-
簡介:上海海運學(xué)院碩士學(xué)位論文從交易費用談會計準則若干問題姓名趙蕾申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)會計學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師葉自源20031201DISCUSSIONSTOPROBLEMSNACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESFROMPERSPECTIVEOFTRANSACTIONCOSTABSTRACTACCOUNTINGISONEOFTHEBRANCHESOFECONOMICSANDTHEBASICHYPOTHESESAREMESAMEHOTHINECONOMICSANDACCOUNTING。SOBETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFACCOUNTINGREQUIRESTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHETOOLSOFECONOMICSSUCHAS‘丁RANSACTIONCOSTTHEORY”RCNFROMTRANSACTIONCOSTPERSPECTIVETHEDISSERTATIONEXPLAINSFORMULATIONANDMODIFICATIONOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESTRANSACTIONCOSTWHICHISTHECOSTRELATINGTOINSTITUTIONISTHEMOSTBASICANDIMPORTANTDEFINITIONIN“NEWLNSTITUTIONAIECONOMICS“NIECHANGESOFTRANSACTIONCOSTLEEDTOMODIFICATIONSOFINSTITUTIONSS0ASONETYPEOFINSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENT。THEREARECLOSERELATIONSBETWEENACCOUNTINGANDTRANSACTIONCOSTFROMPERSPECTIVEOFTCTTHEAUTHORANALYZESTHEBIRTHINBEINGANDCRITERIONOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLES111EPOINTSMENTIONEDABOVEPAVETHEWAYFORTHEAUTHORTOANALYZETHEMODIFICATIONSOFOBJECTIVEFORMULATINGINSTITUTIONOFACCOUN石NGPRINCIPLESANDACCOUNTINGREGULATINGSYSTEMINOURCOGNTRYTHEAUTHORMAKESNUMEROUSEMPIRICALANDSUBJECBVEARGUMENTSTOWARDTHEPOINTSABOVE,THEAIMOFTHISESSAYISESTABLISHINGACONCEPTTHEOBIECUVEOFBIR時1INBEINGANDMODIFICATIONOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESISTOREDUCETRANSACTIONCOSTSOINORDERTOOPTIMIZETHEALLOCATIONOFRESOURCES。THEFORMULATIONANDMODIFICATIOROFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESINOURCOUNTRYMUSTFCLILOWTHERULEOFREDUCINGTHETRANSACTION00STZHAOLEIACCOUNTINGLDIRECTEDBYYEZIYUANASSOCIATEPROFESSORKEYWORDSTRANSACTIONCOST,ACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLES兒F
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-04
頁數(shù): 61
大?。?2.35(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:首都經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文會計準則差異對國際財務(wù)報表損益的影響姓名苗建敏申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)會計學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師劉仲文劉瑛20040301ABSTRACTHOWTOMAKEABRIDGETOINTERNATIONALCAPITALMARKETFORCHINESEENTERPRISESHASBECOMEACENTURYTASKFORALLCHINESEECONOMISTSANDACCOUNTINGTHEORISTSSINCECHINAENTEREDWTOMYTHESISHASBEENWRITTENFORTHISMAGNIFICENTGOALINTHEFIRSTPARTOFMYTHESIS,IANALYSISTHERELATEDARTICLESANDMONOGRAPHSANDEXPOUNDTHESIGNIFICANCEOFMYTHESISBOTTLFORTHEORYANDPRACTICEASFOLLOWS,MYTHESISGOESONTHELOGICTHATTHEDIFFERENCEOFESTABLISHMENTMODELOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSISDECIDEDBYTHEDIFFERENCEOFACCOUNTINGCJRCUU1STAHCETHEDIFFERENCEOFTHECONTENTOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSISTHEEMBODIMENTOFTHEDIFFERENCEOFESTABLISHMENTMODELOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDS,THEPROFITANDLOSSOFFINANCIALSTATEMENTSISAFFECTCDBYTHEDIFFERENCEOFTHECONTENTOFTHEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSINTHESECONDPARTOFTHETHESIS,IANALYSISTHEREASONSANDBACKGROUNDSFORTHEDIFFERENCEOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSASAWHOLECOMPARINGTHEDIFFERENTCIRCUMSTANCEANDACCOUNTINGMODELAMONGTHETHREE虹NDOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSINTHETHIRDPARTOFTHETHESISILAYSTRESSONTHEDIFFERENTREGULATIONON29TRANSACTIONSRELATEDT0INVENTORYFIXEDASSETS,INVESTMENT,INTANGIBLEASSETS,BORROWINGEXPENSE,RESTRUCTURINGOFDEBT,NONMONETARYTRANSACTIONANDTHEDIFFERENTAFFECTTOPROFITANDLOSSOFINTERNATIONALFINANCIALSTATEMENTSINTHEFOURTHPARTOFMYTHESIS,ITAKETHEPROFITANDLOSSFINANCIALSTATEMENTSOFTHEYEAR2001OFCHINAPETROLEUMANDCHEMICALCORPORATIONASEXAMPLETOEXPOUNDANDANALYSISTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENCHINESEGAAPANDIASS,ANDTHEIMPACTOFTHESEDIFFERENCESTOTHEPROFITANDLOSSFINANCIALSTATEMENTINTHECONCLUSION峨IGENERALIZEMYOPINIONFROMTHERESEARCHANDWRITINGOFTHISTHESISKEYWORDSACCOUNTINGSTANDARDS,THEIMPACTOFDIFFERENCES,THEPROFITANDLOSSOFINTERNATIONALFINANCIALSTATEMENTS
