問(wèn)題，提出了修改建議，提高應(yīng)急照明的可靠性，改善人員逃生條件，以適應(yīng)“以人為本”“生命至上”的社會(huì)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)，減少火災(zāi)事故中的人員傷亡。關(guān)鍵詞消防；應(yīng)急照明電；源蓄電；池分散供電引言近年，各地新落成了不少大型公共建筑，尤其是大型體育、文化場(chǎng)館等，這些建筑都是人群高度集中的開放場(chǎng)所，一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)和斷電等事故，容易發(fā)生疏散混亂、相互踩踏造成傷亡事故，提高應(yīng)急疏散照明的可靠性，具有極其重要的意義。但由于一些技術(shù)規(guī)范未能及時(shí)修改和統(tǒng)一，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)依據(jù)不同，設(shè)計(jì)思想有很大差別，無(wú)法滿足實(shí)際需要，需加以完善。本文對(duì)應(yīng)急照明技術(shù)規(guī)范在實(shí)踐中遇到的問(wèn)題，作個(gè)簡(jiǎn)要分析，以引起從業(yè)者的足夠重視。應(yīng)急照明在火災(zāi)和突發(fā)緊急事故中有著重要的作用，確保消防應(yīng)急照明系統(tǒng)安全可靠的工作意義重大。消防應(yīng)急燈具有三大功能消防應(yīng)急工作照明燈組成的消防工作照明系統(tǒng)，滿足正常工作照度要求；由消防應(yīng)急疏散照明燈組成的消防疏散功能系統(tǒng)，供人員疏散時(shí)提供必須的照度而設(shè)置；由低位消防應(yīng)急疏散照明和疏散指示及其他標(biāo)志形式組成的應(yīng)急疏散標(biāo)識(shí)功能系統(tǒng)，為人員疏散提供明確引導(dǎo)方向及途徑。1有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范1民用建筑電器設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GJ162008第3191條“一級(jí)負(fù)荷應(yīng)由兩個(gè)電源供電，當(dāng)一個(gè)電源發(fā)生故障時(shí)，另一個(gè)電源應(yīng)不致同時(shí)受到損壞。一級(jí)負(fù)荷容量較大或有高壓用電設(shè)備時(shí)應(yīng)采用兩路高壓電源。如一級(jí)負(fù)荷容量不大時(shí)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先采用從電力系統(tǒng)或臨近單位取得第二低壓電源，亦可采用應(yīng)急發(fā)電機(jī)組，如一級(jí)負(fù)荷僅為照明或電話站負(fù)荷時(shí)，宜采用蓄電池組作為備用電源”；2建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1012條火災(zāi)事故照明和疏散照明指示標(biāo)志可采用蓄電池作備用電源，但連續(xù)供電時(shí)間不應(yīng)少于20MIN；3建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1013條消防用電設(shè)備應(yīng)采用單獨(dú)的供電回路，并當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)切斷生產(chǎn)、生活用電時(shí)，應(yīng)能保證消防用電，其配電設(shè)備應(yīng)有明顯標(biāo)志；4建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1028條“其疏散走道和疏散門，均宜設(shè)置燈光疏散指示標(biāo)志”；5火災(zāi)自動(dòng)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GB5011698第6318條“消防控制室在確認(rèn)火災(zāi)后，應(yīng)能切斷有關(guān)部位的非消防電源，并接通警報(bào)裝置及火災(zāi)應(yīng)急照明燈和疏散標(biāo)志燈”；要，完全可以做到萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。而且也認(rèn)為以發(fā)電機(jī)作備用電源的應(yīng)急照明供電方式比自帶蓄電池的應(yīng)急燈要高級(jí)，要可靠。但從上面的分析中得知，發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)，這種傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)無(wú)法滿足應(yīng)急照明的需要。”應(yīng)急照明”，也叫“事故照明”，其實(shí)質(zhì)就是“事故照明”，要充分考慮到發(fā)生火災(zāi)時(shí)的具體情況，而不僅僅是非火災(zāi)突然斷電時(shí)的情況。而且，從大量的實(shí)際火災(zāi)案例看，由于應(yīng)急照明的缺位造成人員踩踏造成的致死致傷的人員數(shù)量之多，足以引起我們對(duì)火災(zāi)中應(yīng)急照明的重要性進(jìn)行重新認(rèn)識(shí)。在實(shí)踐中，近年落成的一些大型公用建筑，屢屢出現(xiàn)這樣的事情建筑消防報(bào)建時(shí)，按照傳統(tǒng)雙回路應(yīng)急電源設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，用發(fā)電機(jī)組作應(yīng)急電源，圖紙可以順利通過(guò)政府消防主管部門的審核，也能順利通過(guò)建筑消防驗(yàn)收；但在投入使用時(shí)，負(fù)責(zé)消防日常監(jiān)督管理的政府區(qū)域消防管理單位，卻對(duì)應(yīng)急照明提出異議，要求在安全出口、疏散通道上、消防設(shè)備房等重要區(qū)域，安裝自帶蓄電池供電的雙頭應(yīng)急照明燈或筒燈，滿足實(shí)際需要，對(duì)所謂雙回路供電保證應(yīng)急照明說(shuō)法不屑一顧。