外文翻譯---機械產品方案的現代設計方法及發(fā)展趨勢

1、<p>　　附錄A：外文資料翻譯譯文 </p><p>　　機械產品方案的現代設計方法及發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　摘要：根據目前國內外設計學者進行機械產品設計時的主要思維特點，將產品方案的設計方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結構模塊化、基于產品特征知識和智能四種類型。指出四種方法的特點及其相互間的有機聯(lián)系，提出產品方案設計計算機實現的努力方向。</p><p>　　

2、關鍵詞：機械產品；方案設計方法；發(fā)展趨勢</p><p><b>　　引 言</b></p><p>　　科學技術的飛速發(fā)展，產品功能要求的日益增多，復雜性增加，壽命期縮短，更新?lián)Q代速度加快。然而，產品的設計，尤其是機械產品方案的設計手段，則顯得力不從心，跟不上時代發(fā)展的需要。目前，計算機輔助產品的設計繪圖、設計計算、加工制造、生產規(guī)劃已得到了比較廣泛和深入的研究，

3、并初見成效，而產品開發(fā)初期方案的計算機輔助設計卻遠遠不能滿足設計的需要。為此，作者在閱讀了大量文獻的基礎上，概括總結了國內外設計學者進行方案設計時采用的方法，并討論了各種方法之間的有機聯(lián)系和機械產品方案設計計算機實現的發(fā)展趨勢。根據目前國內外設計學者進行機械產品方案設計所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現代設計方法概括為下述四大類型。</p><p><b>　　1、系統(tǒng)化設計方法</b>&l

4、t;/p><p>　　系統(tǒng)化設計方法的主要特點是：將設計看成由若干個設計要素組成的一個系統(tǒng)，每個設計要素具有獨立性，各個要素間存在著有機的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設計要素結合后，即可實現設計系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務。</p><p>　　系統(tǒng)化設計思想于70年代由德國學者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎，制訂了設計的一般模式，倡導設計工作應具備條理性。德國工程師協(xié)會在這一設計思想

5、的基礎上，制訂出標準VDI2221“技術系統(tǒng)和產品的開發(fā)設計方法。制定的機械產品方案設計進程模式，基本上沿用了德國標準VDI2221的設計方式。除此之外，我國許多設計學者在進行產品方案設計時還借鑒和引用了其他發(fā)達國家的系統(tǒng)化設計思想，其中具有代表性的是：</p><p>　　(1)將用戶需求作為產品功能特征構思、結構設計和零件設計、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎，從產品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā)，利用質量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地

6、將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉換為產品開發(fā)各階段的技術目標和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。</p><p>　　(2)將產品看作有機體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產品的設計過程劃分成功能需求層次、實現功能要求的概念層次和產品的具體設計層次。同時采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達產品的功能要求，形成產品功能系統(tǒng)結構。</p><p>　　(3)將機械設計中系統(tǒng)科學的應用歸納為兩個基本問題：一是把

7、要設計的產品作為一個系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分(單元)及其相互關系；二是將產品設計過程看成一個系統(tǒng)，根據設計目標，正確、合理地確定設計中各個方面的工作和各個不同的設計階段。</p><p>　　由于每個設計者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側重點不同，進行方案設計時采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設計方法。</p><p><b>　　設計元素法<

8、;/b></p><p>　　用五個設計元素(功能、效應、效應載體、形狀元素和表面參數)描述“產品解”，認為一個產品的五個設計元素值確定之后，產品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國亦有設計學者采用了類似方法描述產品的原理解。</p><p><b>　　圖形建模法</b></p><p>　　研制的“設計分析和引導系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次

9、清楚的圖形描述出產品的功能結構及其相關的抽象信息，實現了系統(tǒng)結構、功能關系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。</p><p>　　將設計劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號、具有內容豐富的語義模型結構、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實現關系間的任意結合等特點，將設計方法解與信息技術進行集成，實現了設計過程中不同抽象層間信息關系的圖形化建模。1.3 “構思”

10、—“設計”法</p><p>　　將產品的方案設計分成“構思”和“設計”兩個階段。“構思”階段的任務是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設計任務要求的原理解?！霸O計”階段的工作則是具體實現構思階段的原理解。</p><p>　　將方案的“構思”具體描述為：根據合適的功能結構，尋求滿足設計任務要求的原理解。即功能結構中的分功能由“結構元素”實現，并將“結構元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”