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-04
頁數(shù): 61
大?。?2.15(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:北京工商大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文對我國新企業(yè)會計準則中衍生金融工具相關(guān)準則的理論分析與評價姓名王愉申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)會計學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師楊有紅20070601對我國新‘企業(yè)會計準則中珩生金融丁具相關(guān)準則的理論分折1I評價第三章對我國衍生金融工具相關(guān)準則展開了全面的評價。首先對評價標準進行了探討,筆者認為,對會計準則的評價應(yīng)以“信息中立”為主,同時輔之以“經(jīng)濟后果”的考驗。第二節(jié)即以“信息中立”為評價標準,緊扣第一章的理論分析,從確認、計量、列報與披露三個方面,對衍生金融工具準則從表述方式、會計政策選擇和會計準則所導(dǎo)致的信息披露進行評價。第三節(jié),對新企業(yè)會計準則在我國的適用性進行了評價,之所以將其納入評價范圍,是因為從理論上來說高質(zhì)量的會計準則未必導(dǎo)致高質(zhì)量的會計信息,它同時還受到經(jīng)濟環(huán)境與會計環(huán)境的影響,并且適用性問題還將在準則的實施的過程中產(chǎn)生非公允的經(jīng)濟后果。最后,通過考察不同報表使用者對會計報告所披露衍生金融工具會計信息的不同需要,以及對實施衍生金融工具準則可能發(fā)生的經(jīng)濟后果進行預(yù)期的方法對衍生金融工具納入表內(nèi)反映以及采用公允價值計量進行了經(jīng)濟后果分析。通過評價,筆者認為,我國新企業(yè)會計準則中衍生金融工具相關(guān)準則從技術(shù)角度來說,做到了“信息中立”,從理論上來說可以產(chǎn)生高質(zhì)量的會計信息,但是由于我國財務(wù)人員的總體素質(zhì)不高,衍生金融工具交易信息系統(tǒng)建設(shè)落后,商業(yè)銀行內(nèi)部控制不健全,影響了與國際會計準則接軌的衍生金融工具準則在我國的適用性。這些適用性問題使得新企業(yè)會計準則在我國將產(chǎn)生一些非公允的經(jīng)濟后果降低了利潤表的可控性,降低了商業(yè)銀行資產(chǎn)負債的可靠性。同時,新企業(yè)會計準則的另一個缺陷是沒有考慮到~個重要的會計報表使用者監(jiān)管部門對于衍生金融工具會計信息的需要。第四章在前章結(jié)論的基礎(chǔ)上,從衍生金融工具納入表內(nèi)反映與以公允價值為衍生金融工具計量屬性兩個角度,對保障衍生金融工具相關(guān)準則在我國的有效實施提出了幾點政策建議增添“衍生金融工具明細表”,分三步完善適用新準則的監(jiān)管措施以適應(yīng)將其納入表內(nèi)反映的變化;通過加快金融價格市場化進程、明確模型選擇與參數(shù)估計方法,為公允價值的采用創(chuàng)造良好的市場條件,通過提高財務(wù)人員素質(zhì),加強信息系統(tǒng)建設(shè),建立完善的內(nèi)部控制制度,從企業(yè)內(nèi)部保障公允價值的采用。最后的結(jié)語總結(jié)了本文的結(jié)論和建議,同時指出了研究中的局限性以及未來可能的研究方向。關(guān)鍵詞衍生金融工具信息中立經(jīng)濟后果評價
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-03
頁數(shù): 73
大?。?2.16(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:江西財經(jīng)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文企業(yè)合并會計準則研究姓名錢文群申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)會計學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師裘宗舜20040420基本一致。第三章針對企業(yè)合并準則中涉及的熱門問題展開研究。只有明確了企業(yè)合并會計中的爭論焦點,才能制定出較完善的企業(yè)合并會計準則。企業(yè)合并會計方法的選擇伴隨著準則研究的全過程,本文簡要介紹了三種企業(yè)合并會計方法,并對三種方法的優(yōu)缺點進行分析,從成本效益原則與經(jīng)濟實質(zhì)兩方面詳細說明了取消權(quán)益結(jié)合法的理由。會計界對合并商譽的認識有較大改變,本文從分析其定義入手,說明了合并商譽核算的特殊性。企業(yè)合并會計對歷史成本原則造成了沖擊,公允價值的采用在企業(yè)合并會計中不可避免。伴隨經(jīng)濟環(huán)境的變化,公允價值將在實務(wù)中發(fā)揮重大作用。本文有關(guān)企業(yè)合并會計問題的分析主要參考美國與國際會計準則,但這些準則本身未必盡善盡美,并且有些部分未必適用于我國,所以這樣的參考是有缺陷的,但本文未能找到更好的參照標準。第四章對我國企業(yè)合并會計準則的制定展開思考,并在思考后提出建議。我國處于轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟環(huán)境下,由于政策等各方面的原因,我國的企業(yè)合并呈現(xiàn)出一定的特點。我國的換股合并無一例外地采用了權(quán)益結(jié)合法核算。通過對清華同方與魯穎電子的合并案例分析,本文對我國企業(yè)合并會計方法選擇的合理性進行了分析,得出分析結(jié)論并提出建議。本文認為,在制定我國企業(yè)合并會計準則時,應(yīng)積極借鑒國外的研究成果,與國際會計準則接軌。由于會計是相互聯(lián)系、相互制約、相互作用的系統(tǒng),因此,制定企業(yè)合并會計準則的同時還需要制定相應(yīng)的配套準則。關(guān)鍵詞企業(yè)合并企業(yè)合并會計企業(yè)合并會計準則企業(yè)合并會計方法2
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-03
頁數(shù): 60
