簡(jiǎn)介：字?jǐn)?shù)英文字?jǐn)?shù)英文26552655單詞，單詞，1423414234字符；中文字符；中文42854285漢字漢字出處出處TERZIEVTERZIEVV,V,CANCANHHTHETHERELATIONRELATIONBETWEENBETWEENTHETHEMIGRATION,MIGRATION,POPULATIONPOPULATIONAGING,AGING,LABORLABORFORCEFORCEPRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITYANDANDECONOMICECONOMICGROWTHGROWTHANANANALYSISANALYSISFORFORBULGARIAJBULGARIAJIJASOSIJASOSINTERNATIONALINTERNATIONALEJOURNALEJOURNALOFOFADVANCESADVANCESININSOCIALSOCIALSCIENCES2018,4107783SCIENCES2018,4107783外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)THERELATIONBETWEENTHEMIGRATION,POPULATIONAGING,LABORFORCEPRODUCTIVITYANDECONOMICGROWTHANANALYSISFORBULGARIATHERECENTAGINGOFTHEPOPULATIONISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTISSUESTHATMANYDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESAREINTERESTEDINBLOOMETAL,20111POPULATIONAGINGANDDEMOGRAPHICTRANSFORMATIONATTHEGLOBALANDNATIONALLEVEL,ECONOMIC,SOCIAL,DEMOGRAPHICANDSOONCAUSINGVARIOUSPROBLEMSTOOCCURTHEMOSTIMPORTANTOFTHEPROBLEMSCAUSEDBYTHEAGINGOFTHEPOPULATIONISTHECHANGEOFLABORSUPPLYASTHEPOPULATIONCHANGESINAGECOMPOSITION,THEPOPULATIONTHATCANNOTPARTICIPATEINECONOMICACTIVITIESANDHASNOPARTICIPATIONINTHELABORFORCEISINCREASINGANDTHELABORSUPPLYISCHANGINGASTHENUMBEROFPEOPLEAGED60YEARSANDOVERINTHEAGESTRUCTUREOFTHEPOPULATIONINCREASES,THENUMBEROFWORKINGAGEPOPULATIONISDECREASINGTHECHANGEINTHEAGESTRUCTUREOFTHEPOPULATIONAFFECTSTHEGROWTHOFTHELABORMARKETANDEMPLOYMENTANDTHEECONOMICGROWTHOFTHEPOPULATION,THEAGINGOFTHEPOPULATION,THETOTALLABORFORCESUPPLY,THEPRODUCTIVITYOFTHEOLDLABORFORCE,EMPLOYMENTSTRUCTURE,WAGEINCOME,SAVINGS,PRODUCTIONANDCONSUMPTIONTHEAGESTRUCTUREOFTHEPOPULATIONISAVERYIMPORTANTEXTERNALVARIABLECANNING,ANDMALANEY2000,THEMIRACLEOFGROWTHINEASTASIADURING19651990ISEXPLAINEDBYTHEACTUALDEMOGRAPHICCHANGEBLOOMETAL,2008PP138BLOOMETAL2011PP1213DEATON,2000PP146THEDECLINEINTHEAGEOLDPOPULATIONTHATCANWORKAFTERTHEAGINGOFTHEPOPULATIONCAUSESTHEWORKFORCEINTHEECONOMYTOBECOMEASCARCEFACTOROFPRODUCTIONINCOUNTRIESWITHOLDERPOPULATIONS,THENUMBEROFWORKINGPEOPLEENTERINGTHELABORMARKETISREDUCED,WHILETHELOWERPRODUCTIVITYDUETOTHEPHYSICALANDMENTALWEAROFTHEOLDERWORKFORCEREDUCESTHETOTALLABORSUPPLYANOTHERCONSEQUENCEOFPOPULATIONAGINGISTHATTHEINCREASEINSOCIALSECURITYANDTAXCUTSALSOHASADIFFERENTIMPACTONTHELABORMARKETTHEINCREASEINTHEELDERLYANDDEPENDENTPOPULATIONINCREASESTHECOSTOFFINANCINGPENSIONBENEFITSTHISINCREASINGBURDENISAFFECTINGTHEPOPULATIONWORKINGTHROUGHTHESOCIALSECURITYSYSTEMTHISMEANSTHATTHECOSTOFLABORINCREASESTHEINCREASEINLABORCOSTS,WHICHCONSTITUTESAMAJOROBSTACLETOEMPLOYMENT,ALSOREDUCESTHETENDENCYTOWORKFORTHEEMPLOYERWHILEREDUCINGTHETENDENCYTOWORKFORTHEWORKINGPOPULATIONONTHEONEHANDCOMPULSORYINTERRUPTIONSOFTHESOCIALSECURITYSYSTEMHAVEANINCREASINGEFFECTONUNEMPLOYMENTSALIN,1996PP2526YOUNGPEOPLEWHOHAVERECENTLYCOMPLETEDTHEIREDUCATIONCONSTITUTEAGENERALHUMANCAPITALTHATCANINTEGRATETECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONSЖЕЛЕЗАРОВ,2009ЖЕЛЕЗАРОВ,2005ИВАНОВ,ЖЕЛЕЗАРОВ,1998HOWEVER,DESPITETHEFACTTHATTHEHUMANCAPITALOFANEMPLOYEEWHOHASWORKEDFORTHESAMECOMPANYOVERALONGPERIODHASITSOWNADVANTAGES,THETRANSFEROFTHISHUMANCAPITALFROMONEPLACETOANOTHERHASBEENDIFFICULTANDUSELESSATTHESAMETIME,ITISBELIEVEDTHATTHEELDERLYAREATTHELOWESTPRODUCTIVITYLEVELINGENERALFORALLEMPLOYERSSANTOS,2001INADDITION,COMPANIESPREFERYOUNGPEOPLETODEPRECIATECOSTSSUCHASRECRUITMENTANDTRAINING,ASSUMINGTHEYWILLWORKLONGERTHANELDERLYPEOPLEJOLIVET,2001PP6582WITHTHEAGINGOFTHEPOPULATION,ANUMBEROFPOSSIBLEDEVELOPMENTSAREEXPECTED,ESPECIALLYINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,INRELATIONTOTHEBANKINGSECTORTHEREISANEXPECTATIONONTHEACTIVESIDESOFTHEBANKSTHATTHEDEMANDFORTHELOAN

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簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文9435字出處出處WAGNERDV,ANF,WANGCSTRUCTUREANDIMPACTSOFFUELECONOMYSTANDARDSFORPASSENGERCARSINCHINAJENERGYPOLICY,2009,371038033811中國(guó)乘用車燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的組成和影響DAVIDVANCEWAGNER,FENGAN,CHENGWANG中國(guó)，北京100020，朝陽(yáng)區(qū)，光華路NOC12，電子塔大廈，1904室，能源與交通運(yùn)輸創(chuàng)新中心摘要到2006年底，在中國(guó)大約有24萬(wàn)輛客車在路上行駛，將近是2001年三倍。為了抑制因這些車的增加而導(dǎo)致的能源消耗的增多，中國(guó)從2005年開始分兩個(gè)階段實(shí)施乘用車燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。第1階從2002年到2006年，油耗限值導(dǎo)致銷售的新轎車平均油耗減少約11％，從剛剛超過9升/100公里到約8升/100公里。然而，到2009年我們第二階段的限值完成后，中國(guó)新的客車的平均耗油減少量可能只增加1％，約到79升/100公里。這是由于汽車銷售在2006年銷售的汽車大部分已符合嚴(yán)格的第二階段油耗限值這一事實(shí)造成的。同時(shí)，其他的趨勢(shì)在中國(guó)汽車市場(chǎng)，包括在平均整備重量增加和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)免稅進(jìn)口車輛的增加，可能會(huì)抵消從2002年至2006年效率取得的成果。很明顯，更多的努力和政策超越第二階段油耗限值須放慢，并最終扭轉(zhuǎn)迅速增長(zhǎng)的能源消耗和中國(guó)的運(yùn)輸部門排放的溫室氣體。