11、和“結構元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機械運動簡圖)。方案的“設計”是根據功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結構元素”，再定量地描述所有“結構元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結構示意圖。Roper，H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設計單元(GE)”、“結構元素(KE)”、“功能結構元素(FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結構元素(VKE)”、“結構零件(KT)”、“結構元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述結構元

12、素尺寸、位置和傳動參數間相互關系的若干種簡圖，把設計專家憑直覺設計的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應用現有知識的方法，并將其應用于“構思”和“設計”階段。</p><p>　　從設計方法學的觀點出發(fā)，將明確了設計任務后的設計工作分為三步：1) 獲取功能和功能結構(簡稱為“功能”)；2) 尋找效應(簡稱為“效應”)；3) 尋找結構(簡稱為“構形規(guī)則”)。并用下述四種策略描述機械產品

13、構思階段的工作流程：策略1：分別考慮“功能”、“效應”和“構形規(guī)則”。因此，可以在各個工作步驟中分別創(chuàng)建變型方案，由此產生廣泛的原理解譜。策略2：“效應”與“構形規(guī)則”(包括設計者創(chuàng)建的規(guī)則)關聯(lián)，單獨考慮功能(通常與設計任務相關)。此時，辨別典型的構形規(guī)則及其所屬效應需要有豐富的經驗，產生的方案譜遠遠少于策略1的方案譜。策略3：“功能”、“效應”、“構形規(guī)則”三者密切相關。適用于功能、效應和構形規(guī)則間沒有選擇余地、具有特殊要求的領域，

14、如超小型機械、特大型機械、價值高的功能零件，以及有特殊功能要求的零部件等等。策略4：針對設計要求進行結構化求解。該策略從已有的零件出發(fā)，通過零件間不同的排序和連接，獲得預期功能 。</p><p><b>　　1.4、矩陣設計法</b></p><p>　　在方案設計過程中采用“要求—功能”邏輯樹(“與或”樹)描述要求、功能之間的相互關系，得到滿足要求的功能

15、設計解集，形成不同的設計方案。再根據“要求—功能”邏輯樹建立“要求—功能”關聯(lián)矩陣，以描述滿足要求所需功能之間的復雜關系，表示出要求與功能間一一對應的關系。</p><p>　　Kotaetal將矩陣作為機械系統(tǒng)方案設計的基礎，把機械系統(tǒng)的設計空間分解為功能子空間，每個子空間只表示方案設計的一個模塊，在抽象階段的高層，每個設計模塊用運動轉換矩陣和一個可進行操作的約束矢量表示；在抽象階段的低層，每個設計模塊被表示為

16、參數矩陣和一個運動方程。1.5鍵合圖法</p><p>　　將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產生能量、消耗能量、轉變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型，并借用鍵合圖表達元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結合，實現功能結構的自動生成和功能結構與鍵合圖之間的自動轉換，尋求由鍵合圖產生多個設計方案的方法。2、結構模塊化設計方法</p><p>　　從規(guī)劃產品的角度提出：定義設計任務時以功能化的產品

17、結構為基礎，引用已有的產品解(如通用零件部件等)描述設計任務，即分解任務時就考慮每個分任務是否存在對應的產品解，這樣，能夠在產品規(guī)劃階段就消除設計任務中可能存在的矛盾，早期預測生產能力、費用，以及開發(fā)設計過程中計劃的可調整性，由此提高設計效率和設計的可靠性，同時也降低新產品的成本。Feldmann將描述設計任務的功能化產品結構分為四層，(1)產品→(2)功能組成→(3)主要功能組件→(4)功能元件。并采用面向應用的結構化特征目錄，對功能

18、元件進行更為具體的定性和定量描述。同時研制出適合于產品開發(fā)早期和設計初期使用的工具軟件STRAT。</p><p>　　認為專用機械中多數功能可以采用已有的產品解，而具有新型解的專用功能只是少數，因此，在專用機械設計中采用功能化的產品結構，對于評價專用機械的設計、制造風 險十分有利。</p><p>　　提倡在產品功能分析的基礎上，將產品分解成具有某種功能的一個或幾個模塊化的基本