大小: 2.3(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:沈陽工業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文上市公司會計監(jiān)管效果實證研究中期財務(wù)報告準則經(jīng)濟效果與價值相關(guān)性姓名王秋菲申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)會計學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師梁杰20040305沈陽工業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文EMPIRICALRESEARCHONEFFECTIVENESSOFTHELISTEDCOMPANYACCOUNTINGSUPERVISION。‘。ECONOMICCONSEQUENCEANDVALUERELEVANCEOFMIDFINANCIALREPORTSTANDARDABSTRACTDISTORTEDACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONOFTHELISTEDCOMPANYISTHE“CHRONICILLNESS”O(jiān)FTHEWORLDTHEPHENOMENONEXISTSNOTONLYINCHINABUTALSOINUS,THEWAYANDMETHODWHICHAREUSEDTOMAKEDISTORTEDACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONAREMOREANDMORECOMPLICATEDANDHIDDENECONOMICCONSEQUENCESBECOMEMOREANDMOREABOMINABLEPREPRIMEMINISTERZHUMNGJIHADSAIDTHAT‘‘TMSTISROOT;MORALCHARACTERISIMPORTANT;STICKTOPRINCIPLE;RIODISTORTION”INTHISCIRCUMSTANCE,THEKEYTOSOLVETHISPROBLEMISTOENFORCESUPERVISIONOFTHELISTEDCOMPANYTHISTHESISTRIESTODOSOMERESEARCHONMIDFINANCIALREPORTSTANDARDFROMTHEEFFECTIVENESSWHICHHASBEENCARRIEDOUTITWILLDOSOMEFAVORTOSETTLETHEQUESTIONTOTHELISTEDCOMPANYINTHISTHESIS,WEDOSOMERESEARCHONEFFECTIVENESSOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDFROMTWOASPECTSFIRSTWEDOEMPIRICALANALYSISONECONOMICCONSEQUENCEOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDFROMECONOMICCONSEQUENCEASPECTTHROUGHANALYSIS,WEFINDFLAEREARESTRONGCORRELATIONBETWEENMIDFINANCIALREPORTANDYEARFINANCIALREPORTBECAUSEOFMIDFINANCIALREPORTSTANDARD,THEINFORMATIONOFYEARFINANCIALREPOGHASBEENDECREASEDINSOMERANGESECOND,WEDOSOMERESEARCHONEMPIRICALRESEARCHONVALUECORRELATIONOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONMIDFINANCIALREPORTSTANDARDCANINCREASETHECONTENTOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONNOTABLYAMONGTHEFINANCIALINDEXES,ITISEVIDENTOFTHECORRELATIONOFEPSANDCARTHEREISNOTHEPHENOMENONOFPOSTEARNHLGANNOUNCEMENTDRIFTWEALSOELABORATETHETHEORYOFTHELISTEDCOMPANYSUPERVISIONTHISTHESISANALYZESTHEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSWHICHCORRELATETOACCOUNTINGSUPERVISIONTHOUGHSTUDYINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHELISTEDCOMPANYSUPERVISION,THEREARESOMESUGGESTIONSFIRST,THETHEORYOFTHEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDMUSTBEENFORCED;SECOND,THEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDMUSTBERENEWEDCONTINUOUSLY;THIRD,F(xiàn)ORMULATIONOFTHEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDMUSTMEETTOTHEDEMANDOFMANAGEMENTANDSOCIETYKEYWORDSACCOUNTINGSUPERVISION,MIDFINANCIALREPORT,ECONOMICCONSEQUENCE,VALUERELEVA一2一
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-04
頁數(shù): 94
大?。?3.6(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:學(xué)校代碼T0254密級論更編號上絡(luò)繕事天擎SHANGHAIMARITIMEUNIVERSITY碩士學(xué)位論文MASTERDISSERTATION論文題目學(xué)科專業(yè)作者姓名指導(dǎo)教師疆賃會計準則若平悶題研究~盒鹽望一整麴夔~邵瑞慶教授完成日期三魚Q五復(fù)盔一縣程簧會計準剮若干滴題研究RESEARCHONSEVERALPROBLEMS0FLEASEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDABSTRACTLEASEISANIMPORTANTWAYFORRAISINGMONEYANDMANAGINGASSETSOWNINGTOITSOFFBALANCESHEETFINANCINGFUNCTION,LEASEHASPREVAILEDSINCE1950S,MANYACCOUNTINGPROBLEMSCOMPANIEDWITHDEVELOPMENTOFLEASEINDUSTRYRULE”MAKINGINSTITUTIONSHAVEISSUEDLEASEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSTODEALWITHTHEMBUTSTILLTHEREARELOTSOFARGUMENTSABOUTACCOUNTINGFORLESSEEOFTHESTANDARDTHESEARGUMENTSWEREMAINLYPUTFORWARD抒OMTHEVIEWPOINTOFACCOUNTINGPROCESS,SUCHASRECOGNITION,MEASUREMENTANDREPORTING。SUCHBEINGTHECASE,THEAUTHORISTRYINGTOMAKEASYSTEMATICALANALYSISOFLEASEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDBYANSWERINGFOLLOWINGQUESTIONSWHAT’STHEOBJECTIVEOFLEASEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSETTING;WHETHERPRESENTLEASEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDHASACHIEVEDTHISOBJECTIVE;WHYTHEOBJECTIVEISN’TREACHEDANDHOWTEFORMLEASESTANDARDTOACHIEVEITSGOALALLTHESEARETHOUGHTWITHAVIEWTOLESSEETHEDISSERTATIONCANBEDIVIDEDINTOFIVECHAIPTERSINCHAPTERONETHEAUTHORRETROSPECTSPRESENTLEASEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSHOMEANDABROADANDTHELITERATURECONCERNINGACCOUNTINGFORLESSEE,LISTS。PROBLEMSUNRESOLVED,ANDSTRESSESTHETHEORETICALANDPRACTICALSIGNIFANCESOFTHE?!癝TUDYONTHESEPROBLEMSINCHAPTERTWOTHEOBJECTIVEOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSETTINGISANALYZEDITISINFERREDFROMHISTORYOFACCOUNTINGANDACCOUNTINGSTANDARDTHATTHEOBJECTIVEOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSETTINGLIESINREPRESENTATIONALFAITHFULNESS,SEENFROMLESSEE,AMOREDETAILEDOBJECTIVEOFLEASESTANDARDISTORESOLVEACCOUNTINGPROBLEMSBROUGHT行OMOFFBALANCESHEETLEASEFINANCINGREALEFFECTSOFPRESENTLEASEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDINDICATETHATTHISOBJECTIVEISN’LACHIEVEDCHAPTERTHREEISDEVOTEDTOTHECAUSETHATLEADSEXISTINGLEASESTANDARDDISCURSIVEREEXAMINEDACCOUNTINGSTANDARDWITHAPOINTOFCONTRACTTHEORY,LEASE
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-04
頁數(shù): 70
大?。?2.52(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:東北林業(yè)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文建立中國法務(wù)會計準則相關(guān)問題研究姓名劉學(xué)民申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)會計學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師岳澤軍20040601ABSTRACTFROMTHEWORLDWIDE,THERESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTOFFORENSICACCOUNTINGFAISJUSTTHEMATTEROFRECENTTWENTYYEARS,ANDTHEFADEVELOPEDWITHARUSHINRECENTTENYEARSTHETHESISRESEARCHEDTHESTATUSOFFADEVELOPMENTANDRESEARCHINUS,CANADA,AUSTRALIA,ANDUK,SUMMARIZEDTHEACHIEVEMENTOFTHOSECOUNTRIESINTHEEDUCATIONANDTRAININGABOUTFA,ANDEXPATIATEONTHEROOTOFFABYTHETHEORYOFECONOMYATTHESAMETIME,ACCORDINGTOTHEACTUALITYOFFAINCHINA,THETHESISBROUGHTFORWARDTHATTOIMPROVETHEOPERATIONANDRESEARCHOFFAWESHOULDESTABLISHFASTANDARDFURTHERMORE,THEPAPEREXPOUNDEDTHENECESSARYOFESTABLISHMENTOFTHEFASTANDARD,DISCUSSEDTHEMETHODANDSTEPSOFTHEESTABLISHMENT,ANDOUTLINEDTHEHIBERARCHYANDCONTENTFRAMEWORKOFTHEFASTANDARDMOREEVERTHEPAPERRESEARCHEDFORSEVERALPROBLEMSABOUTTHEESTABLISHMENTOFFASTANDARD,INCLUDINGTHESUMMERYOFTHEDEFINITION,OFTHETYPESOFOPERATION,OFTHEROLES,DUTIESANDKNOWLEDGESTRUCTUREOFFORENSICACCOUNTANT,ANDOFTHEPICTUREOFGENERALSTANDARD,PERFORMANCESTANDARD,ANDREPORTINGSTANDARDKEYWORDSFORENSICACCOUNTING,F(xiàn)ORENSICACCOUNTINGSTANDARD,F(xiàn)RAMEWORKOFSTANDARD
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-03
頁數(shù): 34
大?。?1.14(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:江西財經(jīng)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文釜IC中妁。燕熙黌_差磊熹疊熊。獯照鲺熬燕煎羹蓍英文。弱黼勰自孤艘。躺齜螽黼蘸藤睡L氛絮翮麓黼S一。JJ黝C聃I秘GA嫩豫秘赫NG刪N蒯S。作者姓意燕撼塞學(xué)院系、部I觸曼色藏學(xué)科專照一憊。魅。。攫。。研究方向觚攜J毓。指導(dǎo)教師。贏謇H巍蕊燕。茹00年十胄二十毒對無形資產(chǎn)不符合科學(xué)性原則,筆者建議將研究和開發(fā)贊用分開作不同的處理。針對會計準則不確認自創(chuàng)礴譽的現(xiàn)象,筆者建議在表外列報和披鼷。奩無形資產(chǎn)的計量幫攤錆方謠無形瓷產(chǎn)以歷史成本詩萋不符合實際;無形資產(chǎn)八賬缺乏一皴性自創(chuàng)無形資產(chǎn)的計價不符合會計計量屬性的標準、摁供的售愨缺乏霹魄蛙。筆鬈提窶了簿決懿辦法反轉(zhuǎn)酸單一瓣獲變成本模式,建議在使用歷史成本原則的基礎(chǔ)上運用公允價值計量,以反映潷形資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)出效應(yīng)?,F(xiàn)行無形資產(chǎn)攤銷方法過于簡罄,不符會艘本收益原則。筆糟建議應(yīng)對無形資產(chǎn)進行分類,裰據(jù)不同擻無形資產(chǎn)確定不同的攤銷方法。在無形資產(chǎn)報告方面,資產(chǎn)負饋淡過于簡單,由于無形資產(chǎn)確認與計量的不完整帶來財務(wù)攘表辯無形資產(chǎn)揭示不完整,大薰給企監(jiān)帶皋經(jīng)濟秘懿懿無形資產(chǎn)沒有列示,現(xiàn)行利潤表中包括相當一部分應(yīng)資本化的無形資產(chǎn)成本,從而在利潤表孛重復(fù)詩算,大愛戇無形浚產(chǎn)≥瑟務(wù)信惠寒G程麓務(wù)投愛孛披露。筆者認炎澍無形資產(chǎn)報告,成在資產(chǎn)負債表上列示無形資產(chǎn)的變化情況,對不符合費用標準豹無形資產(chǎn)不應(yīng)計入利潤襲,編制并發(fā)研制明纓表,改避財務(wù)報襲的披露,同時介紹了~種其他財務(wù)報告的形式價值鏈記分板。本文是圍繞戲國無形淡產(chǎn)的會計現(xiàn)狀,對照國際會計準則以及其它規(guī)定,在資產(chǎn)理論的基磁上對無形資產(chǎn)會詩瀵幸亍了一墅襟討,著熏指出我黧企受會詩準剃存在的問題及對策。關(guān)鍵詞無形資產(chǎn)念計確認會計計量財務(wù)報告2
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-04
頁數(shù): 49