一、緒論中國(guó)汽車業(yè)近期的發(fā)展是驚人的。僅從2001至2006年，在中國(guó)快速上升的生產(chǎn)和銷售增加了在路上行駛的汽車的一倍多，從1800萬(wàn)至3700萬(wàn)輛。在此外，2006年，在中國(guó)有超過2400萬(wàn)農(nóng)村車輛和8100萬(wàn)輛摩托車。雖然的確很多經(jīng)濟(jì)和個(gè)人從日益增長(zhǎng)的機(jī)動(dòng)人口中受益，車輛的暴漲也對(duì)中國(guó)造成了負(fù)面影響，其中包括嚴(yán)重?fù)頂D的街道，令人窒息的城市空氣污染，并迅速增加國(guó)家對(duì)石油的依賴和溫室氣體的排放。2004年，主要關(guān)注減輕中國(guó)增長(zhǎng)的對(duì)石油的依賴，中國(guó)政府頒發(fā)了首屆全國(guó)乘用車燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。第一階段標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在20052006年期間生效。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接管了20052006年期間生效。隨著第一階段的實(shí)施已經(jīng)完成，日益關(guān)注理解和評(píng)中國(guó)汽車大小分類定義微型車汽車長(zhǎng)度小于35米且1升以下的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排量小型汽車長(zhǎng)度小于6米有9個(gè)或以下座位中型汽車長(zhǎng)度小于6米，乘載1019人乘用車大型汽車長(zhǎng)度超過6米或乘載20人以上表3客車占中國(guó)客運(yùn)車輛百分比年民用客車占公民客運(yùn)車輛的百分比（％）私人轎車占私人乘用車的百分比（％）1990200185（估計(jì)數(shù)字）90（估計(jì)數(shù)字）2002859320038794200488952005909620069196從表1和2，可以推斷，M1類的車輛，包括M1G，是“小型”或“微型車”客運(yùn)車輛。在這份報(bào)告中，我們堅(jiān)持用術(shù)語(yǔ)“乘用車“指設(shè)計(jì)的所有九座或更少的主要用于載客車輛。這是指由中國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理委員會(huì)確定的所有的M1和M1G型的車輛，與所有的小型和微型車乘客一樣由公安部確定。這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)包括MVP和SUV車型。22歷史機(jī)動(dòng)車保有量的增長(zhǎng)中國(guó)國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局發(fā)布了關(guān)于在中國(guó)民用汽車擁有量的年度數(shù)據(jù)。如前所述，車輛分為客車，貨車，或其它的車。同時(shí)給出了民用車輛的總保有量和民用車輛中私家車的總保有量的數(shù)據(jù)。從2002年開始，客運(yùn)車輛按大小進(jìn)一步分為大型，中型，小型，和微型車。客運(yùn)車輛大小定義在前面表2中已給出。根據(jù)表2中的定義，我們計(jì)算中國(guó)客車擁有量作為每年小型和微型車的數(shù)據(jù)總和。2001年以前，盡管在官方統(tǒng)計(jì)中轎車不從客運(yùn)車輛中分離出來(lái)，為了

簡(jiǎn)介：MODERNECONOMY,2011,2,107113DOI104236/ME201122015PUBLISHEDONLINEMAY2011HTTP//WWWSCIRPORG/JOURNAL/MECOPYRIGHT?2011SCIRESMETHEEFFECTSOFINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTSVIOLATIONSONECONOMICGROWTHPATRICKGMCLENNAN1,QUANVLE21UNIVERSITYOFDENVER,DENVER,USA2DEPARTMENTOFECONOMICS,SEATTLEUNIVERSITY,SEATTLE,USAEMAILLEQUSEATTLEUEDU,PMCLENNADUEDURECEIVEDDECEMBER20,2011REVISEDMARCH2,2011ACCEPTEDAPRIL3,2011ABSTRACTTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTSIPRSANDTHEGROWTHRATEOFPERCAPITAGDPDURINGTHEPERIOD19962006INASAMPLE71COUNTRIESUSINGSOFTWAREPIRACYDATAASAPROXYFORIPRVIOLATIONS,WEFINDTHATCOUNTRIESWITHINCREASINGRATESOFSOFTWAREPIRACYHAVELOWERGROWTHRATESWEALSOFINDTHATSTATESWITHSTRONGCOMMITMENTSTOENACTPOLICIESTOPROTECTINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTSAREABLETOACHIEVEHIGHERGROWTHRATESKEYWORDSINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS,SOFTWAREPIRACY,ECONOMICGROWTH1INTRODUCTIONTHISPAPERCONSIDERSINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTSIPRSAFUNDAMENTALINSTITUTIONFORECONOMICGROWTHWEALSOVIEWTHESTATEASEQUALLYIMPORTANTBECAUSEIMPLEMENTINGLAWSTOPROTECTPROPERTYCANNOTBEPROVIDEDTHROUGHPRIVATEMEANSENFORCEMENTMUSTCOMEFROMALEGITIMATESOURCEPREVIOUSSTUDIESFOCUSONTHEABILITYOFTHESTATETOPRODUCEANDDISTRIBUTEIPRPROTECTION1,ORITSINABILITYTOENFORCETHEM2THISPAPEREXPLORESTHEROLEOFIPRVIOLATIONSONECONOMICGROWTHSPECIFICALLY,ITFOCUSESONTHERATESATWHICHSOFTWAREPIRACYISINCREASING,WHICHDEMONSTRATEDETERIORATIONSINIPRPROTECTIONWEHYPOTHESIZETHATCOUNTRIESWITHRISINGRATESOFSOFTWAREPIRACYEXHIBITDECREASINGGROWTHRATESOFPERCAPITAGDPACCORDINGTOTHEBUSINESSSOFTWAREALLIANCEBSAANDINTERNATIONALDATACORPORATIONIDC,SOFTWAREPIRACYHASMANYNEGATIVEECONOMICCONSEQUENCESIDCANDBSA’SSTUDYREVEALEDTHAT“DECREASINGPIRACYBY10PERCENTAGEPOINTSOVERFOURYEARSWOULDADDMORETHAN24MILLIONNEWJOBSANDALMOST70BILLIONINTAXREVENUESTOLOCALGOVERNMENTSWORLDWIDEMOSTOFTHATNEWEMPLOYMENTANDMOSTOFANADDITIONAL400BILLIONINGDPWOULDBEADDEDTOLOCALECONOMIESP63THUS,THEEFFECTSOFINTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTSVIOLATIONSONECONOMICGROWTHAREQUITECLEARCOUNTRIESWITHHIGHERRATESOFIPRVIOLATIONSTENDTOHAVELOWERGROWTHRATESINOTHERWORDS,WHENBUSINESSISDISRUPTED,ANDGOVERNMENTSIGNORE,ORTAKEAWAYTHEABILITYTOPRODUCELEGITIMATECAPITAL,PEOPLEBECOMELESSPRODUCTIVE,LEADINGTOLOWERECONOMICGROWTHWETESTTHECONNECTIONBETWEENGDPPERCAPITAGROWTHANDSOFTWAREPIRACY,ALONGWITHAGOVERNANCEINDICATORINASAMPLEOF71COUNTRIESFROM1996TO2006ALTHOUGHTHEPERIODISMORELIMITEDTHANPREVIOUSSTUDIES,THISINDICATOREXAMINESAPERIODINWHICHTHEWORLDHASSEENINCREASEDMARKETINTEGRATION,ESPECIALLYINTHETECHNOLOGYINDUSTRIESTHEIDCANDBSA3STATETHAT“THEISSUESINDEALINGWITHPCSOFTWAREPIRACYINEMERGINGMARKETSREMAINFROMARAPIDINFLUXOFNEWPCUSERSINTHECONSUMERANDSMALLBUSINESSSECTORS,TOINCREASEDAVAILABILITYOFPIRATEDSOFTWAREOVERTHEINTERNETANDDIFFICULTENFORCEMENTANDEDUCATIONOVERSOMETIMESSPRAWLINGGEOGRAPHIESP1”THUS,THERISEOFECONOMICPOWERSINEASTASIA,ALONGWITHTHEONGOINGIMPORTANCEOFPETROSTATESINTHEMIDDLEEAST,GIVESFURTHERCONTEXTFORTHESTUDY’SIMPORTANCEGIVENTHEFACTTHATMOSTPREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFIPRSORTHEBUREAUCRATICINEFFICIENCIESASSOCIATEDWITHBUSINESSGROWTH,THISPAPERGIVESAUNIQUEINSIGHTINTOTHEROLEOFPROPERTYRIGHTSVIOLATIONSANDITSEFFECTSONECONOMICGROWTHGIVENTHATPREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFIPRSORTHEBUREAUCRATICINEFFICIENCIESASSOCIATEDWITHBUSINESSGROWTH,THISPAPERPROVIDESAUNIQUEINSIGHTINTOTHEROLEOFPROPERTYRIGHTSVIOLATIONSANDITSEFFECTSONECONOMICGROWTHSOFTWAREPIRACYHASANEGATIVEIMPACTONECONOMICGROWTHBECAUSE,ACCORDINGTOPGMCLENNANETALCOPYRIGHT?2011SCIRESME109LAPTOPS,DESKTOPS,BUSINESSAPPLICATIONS,CONSUMERAPPLICATIONS,OPERATINGSYSTEM,DATABASES,ETC3THEFOLLOWINGFORMULAREFLECTSTHEMETHODIDCAPPLIEDTOMEASUREPIRACYRATES1DETERMINEHOWMUCHPACKAGEDSOFTWAREWASPUTINTOUSE2DETERMINEHOWMUCHPACKAGEDSOFTWAREWASPAIDFORORLEGALLYACQUIRED3SUBTRACTONEFROMTHEOTHERTOGETTHEAMOUNTOFPIRATEDSOFTWAREAND4DETERMINETHEPIRACYRATEASTHEPERCENTAGEOFTOTALSOFTWAREINSTALLEDTHATWASNOTPAIDFORORLEGALLYACQUIRED3THECHANGEINTHEPIRACYRATES,?PIRACY,ISUSEDTOMEASUREIPRSVIOLATIONSTHISAPPROACHHASADESIRABLEFEATUREFORTHISSTUDYWHILETHETOTALWORLDWIDEWEIGHTEDAVERAGEPIRACYRATEIS35,THEMEDIANPIRACYRATEIS62IN2006,IMPLYINGTHATHALFOFTHECOUNTRIESINTHEBSAANDIDCSTUDYHAVEAPIRACYRATEOF62ORHIGHER3HOWEVER,SOMECOUNTRIESEXPERIENCEDSIGNIFICANTPIRACYRATESDROP,WHILEOTHERSEXPERIENCEDRATESINCREASEBYDIFFERENTIATINGWECANOBSERVETHESECHANGESAPOSITIVENUMBERIMPLIESINCREASINGRATESOFPIRACY,WHILEANEGATIVENUMBERINDICATESDECREASINGRATESOFPIRACYTABLE1GROUPSTHECOUNTRIESINTOQUINTILESDEPICTINGTHECHANGEINPIRACYRATESTHETABLEREVEALSTHATMANYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESANDEMERGINGMARKETS,SUCHASCHINA,INDIA,ANDSOUTHKOREAAPPEARTOHAVEDECLININGRATESOFPIRACYCHINAISAPARTICULARLYSTRIKINGEXAMPLEOFADECLININGPIRACYRATEBETWEEN2003AND2006,THEAVERAGEANNUALECONOMICGROWTHRATEINCHINAIS958,ANDTHEAVERAGETABLE1CHANGEINPIRACYRATESINCREASINGRATESOFPROPERTYRIGHTSVIOLATIONSDECREASINGRATESOFPROPERTYRIGHTSVIOLATIONSHIGHESTMEDIUMLOWNEGATIVESIGNIFICANTLYNEGATIVE5TO142TO40TO1–1TO–3–4TO–10CHILEARGENTINAALGERIAAUSTRALIACHINACOLOMBIACAMEROONBOTSWANAAUSTRIACOSTARICAPANAMAELSALVADORCOTED’IVOIREBELGIUMEGYPTVENEZUELAGUATEMALAFRANCEBRAZILFINLANDHONDURASHO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