19、結構，通過選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結構組建成不同的產品。這些基本結構可以是零件、部件，甚至是一個系統(tǒng)。理想的模塊化基本結構應該具有標準化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經濟化，具有互換性、相容性和相關性。我國結合軟件構件技術和CAD技術，將變形設計與組合設計相結合，根據分級模塊化原理，將加工中心機床由大到小分為產品級、部件級、組件級和元件級，并利用專家知識和CAD技術將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的

20、功能模塊，再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。</p><p>　　以設計為目錄作為選擇變異機械結構的工具，提出將設計的解元素進行完整的、結構化的編排，形成解集設計目錄。并在解集設計目錄中列出評論每一個解的附加信息，非常有利于設計工程師選擇解元素。3、基于產品特征知識的設計方法</p><p>　　基于產品特征知識設計方法的主要特點是：用計算機能夠識別的語言描述產品的特征及其設

21、計領域專家的知識和經驗，建立相應的知識庫及推理機，再利用已存儲的領域知識和建立的推理機制實現計算機輔助產品的方案設計。</p><p>　　機械系統(tǒng)的方案設計主要是依據產品所具有的特征，以及設計領域專家的知識和經驗進行推量和決策，完成機構的型、數綜合。欲實現這一階段的計算機輔助設計，必須研究知識的自動獲取、表達、集成、協(xié)調、管理和使用。</p><p><b>　　4、智能化設計

22、方法</b></p><p>　　智能化設計方法的主要特點是：根據設計方法學理論，借助于三維圖形軟件、智能化設計軟件和虛擬現實技術，以及多媒體、超媒體工具進行產品的開發(fā)設計、表達產品的構思、描述 產品的結構。</p><p>　　利用面向對象的技術，重點研究了按時序合成的機構組合方案設計專家系統(tǒng)，并借助于具有高性能圖形和交換處理能力的OpenGL技術，在三維環(huán)境中從各

23、個角度對專家系統(tǒng)設計出的方案進行觀察，如運動中機構間的銜接狀況是否產生沖突等等。</p><p>　　5、各類設計方法評述及發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　綜上所述，系統(tǒng)化設計方法將設計任務由抽象到具體(由設計的任務要求到實現該任務的方案或結構)進行層次劃分，擬定出每一層欲實現的目標和方法，由淺入深、由抽象至具體地將各層有機地聯(lián)系在一起，使整個設計過程系統(tǒng)化，使設計有規(guī)律可循，有方法可依，易

24、于設計過程的計算機輔助實現。</p><p>　　結構模塊化設計方法視具有某種功能的實現為一個結構模塊，通過結構模塊的組合，實現產品的方案設計。對于特定種類的機械產品，由于其組成部分的功能較為明確且相對穩(wěn)定，結構模塊的劃分比較容易，因此，采用結構模塊化方法進行方案設計較為合適。由于實體與功能之間并非是一一對應的關系，一個實體通?？梢詫崿F若干種功能，一個功能往往又可通過若干種實體予以實現。因此，若將結構模塊化設計方

25、法用于一般意義的產品方案設計，結構模塊的劃分和選用都比較困難，而且要求設計人員具有相當豐富的設計經驗和廣博的多學科 領域知識。</p><p>　　值得一提的是：上述各種方法并不是完全孤立的，各類方法之間都存在一定程度上的聯(lián)系，如結構模塊化設計方法中，劃分結構模塊時就蘊含有系統(tǒng)化思想，建立產品特征及設計方法知識庫和推理機時，通常也需運用系統(tǒng)化和結構模塊化方法，此外，基于產品特征知識的設計同時又是方案智能

26、化設計的基礎之一。在機械產品方案設計中，視能夠實現特定功能的通用零件、部件或常用機構為結構模塊，并將其應用到系統(tǒng)化設計有關層次的具體設計中，即將結構模塊化方法融于系統(tǒng)化設計方法中，不僅可以保證設計的規(guī)范化，而且可以簡化設計過程，提高設計效率和質量，降低設計成本。</p><p>　　機械產品的方案設計正朝著計算機輔助實現、智能化設計和滿足異地協(xié)同設計制造需求的方向邁進，由于產品方案設計計算機實現方法的研究起步較晚