大?。?1.95(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:≮’772188學(xué)校代螞0246學(xué)弓321垃5455後旦大擎碩士學(xué)位論文專業(yè)學(xué)位美國股票期權(quán)會計準則及其對我國的借鑒意義研究院系管理學(xué)院專業(yè)工商管理姓名劉朝明指導(dǎo)老師方曙紅教授完成日期2005年4月30日032025455劉朝明美國股票期權(quán)會計椎則及其耐我國的借鑒意義研究ABS量RACTTHETHESISINTRODUCESACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESOFSTOCKOPTIONINUSA,ATTHESAMETIMEDISCUSSESHOWTOMAKEOUTTHEACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESOFSTOCKOPTIONINCHINA,CHAPTER1INTRODUCESBRIEFLYHOWTHEACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESOFSTOCKOPTIONINUSAARETHENTHECONTENTSOFAPBNO25ANDFASBNO123CHAPTER2ANALYZESHOWTOUSETHECONTENTSINPRACTICE。THENCHAPTER3DISCUSSESTHESHORTCOMINGSOFAPBNO25ANDTHEREALITYOFACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLESOFSTOCKOPTIONINCHINALASTLY,THETHESISDRAWSCONCLUSIONTHATCHINAHADBETTERADOPTTOTHEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSOFFASBNO123KEYWORDSSTOCKOPTION,ACCOUNRINGSTANDARD,ACCOUNTINGPRINCIPLE4
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-04
頁數(shù): 43
大?。?1.82(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:江西財經(jīng)大學(xué)博士學(xué)位論文會計信息質(zhì)量與會計準則制定權(quán)合約安排研究姓名劉駿申請學(xué)位級別博士專業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師秦榮生20040401計人員自己制定的,這使得這個問題變得更為復(fù)雜。會計系統(tǒng)運行質(zhì)量主要由獨立、客觀、公正豹注冊會計師進行監(jiān)督,監(jiān)督質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣主要取決于注冊會計師的獨立性。獨立性問題是審計理論界長期以來十分關(guān)注的課題。美國近年來的系列會計丑聞使人們將目光再次聚焦于此,特別是其中的非審計服務(wù)問題、注冊會計師定期輪換制問題、會計師事務(wù)所回避制問題等。通過以上關(guān)于會計信息質(zhì)量研究文獻的回顧和分析,我認為,研究會計信息質(zhì)量可從兩方面入手其一是用一個系統(tǒng)的理論框架來對會計信息質(zhì)量作一全面研究;其二,由于會計信息質(zhì)量涉及面甚廣,就每一方面均作研究既無必要也無可能,主攻方向是沒有研究和必須深入研究的內(nèi)容。在選擇系統(tǒng)理論框架方面,通過大量文獻檢索,我選擇了謝德仁教授1997提出的“公共合約觀”。該理論認為,“理想的現(xiàn)代企業(yè)會計準則制定權(quán)的合約安排范式是政府享有一般通用的會計準則制定權(quán),經(jīng)營者享有剩余的會計準則制定權(quán),由獨立、客觀、公正的會計專家來監(jiān)督經(jīng)營者對一般通用會計準則的遵守和對剩余的會計準則的制定權(quán)的適當行使?!痹诠埠霞s觀的架構(gòu)下,本著“主攻方向為沒有研究的問題及有待深入研究的問題”這樣一個標準,對本文的研究內(nèi)容作了如下安排。第1章衡量會計準則制定權(quán)合約安排系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)出的信息質(zhì)量標準本章在回顧會計準則制定權(quán)合約安排系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)出的信息質(zhì)量標準的基礎(chǔ)上,得到這樣的啟示會計信息質(zhì)量標準受會計目標的約束會計信息質(zhì)量標準始終不變的研究主題是相關(guān)性和可靠性。然后,本章以“啟示”為導(dǎo)向,在分析、批評“決策有用觀”和“受托責任觀”的背景下提出了本文的會計目標觀“如實反映觀”。以“如實反映觀”為導(dǎo)向,本章重點分析研究了會計信息質(zhì)量標準的相關(guān)性、可靠性、可理解性和可比性等。本文認為。在相關(guān)性和可靠性兩大主要質(zhì)量標準中,可靠性重于相關(guān)性,可靠性是質(zhì)量標準體系中的首要標準,而相關(guān)性、可理解性以及可比性則是質(zhì)量標準體系中的主要質(zhì)量標準。在首要質(zhì)量標準和主要質(zhì)量標準的構(gòu)成要素方面,本文也提出了自己的看法,例如,本文認為及時性相對FASB而言和重要性相對IASC而言均不應(yīng)作為相關(guān)性的主要構(gòu)件。最后。本文在以上分析的基礎(chǔ)上,參照FASB和IASC的會計信息質(zhì)量標準體系,構(gòu)建了新的,由首要質(zhì)量標準、主要質(zhì)量標準及其約束條件所組成的衡量會計信息質(zhì)量的標準體系。本章在以下方面進行了探索性的研究①提出了“如實反映”的會計目標觀;②以“如實反映”觀為導(dǎo)向,提出了可靠性是統(tǒng)領(lǐng)所有會計信息質(zhì)量標準的首要標準,并依此重構(gòu)了會計信息質(zhì)量標準體系;③認為會計信息不僅是企業(yè)會計系統(tǒng)輸出的內(nèi)容,更是現(xiàn)代企業(yè)會計準則制定權(quán)合約安排系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)出的信息。
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-03
頁數(shù): 141
大小: 6.4(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:首都經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文我國合并財務(wù)報表會計準則研究姓名劉翠俠申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)會計學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師付磊20050415首都經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文我國合并財務(wù)報喪會計準則研究ONACCOUNTLNGSTANDARDSOFCONSOLLDATEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTSFORCHLNAABSTRACTWITHCHINA’SENTRYINTOWTO,BUSINESSCONGLOMERATESANDTRANSAATIONAICORPORATIONSMUSHROOMTHROUGHAMALGAMATION,PARTICULARLYCONTROLIINGAMALGAMATIONANDHAVEBEENCORRESPONDIN91YINCREASINGTHEPROMINENCEINCONSOLIDATEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTS.THEREFORE,UPDATINGTHEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDFORTHESTATUSISURGENTASTHEPROVISIONALSTANDARDSOFCONSOLIDATEDFINANCIALSTATEMENIS,PROMULGATEDBYCHINAMINISTRYOFFINANCEASTHEEXISTING,ISLOSINGITSCONFORMITYTOCURRENTECONOMICPROGRESS.COMPARATIVEANALYSISANDINDUCTIVEREASONINGAREMAJORAPPROACHESFORTHISDISSERTATION.THEVIEWONTHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDOFCONSOLIDATEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTFORCHINAISTHUSDERIREDFROMCOMPARISONBETWEENTHEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSINCHINAANDFOREIGNCOUNTRIES,WITHREGARDTOCONSOLIDATEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,F(xiàn)OREIGNCURRENCYTRANSLATION,JOINTVENTURESANDASSOCIATES,THISDISSERTATIONPARTFCULARIZESINTHEESSENTIALITYANDFEASIBILITYTOUPDATETHEEXISTINGCONSOLIDATEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTSTANDARD,INTHEPRINCIPLES,CONS01IDATIONTHEORIESANDMETHODSOFFOREIGNCURRENCYTRANSLATIONTOESTABLISHINTRODUCTORYFRAMEWORKINTHEORY,ANDINCONCRETEMETHODSFORPRESENTATIONTHEREOF.INADDITION,IT7SESSENTIALBOTHTOUSEIASFORREFERENCEANDTOCONSIDERTHEACTUALSITUATIONOFCHINAFORRESEARCHTOBECONDUCTED.KEYWORDSCONSOLIDATEDFINANCIALSTATEMENTS,ACCOUNTINGSTANDARDRESEARCH
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-03
頁數(shù): 43
大?。?1.37(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:河北經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文中國會計準則國際化研究姓名李春紅申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)會計學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師魏林燕20050607河北經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文IIABSTRACTABSTRACTIFWEPREDICTTHATNATIONALACCOUNTINGCONSTITUTSCONSIDERMEABOUTTHEREQUIREMENTSOFDOMESTICDEVELOPMENTWHENSETTINGACCOUNTINGSTARDSTHENTHEISSUEOFINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTARDSHASALREADYOVERSTEPGAPSAMONGNATIONSAIMINGATGLOBALLYUNIFMACCOUNTINGSTARDSACCOMPANYINGFREEFLOWOFCAPITALINTERNATIONALIZATIONOFECONOMICTHEWKOFINTERNATIONALACCOUNTINGSTARDSBOARDIASBHASGAINEDMEMESUPPTEACHCOUNTRYBEGINSTOREALIZETHEPRESENTPOTENTIALINFLUENCEOFIASBATTHESAMETIMETHESECOUNTRIESARECONSIDERINGHOWTOADAPTTOTHETRENDOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONOFACCOUNTINGSTARDSAFTERCHINAIMPLEMENTSTHEPOLICYOFREFMOPENINGJOINSWTOMARKETINGECONOMICOFSOCIALISMHASGRADUALLYMERGEINTOANGANICWHOLESOINTERNATIONALIZATIONOFCHINESEACCOUNTINGSTARDSISRECENTLYPAIDCLOSEATTENTIONWHICHEXPERIENCESACHIEVEMENTSAREGOTTENDURINGTHEPATHOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONOFCHINESEACCOUNTINGSTARDSWHICHDIRECTIONSEFFTSSHOULDBEMADETHESEPROBLEMSHAVETOBESETTLEDURGENTLYTHISARTICLEBASINGONTHEREALITIESABOVEDISCUSSESDEEPLYTHESTATUSQUOOFCHINESEACCOUNTINGSTARDSREVIEWACHIEVEMENTSDEFICIENCYOFTHESESTARDSTHENTHISARTICLEALSOPOINTTOTHEIMPETUSOBSTRUCTIONOFCHINESEACCOUNTINGSTARDSATTHEINTERNATIONALBACKGROUNDATLASTBASINGONTHESEANALYSESWEPROBEINTOTHEWAYWITHINTERNATIONALJUNCTIONRELEVANTSTRATEGIESTHEPAPER’SCREATIVEPOINTSINCLUDETOANALYZEIMPETUSESOBSTACLESBYSTUDYINGCHINESEACCOUNTINGSTARDSBASEDONINTERNATIONALIZATIONTOPUTFWARDRELEVANTSTRATEGIESKEYWDACCOUNTINGSTARDSINTERNATIONALIZATIONSTRATEGY
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-04
頁數(shù): 46
大?。?0.21(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:。Y蚋/3354固≤J舅.|I。_|豢學(xué)CYCLE。10254、I.。。毒商黟事走學(xué)I疊0’頌士學(xué)位論文MASTERDISSERTATION’J.一J一一。TLR4。。冉每,。論文題A孝莖萋塾籃蘭拳.學(xué)科專業(yè)..奎鹽堂作者姓名..