發(fā)生這種情況的原因主要是一些設(shè)計(jì)單位沒(méi)有充分考慮到實(shí)際需要，缺乏實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，加上一些建設(shè)單位也認(rèn)為，應(yīng)急照明燈影響美觀，無(wú)法與日漸高檔的裝修標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相適應(yīng)，沒(méi)有必要。另外國(guó)家規(guī)定應(yīng)急照明燈具的使用范圍也偏小，相關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范沒(méi)有把應(yīng)急照明采用自帶蓄電池方式和備用發(fā)電機(jī)方式兩者之間的級(jí)別差異明確表述，存在不明確的情況，設(shè)計(jì)人員認(rèn)識(shí)不深刻，無(wú)法滿足大型公共建筑的消防安全需要。在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上，負(fù)責(zé)消防日常監(jiān)督管理的政府區(qū)域消防管理單位人員，顯然具有更豐富的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，更了解火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)，供電線路和設(shè)備的損壞情況，以及應(yīng)急照明的正常工作對(duì)于救生和救災(zāi)的重要性，這樣的要求應(yīng)該說(shuō)是完全正確的。所以，在一些大型公用建筑上，就會(huì)看到這種無(wú)奈的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)竣工投入使用的高檔建筑，在疏散通道、疏散樓梯、安全出口、電梯廳、消防設(shè)備房、大型功能房等重要區(qū)域，以線槽或線管明敷的方式，加裝了必要的自帶蓄電池的雙頭應(yīng)急照明燈，外觀上與其它暗敷的電氣線路很不協(xié)調(diào)。這種事后的改進(jìn)，既不美觀，也由于重新施工造成經(jīng)濟(jì)上的損失和浪費(fèi)。而且，視管理單位和設(shè)計(jì)單位的認(rèn)識(shí)和重視程度不同，對(duì)待這個(gè)問(wèn)題的態(tài)度也有很大區(qū)別。設(shè)計(jì)單位往往認(rèn)為設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)充分，大型公共建筑往往又是綜合性的，并非功能單一的建筑，在歸類上有分歧，因此拒絕變更改進(jìn)，造成一些大型公共建筑此項(xiàng)改造工作困難重重，留下了明顯的消防安全隱患。再加上假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品在使用領(lǐng)域占比例較大。在現(xiàn)實(shí)場(chǎng)所發(fā)現(xiàn)很多應(yīng)急照明設(shè)施為不合格產(chǎn)品，特別是應(yīng)急照明燈具、疏散指示標(biāo)志、不合格產(chǎn)品在使用中占很大的比例，給人員安全疏散和滅火救援留下了很大隱患。以光致型發(fā)光標(biāo)識(shí)牌代替疏散指標(biāo)。光致型發(fā)光標(biāo)識(shí)牌是一種稀土材料制成的蓄光型標(biāo)志牌。目前技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)下，在日光或日光燈類光源照射10H以上的

簡(jiǎn)介：PROCEEDINGSWORLDGEOTHERMALCONGRESS2010BALI,INDONESIA,2529APRIL20101THERMOECONOMICOPTIMIZATIONOFGEOTHERMALFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSMEHDIZEYGHAMIENDOFPOONAKEBAKHTARIBLVD,SHAHRKEGHODS,POBOX14665/517TEHRAN\IRANMZEYGHAMINRIACIRKEYWORDSTHERMOECONOMICMODELING,SINGLEFLASH,DOUBLESFLASH,OPTIMIZATIONABSTRACTFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSARERELATIVELYACOMMONMETHODUSEDTOCONVERTTHEGEOTHERMALENERGYINTOELECTRICITYWHENPRODUCTIONWELLSPRODUCEAMIXTUREOFSTEAMANDLIQUIDINAGEOTHERMALSYSTEMINCOMPARISONTOTHESINGLEFLASHSYSTEM,THEDOUBLEFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTGENERATESMOREPOWERFROMGEOTHERMALFLUIDATTHESAMECONDITIONSHOWEVER,ELECTRICITYGENERATIONCOSTSAREHIGHERFORDOUBLEFLASHPLANTSATHERMOECONOMICOPTIMIZATIONMODELISPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERASTHEGENERATIONCOSTSOFSINGLEANDDOUBLEFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSBYCONSIDERINGTHEPRESSURESINTHESEPARATORANDFLASHVESSELONLYINADOUBLEFLASHPLANTASTHEINDEPENDENTVARIABLESINTHEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONANDUSINGNUMERICALSEARCHMETHODSGOLDENRATIOANDNELDERMEAD,THEMINIMUMPOWERGENERATIONCOSTWASCALCULATEDATDIFFERENTGEOFLUIDCONDITIONSFOREITHERSINGLEORDOUBLEFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSTHEANALYSISWASCARRIEDOUTFORPLANTSIZESFROM5TO150MWTHEECONOMYOFSCALEWASTAKENINTOACCOUNTFORINVESTMENTCOSTSANDOPERATIONMAINTENANCECOSTSTHERESULTSFORMINIMUMGENERATIONCOSTANDNETPOWEROUTPUTUSINGSINGLEANDDOUBLEFLASHGEOTHERMALPOWERPLANTSISPRESENTEDFORDIFFERENTGEOFLUIDTEMPERATURESANDFLOWRATES1INTRODUCTIONGEOTHERMALENERGYISTHENATURALHEATENERGYWITHINTHEEARTHTHISENERGYCANBERECOVEREDINSPECIFICAREASINHOTWATERORSTEAMHYDROTHERMALSYSTEMSARENATURALGEOTHERMALSOURCESINWHICHWATERISHEATEDINCONTACTWITHHOTROCKSBENEATHLAYERSOFTHEEARTHSSURFACEANDTURNSTOSTEAMVAPORDOMINATEDSYSTEMSORHOTWATERLIQUIDDOMINATEDSYSTEMSELWAKIL,1985INHYDROTHERMALSYSTEMS,ITISPOSSIBLETOEXTRACTTHEHOTGEOTHERMALFLUIDBYDRILLINGWELLSTOSUITABLEDEPTHSINPROPERPLACESTHEFLOWCOULDEITHERBENATURALFLOWUNDERITSOWNPRESSUREORPUMPEDTOTHESURFACEINLIQUIDDOMINATEDSYSTEMS,PRESSUREDROPINTHEWELLTURNSSOMELIQUIDSINTOVAPOR,WHICHRESULTSINALOWQUALITY,TWOPHASEMIXTUREATTHEWELLHEADUSINGFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSISONEOFTHECOMMONWAYSTOCONVERTTHEEXTRACTEDHEATTOMECHANICALPOWERANDELECTRICITYSINGLEFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSAREOFTENTHEFIRSTPOWERPLANTSINSTALLEDATNEWLYDEVELOPEDLIQUIDDOMINATEDGEOTHERMALFIELDSDIPIPPO2007THETERM“SINGLEFLASH”INDICATESTHATGEOTHERMALFLUIDUNDERGOESONEFLASHINGPROCESSINTHESYSTEMFLASHINGISAPROCESSOFLOWERINGTHEGEOFLUIDPRESSUREBELOWTHESATURATIONPRESSURECORRESPONDINGTOTHEFLUIDTEMPERATURETOTRANSFORMPRESSURIZEDLIQUIDTOAMIXTUREOFLIQUIDANDVAPORDIPIPPO2007INORDERTOACHIEVEAFLUIDMIXTUREWITHHIGHERQUALITYANDSTEAMFLOWINTHETURBINEINASINGLEFLASHPOWERPLANT,THEGEOTHERMALFLUIDISSUBJECTEDTOACONSTANTENTHALPYTHROTTLINGPROCESSAFTERTHESEPARATIONOFLIQUIDANDVAPORPHASESINASEPARATOR,THEVAPORISUSEDTODRIVEASTEAMTURBINEANDGENERATEMECHANICALPOWERTHELIQUIDPORTIONOFTHEFLOWISREINJECTEDTOTHESOURCEVIAINJECTIONWELLSDUETOHIGHTEMPERATUREANDRELATIVELYLOWQUALITYINTHESEPARATOR,THEEXITINGBRINEHASAHIGHFLOWRATEANDWORKINGPOTENTIALCOMPAREDTOTHESTEAMUSEDTODRIVETHETURBINEELWAKIL,1985INORDERTOUSETHISWASTEDENERGYINADOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANT,THELIQUIDEXITINGTHESEPARATORISRUNTHROUGHASECONDFLASHINGPROCESSFLASHVESSELANDSEPARATORTHERESULTINGLOWPRESSURESTEAMISSENTTOALOWERSTAGEOFTHETURBINEORANOTHERSTEAMTURBINEATTHESAMEGEOTHERMALFLUIDCONDITIONS,ADOUBLEFLASHSTEAMPLANTCANPRODUCE1525MOREPOWEROUTPUTTHANASINGLEFLASHSTEAMPLANTHOWEVER,THEPLANTISMORECOMPLEX,MORECOSTLY,ANDREQUIRESMOREMAINTENANCEDIPIPPO2007FLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSACCOUNTFORASIGNIFICANTSHAREOFALLGEOTHERMALPOWERPLANTSINTHEWORLDACCORDINGTOTHEAVAILABLEDATAPRESENTEDBYDIPIPPO2007,APPROXIMATELY32OFGEOTHERMALPLANTSINTHEWORLDHAVEASINGLEFLASHDESIGN,ANDAPPROXIMATELY14HAVEADOUBLEFLASHDESIGNINASINGLEFLASHPOWERPLANT,SEPARATORPRESSUREHASASIGNIFICANTEFFECTONTHEAMOUNTOFPOWERGENERATEDFROMEXTRACTEDGEOTHERMALFLUIDANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHECYCLEFORSPECIFICFLUIDCONDITIONSATTHEWELLHEAD,HIGHERSEPARATORPRESSURESRESULTINGFROMHIGHERFLASHINGPRESSURERESULTINHIGHERPRESSURESTEAMLEAVINGTHESEPARATORTHEREFORE,STEAMATTHETURBINEINLETWOULDHAVEHIGHERWORKINGPOTENTIALHOWEVER,BYREDUCINGTHEFLASHINGPRESSUREANDTHEDEPENDENTSEPARATORPRESSUREINCREASESTHEMIXTUREQUALITYINTHESEPARATOR,WHICHRESULTSINHIGHERSTEAMFLOWRATESATTHETURBINEINLETHOWEVER,THESPECIFICAVAILABLEENERGYEXERGYOFTHESTEAMFLOWWOULDDECLINETHUS,SEPARATORPRESSUREISAKEYDESIGNPARAMETERINSINGLEFLASHPOWERPLANTSANDHASAMAJORINFLUENCEONPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEMPERFORMANCEINDOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANTS,THEFLASHINGPRESSURESHOULDALSOBECONSIDEREDASANIMPORTANTDESIGNPARAMETERFOREVALUATIONOFFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTS,DESIGNPARAMETERSSHOULDBESELECTEDPRECISELYTOACHIEVETHEMAXIMUMPOWERGENERATIONATTHELOWESTGENERATIONCOSTTHEAIMOFTHEPRESENTWORKISTOINTRODUCEATHERMOECONOMICMODELFORGEOTHERMALFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSOPTIMIZATIONOFDESIGNPARAMETERSFORSINGLEANDDOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANTSBASEDONTHISMODELMAKESITPOSSIBLETOCOMPAREUTILIZATIONOFTHESEPLANTSINSIMILARCONDITIONSTOACHIEVETHISGOAL,NETPOWEROUTPUTFROMFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSWASCALCULATEDATDIFFERENTGEOFLUIDTEMPERATURESBYUSINGTHERMODYNAMICEQUILIBRIUMSANDCYCLESPECIFICATIONSAFTERCONSIDERINGECONOMICFACTORS,THETHERMOECONOMICOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONWASDEFINEDASTHEGENERATI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簡(jiǎn)介：發(fā)展中國(guó)家能源與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的因果關(guān)系發(fā)展中國(guó)家能源與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的因果關(guān)系基于坦桑尼亞和尼日利亞的案例研究基于坦桑尼亞和尼日利亞的案例研究摘要能源在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的確切作用是一個(gè)尚有爭(zhēng)議的辯論。現(xiàn)有的實(shí)證研究產(chǎn)生了不同的結(jié)果一些人認(rèn)為能源和其他生產(chǎn)要素之間是互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，而其他人表示，能源可以替代其他生產(chǎn)要素。