27、，目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達到上述目標的方案設計工具軟件。作者認為，綜合運用文中四種類型設計方法是達到這一目標有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運用涉及的領域較多，不僅與機械設計的領域知識有關，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計算機軟硬件工程、網絡技術等各方面的領域知識，但仍然是產品方案設計必須努力的方向。國外在這方面的研究已初見成效，我國設計學者也已意識到CAD技術與國際交流合作的重要性，及其應當采取的措施。</p>&

28、lt;p>　　附錄B：外文資料翻譯原文 </p><p>　　The modern design method of the project of machinery product and deveolp trend</p><p>　　Abstract:Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical d

29、esign product design at the main thinking, product program design methods into a system, modular structure, the characteristics of knowledge-based products and intelligent four types. That the four methods and the charac

30、teristics of the organic inter-linkages, product design efforts Computer direction</p><p>　　Key words:mechanical products; Program design; Trend </p><p>　　INTRODUCTION </p><p>　　The

31、 rapid scientific and technological development, product performance requirements of the growing number and complexity of increased life expectancy shortened. updating speed. However, the design of the products, especial

32、ly machinery products in the design means, it appears powerless, lags behind the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacture and production planning has been the subject of

33、 extensive and in-depth research and has achieved initial</p><p>　　Under the current domestic and foreign scholars for mechanical design product design methodology used in the main feature, The program will

34、be of modern design methods summarized as the following four categories.</p><p>　　1．Systematic Design </p><p>　　Systematic design of the main features : design as by a number of design elements

35、of a system, Each element is independence between the various elements of an organic link, and is layered, all combining elements of the design, system design can be realized for the task</p><p>　　Systematic

36、 design in the 1970s by a German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz. They system theory as a basis to formulate a general model designed to promote the design of rational should have. German Engineers Association in the de

37、sign on the basis of formulate standards VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods.</p><p>　　The mechanical product design process model, basically adopted the German standards VDI222

38、1 the design. In addition, Many scholars in China in product design program design and also quoted from other developed systematic design, which is representative ：</p><p>　　(1) The user needs functional ch

39、aracteristics as a product concept, design and structure of parts design, process planning, operational control of the foundation, and the macro-product development process, the use of quality function deployment, System

40、 users will demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development objectives of the technical and operational control in order</p><p>　　(2) The level of organi

41、sms as products of life, and the help of life-support systems theory, the product design process can be divided successfully demand levels, realize the concept of functional requirements and the level of product design l

42、evel. While using the System icon lives abstract expression products to the functional requirements, and form functional product structure.</p><p>　　(3) The mechanical design of science into two basic quest

43、ions : First, to design the products as a system and to determine the best components (modules) and their mutual relations; Second, the process of product design as a system, based on the design goals, correctly, reasona

44、bly ascertain all aspects of design work and the various design stage. </p><p>　　As each of the designers to study issues and consider the perspective of the different emphasis program used in the design of

45、the specific research methods, there are also differences. Below introduced some representative systematic design methods. </p><p>　　1.1 Design Element Method </p><p>　　Used five design elements

46、 (functions, effects, effects vector elements and the surface shape parameters) described "product solution" think of a product design of the five elements value is determined, all the characteristics of the pr

47、oducts and eigen value already identified. My design scholars also used a similar method to describe the product's original understanding.</p><p>　　1.2 graphical modeling method </p><p>　　De

48、veloped an "analysis and design guidance system" KALEIT， with a clear level of graphic description of the product structure and the function of the abstract information, the realization of the structure, functi

49、on graphical modeling, and the functional link between the layers </p><p>　　Will be divided into design methods and supporting information exchange 2, Nijssen Information Analysis using methods can be used g

50、raphic symbols, with rich semantic model structure, Integration can be described conditions can be classified types of constraints can be achieved between the arbitrary combination of features Will design solutions and i

51、nformation technology integration, and realizing the process of designing different abstraction layers of information between the graphical modeling.</p><p>　　1.3 "idea" -- "design" </

52、p><p>　　Product design into "ideas" and "design" stage two. "Concept" stage of the mission is to find, select and mix design tasks required to meet the original understanding. &quo

53、t;Design" stage of the work is to realize the conceptual stage, the original understanding. </p><p>　　The program will be "ideas" specific description: According to the functional structure su

54、itable for the design tasks required to meet the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by the "structural elements" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical lin

55、k between the definition of "functional vector" "function vector" and "structural elements" of the interaction it has developed the functional diagram (mechanical movement schematic). The pr