堡堅指導(dǎo)教師一金煎堡到塹撞完成日期二___蘭QQ墨芏查旦麟會計準則的信息經(jīng)濟學(xué)分析與研究ABSTRACTINTHECAPITALMARKETWHICHBECOMESMOREANDMOREPERECTANDDEVELOPED,F(xiàn)INANCIALACCOUNUNGANDSTATEMENTSPLAYAMOREIMPORTANTROLEANDFACESTRONGERCHALLENGES.FINANCIALINFORMATIONTHATENTERPRISESPROVIDEBECOMESVERYCOMPLETEDTHECOMPLEXITYOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONCOMESFROMTHEFACTTHATACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONISAPARTICULARKINDOFPRODUCT.ACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONISVERYIMPORTANTTOUSERSOFACCOUNTINGSTATEMENTSANDSUPERVISORSOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATION.WHETHERACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONISTRUEISRATHERVITALTOTHEHEALTHYDEVELOPMENTOFCAPITALMARKET.ACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSWHICHSTANDARDIZEACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONANDTHEPLANNINGANDENFORCEMENTOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSVITALLYREGULATETHEPREPARATIONANDREPORTINGOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATION.ACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSREGULATETHEPASSINGOFINFORMATIONINCAPITALMARKETANDSTANDARDIZETHECOMMUNICATIONPROCESSBETWEENENTERPRISESANDINVESTORS.THEPREPARATIONOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSINEVERYCOUNTRYORAREAISAGAMERESULTANDINTERESTCOMPROMISEBETWEENINVESTOMANDENTERPDSES.FORMERRESEARCHONACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSATTACHEDMOREIMPORTANCEUPONACCOUNTINGPOLICIESANDCONNECTEDPLANNINGOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSINTOACCOUNTINGPOLICIES.ANDANALYSISONACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSSELDOMCOMBINESTHEMWITHOTHERBRANCHESOFECONOMY.FURTHERMORE,ANALYSISONACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSISLIMITEDINTHERESPECTOFMACROECONOMY.FORMERRESEARCHHARDLYSYSTEMATICALLYEXPLAINSTHEREASONS,SPECIFICPROCESSING,PARTICULARRESULTSOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSANDRELEVANTPLANNINGPROCEDURE.THEAUTHORWILLMAKEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSJNTHEFRAMEWORKOFJNFORMA日ONECONOMYANDUSEASYMMETRICINFORMATIONMARKETTHEORYTOSYSTEMATICALLYANALYZEACCOUNTINGSTANDARDS.INTHESAMETIME,THEAUTHORWILIMAKEFURTHERRESEARCHONTHEPREPARATIONANDINFLUENCEOFTHEPLANNINGPROCEDUREOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSFROMASPECIALANGLE,ANDSUGGESTTHATTHEPLANNINGPROCEDUREOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSISAPROCESSWHICHBALANCESTHEJNTERESTSOFDIFFERENTPARTICIPANTS.ANDTHEAUTHORWILLMAKETHEPROBLEMOFACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBASISINTHEFR£U11EWORKOFINFORMATIONECONOMYTANDREGARDACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSASAKINDOFCONTRACTTOSTUDYACCOUNANGSTANDARDSBASISBYPERFECTCONTRACTTHEORY.THECONCLUSIONISTHATACCOUNTING2
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-03
頁數(shù): 45
大?。?1.85(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:分類號密級Y971829單位代碼10422學(xué)號J剛P了P⑧0▲東’,番碩士學(xué)位論文SHANDONGUNIVERSITYMASTER7STHESIS論文題目會計幅則國埒、哪闌的叁奉間趣&中司的路仔運辱研鈾作者姓名寶煎塾專業(yè)會計瞎指導(dǎo)教師姓名專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)到濃囑教設(shè)嬲年弓月功日摘要隨著經(jīng)濟的日益全球化和信息技術(shù)革命的加速,會計作為國際通用的商業(yè)語言,在促進國際貿(mào)易、國際資本流動和國際經(jīng)濟交流等方面的作用顯得更為突出,加快會計準則國際化的步伐顯得日益緊迫。越來越多的國家已加入到了采用國際財務(wù)報告準則的行列中,這些國家在會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)方面均取得了很大的進展,其目的就在于努力降低本國會計準則的制定成本,降低本國企業(yè)在國際市場上的籌資成本和交易成本,使本國企業(yè)在全球性的經(jīng)濟競爭和發(fā)展中處于優(yōu)勢.中國作為目前世界上吸引國外投資最多的國家,經(jīng)濟融入世界經(jīng)濟體系已呈現(xiàn)出日益加速的趨勢。在這種情況下,中國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展實際上也迫切需要一個全球公認的、又易于操作的會計準則.因此,我們對會計國際協(xié)調(diào)的態(tài)度是積極的.但中國在會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)的工作中也遇到了很多亟待解決的問題。本文首先對會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)進行界定,根據(jù)會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)的三個基本理論推演出會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)的主體、客體和目標,并將會計準則的國際協(xié)調(diào)分為三個層次。介紹了國內(nèi)外會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)的現(xiàn)狀及國內(nèi)對會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)研究的進展情況。然后,將中國會計準則與國際會計準則進行比較,尋找差異點并分析差異的深層原因會計準則上的不一致性在某種程度上折射出不同經(jīng)濟體制、社會環(huán)境,法律體系、文化背景等環(huán)境因素上的差異。