通常情況下，這些研究主要集中在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，有一種解釋是供給約束和價(jià)格剛性使任何因素?fù)Q成研究在發(fā)展中國(guó)家毫無(wú)意義。雖然這種技術(shù)是有用的實(shí)證分析，因?yàn)闆](méi)有機(jī)制的存在表明變量之間的因果方向。但是，這限制了范圍的政策分析。需要確定，在發(fā)展的能源消費(fèi)和收入增長(zhǎng)之間的因果方向發(fā)展中國(guó)家是壓倒性的。除了從能源在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的作用提供了進(jìn)一步的深入了解，提供政策分析，更清楚地了解能源供給約束對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)可能帶來(lái)的影響。本文探討的因果關(guān)系的方向之間的能源消費(fèi)與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)（以本地生產(chǎn)總值及本地居民生產(chǎn)總值）以尼日利亞和譚坦桑尼亞為例。結(jié)果顯示了能源和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的因果關(guān)系。其含義是，除非緩解能源供應(yīng)的限制，否則對(duì)這些國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展將仍然是難以捉摸的。由于相似的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征和相同的能量為其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供見(jiàn)解，我們的研究結(jié)果支持認(rèn)為，能源在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中起著關(guān)鍵的作用。關(guān)鍵詞能源，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，因果關(guān)系由于日益認(rèn)識(shí)到能源的重要性，國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要確定能源和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)系。這已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致許多人質(zhì)疑傳統(tǒng)的新古典生產(chǎn)函數(shù)分析，其中土地，勞動(dòng)力和資本被確認(rèn)為生產(chǎn)的主要因素。這種分析一直延伸到包括能量變量。然而，能源的影響基準(zhǔn)的幅度對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的作用引起了宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的激烈辯論。因此，他們已經(jīng)作出努力來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)能源和其他生產(chǎn)要素之間的確切關(guān)系，判斷是否能量補(bǔ)充或替代其他生產(chǎn)要素。這些知識(shí)將顯著影響能源政策的制定，除非解決能源在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)中的作用和意義還不明朗。首先出現(xiàn)的是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的解釋是在197374和1978年至1979年成品油價(jià)格上調(diào)對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的“供給沖擊”達(dá)成共識(shí)。RASCHE和TATOM（1977）探討了能源價(jià)格高企對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)可能產(chǎn)生的不利影響，通過(guò)指定一個(gè)新的類型的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)。此功能包括一個(gè)能量除了確定常規(guī)的變量的變量以上。他們能夠與美國(guó)的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，不僅有能源價(jià)格上漲產(chǎn)生潛在的國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值下降的趨勢(shì)，但已經(jīng)有很多實(shí)際的輸出能力在任何時(shí)間，在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)史。奧肯（1974年，1975年），另一方面，駁斥了這種說(shuō)法，理由是能源構(gòu)成，與其他生產(chǎn)投入相比，只是一個(gè)相對(duì)“較小的成本份額”總產(chǎn)出。在這種情況下，能源價(jià)格變動(dòng)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響相對(duì)較小，尤其是考慮到帳戶提供其他替代的可能性生產(chǎn)因素。隱式，已被認(rèn)為是完美的要素替代能源。2陸巨大的能量赤字，這被證明是非常難以彌合的。在商業(yè)能源部門，短缺比比皆是。這里的主要因素，由于這些國(guó)家的凈能源進(jìn)口國(guó)之一，是財(cái)政上的限制。