在概括會計環(huán)境因素的基礎(chǔ)上重點分析中國的會計環(huán)境同時對會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)的阻礙進行經(jīng)濟學(xué)分析。發(fā)現(xiàn)如何達到制度成本和交易成本最小化、經(jīng)濟利益最大化成為其道路上的一大障礙?;谥袊鴷嫓蕜t國際化的迫切性及進展情況,對會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)工作成效的衡量及評價問題進行研究,從不同的視角給出會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)實際協(xié)調(diào)度的評價模型對比點模型、差異率模型,及其期望協(xié)調(diào)度的評價模型成本收益模型、會計信息質(zhì)量模型.最后,對中國會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)的路徑選擇提出建議.指出中國在進行會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)的過程中應(yīng)遵循的原則,工作的切入點,會計準則制定、統(tǒng)一會計規(guī)范方面如何選擇,會計理論研究,會計環(huán)境建設(shè)應(yīng)重點進行哪方面的工作,會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)應(yīng)采取的方式方法,以及會計教育推動會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)的構(gòu)想.以期對中國會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)的進程起到推動作用。4關(guān)鍵詞會計準則國際協(xié)調(diào)、會計準則、國際會計準則,會計準則國際差異
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-04
頁數(shù): 78
大小: 2.75(MB)
子文件數(shù):
-
簡介:重慶大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文企業(yè)會計準則與會計信息質(zhì)量的關(guān)系研究姓名郭志明申請學(xué)位級別碩士專業(yè)會計學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師李嘉明20040409霞慶大學(xué)碩十學(xué)位論文英文摘要ABSTRACTECONOMICGLOBALIZATIONANDINTERNATIONALCAPITALMARKETINTEGRATIONHASALREADYBECOMETRENDSOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOFOURTIMES,ATTHESAMETIMEWITHTHEREFORMOFTHEECONOMICSYSTEMOFOURCOUNTRYOURACCOUNTINGMANAGEMENTSYSTEMHASALREADYTURNEDTOTHEMANAGEMENTMODETAKINGMARKETECONOMYASDIRECTIONFROMTAKINGPLANNEDECONOMYASDIRECTIONINTHENUMEROUSFACTORSINFLUENCINGACCOUNTINGREFORM,THEREFORMOFTHEECONOMICSYSTEM,RISEOFSECURITYMARKETANDFORMAKINGACCOUNTINGPRACTICEOFOURCOUNTRYTOINTEGRATEWITHINTEMATIONALACCOUNTINGSTANDARDCANBESAIDMAINMOTIVEFORCESACCOUNTINGCRITERIONSYSTEMBUILDINGUPANDOPERATIONINDICATESTHATOURCOUNTRYENTERPRISEACCOUNTINGMODEGOESTHROUGHTRANSITIONTOMARKETECONOMYANDINTEGRATESTHEINTERNATIONALPRACTICEREALLYITISTHEGOALOFOURACCOUNTINGREFORMTOOPOINTOUT”INORDERTOMEETTHESOCIALISTNEEDOFECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOFMARKETOFOURCOUNTRY”INACCOUNTINGCRITERIONGENERALREGULATION,“UNIFYACCOUNTANTSTANDARDOFCHECKINGANDCALCULATING,GUARANTEEACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONQUALITYACCORDINGTO”ACCOUNTINGLAWOFREPUBLICANISMOFCHINESEPEOPLE,”,MAKEENTERPRISE’SACCOUNTINGCRITERION”THENSINCEENTERPRISE’SACCOUNTINGCRITERIONWASIMPLEMENTEDFROMJULY1,1993,ISTHECRITERIONSUCCESSFULINFINISHINGTHESPECIFICGOALHASIMPROVEDTHEQUALITYOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONISMAKINGORADOPTINGTHEHIGHQUALITYACCOUNTINGCRITERIONSURETOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONTHISISTHEQUESTIONTHATTHISTEXTWILLVERIFYWEDEFINETHESTANDARDOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONQUALITYATFIRST,THROUGHTHEANALYSISONTHETHEORY,BECAUSEOFOBJECTIVEREALITYOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONOF”ECONOMICCONSEQUENCE”,WETHINKTHATACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONISTHERESULTOFWHOLESYSTEMENVIRONMENT,THELEVELOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONQUALITYISTHERESULTOFSYSTEMARRANGING,ONLYRELYINGONACCOUNTINGCRITERIONUNABLETOGETHIGHQUALITYACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONSECONDLYWEEXAMINETHEREALEXAMPLEONSOMEONECONCRETEACCOUNTINGCRITERION‘‘ENTERPRISEACCOUNTINGCRITERIONMEDIUMTERMFINANCIALREPORT’ANDTHEOVERALLRESULTSINCEACCOUNTINGCRITERIONISIMPLEMENTEDOURREALEXANAPLEINSPECTIONRESULTANDOURCONJECTUREINTHEORYAREUNANIMOUSBASICALLYNEWCRITERIONHASNOTOVERALLIMPROVEDTHEVALUEDEPENDENCEOFACCOUNTINGINFORMATIONNOTABLYFINALLY1PUTFORWARDMYOWNVIEWONHOWTOIMPROVEACCOUNTINGQUALITYOFMESSAGE1IMPROVEII
下載積分: 5 賞幣
上傳時間:2024-03-03
頁數(shù): 59
大?。?1.9(MB)
子文件數(shù):