政策的兩難中心圓一個(gè)事實(shí)，即能源投入生產(chǎn)部門的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中是非常重要的農(nóng)業(yè)，特別是工業(yè)部門。與此同時(shí)，出口收匯幾乎足以影響能源進(jìn)口?？倐鶆?wù)服務(wù)的89％和79％的石油進(jìn)口分別與一些國(guó)家如貝寧和坦桑尼亞的例子加強(qiáng)了這些國(guó)家面臨的能源困境。商業(yè)能源短缺的交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)癱瘓，破壞商業(yè)和工業(yè)能力，導(dǎo)致不理想的國(guó)內(nèi)家電消費(fèi)，這對(duì)產(chǎn)出，就業(yè)，收入和消費(fèi)帶來(lái)的束縛。很明顯，從這個(gè)討論中，非洲不能住如此巨大的能量赤字，同時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)有意義的成長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展。鑒于這一事實(shí)，需要龐大的投資，以擴(kuò)大非洲的能源約能力。世界銀行估計(jì)，這將每年花費(fèi)US28億美元的投資，必須持續(xù)超過(guò)10年的時(shí)間內(nèi)，以便在非洲的能源供應(yīng)能力（世界銀行，1988年）每年5％的溫和擴(kuò)張。這些經(jīng)濟(jì)體的不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，例如出口收入的變異規(guī)則產(chǎn)生如此巨大的金額從內(nèi)部人士透露的可能性。因此，多邊和單邊的組織可以發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用，調(diào)動(dòng)了大量的投資需要刺激撒哈拉以南的能源部門。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家是不利于基本經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)和目標(biāo)的充分就業(yè)，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，低廉的價(jià)格和更高的生活水平，這是世界各國(guó)政府的優(yōu)先級(jí)之間的差距越來(lái)越大。目前，這種巨大的差距征收卷上的世界貿(mào)易和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的影響已成為一個(gè)主要的主要制約因素。因此，存在于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，以協(xié)助將這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以提高他們有效地參與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的繁榮和可持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助受助人的部分。在這方面，與能源投資的好處是相互的。顯然，能源和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)系是互補(bǔ)的。努力在SUBSAHARAN非洲國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)代化，必須采取長(zhǎng)期的能源問(wèn)題。在這方面，隨之而來(lái)的能源需求增長(zhǎng)戰(zhàn)略必須進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。否則，當(dāng)前和未來(lái)的增長(zhǎng)前景將受到能源短缺。

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ENCEONAPPLIEDMATHEMATICS,DALLAS,TEXAS,USA,MARCH2224,200759

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簡(jiǎn)介：RESEARCHONINTELLIGENTONLINEINSULATIONMONITORINGDEVICEOFSHIP’SACPOWERGRIDCHENGXIANGXINMARITIMECOLLEGEOFSHANDONGJIAOTONGUNIVERSITYWEIHAI,CHINACHENGXIANGXINSOHUCOMWUSHUOMARITIMECOLLEGEOFSHANDONGJIAOTONGUNIVERSITYWEIHAI,CHINAWUSHUO84163COMABSTRACTTHEINSULATIONMONITORINGOFSHIPPOWERSYSTEMISANIMPORTANTMEASURETOREMOVEFAULTSANDHIDDENTROUBLESITSCONDITIONCONCERNSTHESECURITYOFPOWERSYSTEMANDOPERATIONSAFETYOFSHIPSCONVENTIONALSHIPPOWERSYSTEMINSULATIONMONITORINGISHARDTOACCURATELYMONITORTHEINSULATIONRESISTANCEDECREASINGORPRECISELYLOCATETHEGROUNDINGBRANCHITTAKESMUCHTIMEANDENERGYTORULEOUTTHEINSULATIONFAILURETHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHEINTELLIGENTONLINEINSULATIONMONITORINGDEVICEBASEDONZEROSEQUENCECURRENTDETECTINGMETHOD,DUALFREQUENCYINJECTIONMETHODANDSCMCONTROL,ITCANACCURATELYANDEFFICIENTLYMONITORTHESHIPPOWERGRIDANDGUARANTEETHEOPERATIONSAFETYOFSHIPSKEYWORDSSHIPPOWERGRIDSHORTCIRCUITINSULATIONRESISTANCEINSULATIONMONITORING?INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSHIPBUILDINGTECHNOLOGYANDTHEINCREASINGTONNAGEOFSHIP,THEMODERNSHIPPOWERSYSTEMCAPACITYHASBEENCONTINUALLYGROWINGACCORDINGLY,ITSDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKSTRUCTUREHASBECOMEMORECOMPLEXANDTHEPOWERGRIDSHAVEBECOMEMORECOMPLEXANDINTENSIVEUNDERTHEHARSHCONDITIONOFHIGHTEMPERATURE,VIBRATION,SHOCK,OILMIST,HUMIDITY,SALTSPRAY,FUNGUS1,THESHIPPOWERGRIDHASBROUGHTALOTOFINFLUENCESTOTHESHIP’SELECTRICALINSULATIONPROPERTIES,WHICHRESULTSINHIGHINCIDENCEOFPOWERSYSTEMINSULATIONFAILURE,THUSFREQUENTLYLEADSTOTERRIBLEACCIDENTS,ASMINORASELECTRICALEQUIPMENTMALFUNCTIONORDAMAGE,ASMAJORASFIRE,COLLISIONANDSINKINGDISASTERLIMITEDBYTECHNICALMEANS,ITHASBEENDIFFICULTTOMONITORTHESTATEOFCOMPLEXBRANCHINSULATIONONCETHEMONITORFAILUREHAPPENS,THEREISNOOTHERWAYTOFINDOUTINSULATIONFAILUREPOINTSEXCEPTMANUALOPERATION,WHICHNOTONLYAFFECTSOPERATIONBYSUPPLYINTERRUPTIONS,BUTALSOHURTSCREWPHYSICALANDMENTALHEALTHBECAUSEOFHIGHLABORINTENSITYTHUS,THESHIP’SPOWERSYSTEMINSULATIONREALTIMEMONITORINGHASTHEEXTREMELYVITALSIGNIFICANCETOTHESECURITYANDCONTINUITYOFPOWERSUPPLYSYSTEMⅡBRIEFINTRODUCTIONSOFTHESHIPPOWERGRIDTHEREARETWOTYPESOFSHIPPOWERGRID,ACPOWERGRIDANDDCPOWERGRIDTHEDCPOWERGRIDISSELDOMUSED,THUSWILLNOTBEANALYZEDINTHISPAPERTHREEPHASEACMAINLYUSEDINTHEPOWERSYSTEMONSHIPHASTHEFOLLOWINGTHREEFORMS1ACTHREEPHASETHREEWIREINSULATEDSYSTEMTHREEPHASETHREEWIRESYSTEM2ACTHREEPHASEFOURWIRESYSTEMWITHNEUTRALEARTHEDTHREEPHASEFOURWIRESYSTEM3THREEWIRESYSTEMWITHNEUTRALGROUNDINGUSINGTHEHULLASTHENEUTRALWIRELOOPWHATTHESHIPPOWERSYSTEMREGULARLYUSESISACTHREEPHASEINSULATEDSYSTEM2ONEOFTHEGREATADVANTAGESOFTHISSYSTEMISTHATWHENSHORTCIRCUITCURRENTTOEARTHOCCURSONONEPHASEITWILLNOTCAUSEPOWEROUTAGE,THUSENSURESTHECONTINUITYANDRELIABILITYOFSHIPPOWERSUPPLYⅢINTELLIGENTINSULATIONMONITORINGDEVICEANADVANCEDINTELLIGENTONLINEINSULATIONMONITORINGANDWARNINGDEVICETHATCANMONITORTHEINSULATIONANDLOCATETHEFAULTYBRANCHISINSTALLEDINASHIPPOWERSYSTEMITSHIGHMEASUREMENTACCURACY,ACCURATEPOSITIONINGANDHIGHAUTOMATIONDETERMINESITSDOMESTICLEADINGLEVELTHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSAREASFOLLOW2010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONINTELLIGENTSYSTEMDESIGNANDENGINEERINGAPPLICATION9780769542126/102600?2010IEEEDOI101109/ISDEA2010175219UNKNOWNVARIABLESOFRESISTANCERANDCAPACITANCEC,TWOEQUATIONSMUSTBEPROVIDEDTOOBTAINTHEVALUESOFRANDCDUALFREQUENCYINJECTIONMETHODCANMEASURETHEVALUESOFVOLTAGEUABANDCURRENTI0BYINJECTINGTWODIFFERENTFREQUENCYSIGNALSINTOPOWERGRID,ANDTHENTWOEQUATIONSCANBEOBTAINEDTOSOLVETHEVALUEOFRANDCACCORDINGTOFIG1BTHEEQUATIONSCANBELISTEDASTHEFOLLOWINGI1UAB1/RJ2ΠF1CUAB11I2UAB2/RJ2ΠF2CUAB22INTHEFORMULARBRANCHINSULATIONRESISTANCEVALUECEQUIVALENTDISTRIBUTEDCAPACITANCEVALUEOFTHEBRANCHF1,F2FREQUENCYVALUEOFTHETWOLOWFREQUENCYSIGNALSI1RESULTINGEARTHLEAKAGECURRENTBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF1I2RESULTINGEARTHLEAKAGECURRENTBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF2UAB1RESULTINGVOLTAGEDROPOFTHEINSULATIONRESISTANCEBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF1UAB2RESULTINGVOLTAGEDROPOFTHEINSULATIONRESISTANCEBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF2INSULATIONRESISTANCEVALUESCANBEOBTAINEDBY1AND2KF2/F1INTHEFORMULAUAB1MAMPLITUDEOFUAB1UAB2MAMPLITUDEOFUAB2I1MAMPLITUDEOFI1I2MAMPLITUDEOFI2ACCORDINGTOMEASURINGTHEVOLTAGEVALUESOFUAB1,UAB2ANDTHEEARTHLEAKAGECURRENTOFEVERYLOADEDBRANCHI1,I2,WHICHAREALLCORRESPONDINGTOTHEFREQUENCIESINJECTEDINTOTHEPOWERGRIDF1,F2,THEINSULATIONRESISTANCEOFEVERYLOADEDBRANCHAGAINSTEARTHCANBEOBTAINEDTHROUGH3THUSTHEINSULATIONFAULTBRANCHCANBEDISTINGUISHEDDIGITALFILTERINGMETHODISALSOUSEDTOELIMINATETHEEFFECTOFPOWERFREQUENCYINUAB1,UAB2ANDI1,I2ⅤSYSTEMCONFIGURATIONS4ACCORDINGTOTHEPRINCIPLEMENTIONEDABOVE,THEHARDWAREBLOCKDIAGRAMOFMONITORINGDEVICEISDESIGNED,SEEFIG2WHENTHEZEROSEQUENCECURRENTDETECTINGMETHODISUSED,MULTIPLEXERCONTROLLEDBYSINGLECHIPMICYOCOSCMSYSTEMCOLLECTSTHEPOWERFREQUENCYLEAKAGECURRENTDATAOFEVERYBRANCH,AFTERCOMPARISONWITHTHEPRESETVALUE,THEFAULTBRANCHISDISTINGUISHEDWHENTHEDUALFREQUENCYINJECTIONMETHODISUSED,SCMSYSTEMGIVESINSTRUCTIONTOTHESINEWAVECODERTHESINEWAVECODERWILLGENERATEALOWFREQUENCYSINEWAVESIGNALF1BYD/ACONVERTING,POWERAMPLIFYINGANDTRANSFORMER’SISOLATEDBOOSTING,THESIGNALISINJECTEDINTOTHEPOWERGRIDBOTHMULTIPLEXERANDA/DCONVERTERARECONTROLLEDBYSCMSYSTEMFIRSTTHEPOWERGRIDVOLTAGETOEARTHTRANSFORMEDBYVOLTAGEMEASUREMENTUNITISCOLLECTED,THELEAKAGECURRENTAFTERAMPLIFYINGOFEVERYBRANCHALSOISCOLLECTEDONEBYONE,ANDTHENTHELEAKAGECURRENTIF1OFEVERYBRANCHCORRESPONDINGTOTHELOWFREQUENCYF1ANDVOLTAGEUF1ISOBTAINEDBYDIGITALFILTERINGINTHESAME212222212211ABMABMMABMMABMUUKRKIUIU???????（3）AMPLIFIERMULTIPLEXERAMPLIFIERVOLTAGEMEASURINGPOWERGRIDSCMSYSTEMMULTIPLEXERA/DCONVERTERSINEWAVECODEROPTIONSWITCHD/ACONVERTERTRANSFORMERISOLATINGPOWERAMPLIFIERPOWERGRIDBRANCHSENSOROFPOWERGRIDAMPLIFIERMULTIPLEXERAMPLIFIERVOLTAGEMEASURINGPOWERGRIDSCMSYSTEMMULTIPLEXERA/DCONVERTERSINEWAVECODEROPTIONSWITCHD/ACONVERTERTRANSFORMERISOLATINGPOWERAMPLIFIERPOWERGRIDBRANCHSENSOROFPOWERGRIDFIGURE2HARDWAREBLOCKDIAGRAMOFMONITORINGDEVICE221