56、ogram "design" is ba</p><p>　　Roper, H. Using graph theory, using his definition of "total design modules (GE)" "structural elements (KE)", "functional elements (FKE)"

57、, "connecting structure elements (VKE)" "structural components (KT)", "structural elements parts (KET)" concept And describes elements of the structure size, location and transmission parame

58、ters of the interaction between a number of diagrams, Expert design and intuitive design of a formal description of the formation of the effective application of existing kn</p><p>　　Design methodology from

59、the point of view of the clear mandate of the design work is divided into three steps Design: 1) Access to function and functional structure (referred to as "functional"); 2) Find effects (referred to as the &q

60、uot;effect"); 3) Find structure (referred to as "the configuration Rules"). And the following four strategies used to describe the conceptual stage machinery products workflow: Strategy 1 : The considerati

61、on "functional" "Effect" and "configuration rules." Therefore, it </p><p>　　1.4 matrix design:</p><p>　　In the program design process "requirements-function&qu

62、ot; logic tree ("or" tree) Description, function of the interaction between, met the requirements of the functional design solution set to provide different design. According the "Request-functional"

63、logic tree "requirement - function" associated matrix, Description to meet the functional requirements for the complex relationship between shows that the functional requirements and the relationship between he

64、 gathers. </p><p>　　Kotaetal matrix mechanical system as a basis for designing programs, include mechanical systems design space for the functional decomposition of space, each of which only said that the de

65、sign of a module, abstract stage in the senior, Each module movement and a transformation matrix can operate bound vector; Abstract stage in the low-rise, Each module is represented as a matrix and equations of motion. &

66、lt;/p><p>　　1.5 bond graph:</p><p>　　Will form a system into functional components to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, Bonding a

67、nd borrowing plans expression of functional components solutions, hope will be based on the functional model and Bond Graph integration, achieve functional structure of the automatic generation and functional structure a

68、nd bonding between the map automatically converted, seek from the bond graph produce multiple design method. </p><p>　　2 The modular design structure:</p><p>　　Products from the planning perspe

69、ctive: Definitions design tasks to the functional structure-based products, use existing product solutions (such as the common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task that the decomposition of tasks on ea

70、ch task to consider whether there are corresponding product solutions, Thus, in the planning stage product design to eliminate possible contradictions, early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the design

71、 process of adjustment, whi</p><p>　　That the majority of machinery specialized function can be used existing product solutions, and with the new solution is only a small number of special features, Therefor

72、e, the exclusive use of mechanical design functions of the product mix, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacturing risks are very favorable. </p><p>　　Promotion of the product func

73、tion on the basis of the analysis, Decomposition products will have some functions into one or several of the basic modular structure, through options and combinations of these basic modular structure formed into differe

74、nt products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system. Ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department), and is serialized, GE, integrated, hierarch

75、ical, flexible, economy, interc</p><p>　　Design options for the directory as a variation of the mechanical structure tools, design elements for the solution of integrity, Structure of the organization formed

76、 Solution Set design catalog. And the solution set design directory listed a comment on each of Additional Information Solutions, is very conducive to the solution design engineers to choose elements. </p><p&g

77、t;　　3. The characteristics of knowledge-based product design: </p><p>　　Knowledge-based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characte

78、ristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience, corresponding inference engine and knowledge base, Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer

79、 Aided Design program. </p><p>　　Mechanical systems design is mainly based on products with features and the design of experts in the field of knowledge and experience in policy-making and implementation cap

80、acity, completing the type, a composite. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, research must automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. </p><p&

81、gt;　　4. Intelligent Design: </p><p>　　Intelligent Design is the main features : design theory, using 3D graphics software Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedi

82、a tools for product development design, Expression product ideas, describing the structure of products. </p><p>　　The use of object-oriented technology, focus on the chronology of the agencies synthesis pack

83、age design expert system, and with the help of high-performance graphics and the ability to handle the exchange of OpenGL technology, 3D environment from all angles of expert system design options for observation, If int

84、er-agency campaign convergence position of conflict, and so on.</p><p>　　5. Various design review and development trends: </p><p>　　In summary, Systematic Design will design tasks from the abstr

85、act to the concrete (from the design of the tasks required to accomplish the mission of the program or structure) hierarchical division drawing up each layer wishes to achieve the goals and methods of elementary, from ab

86、stract to concrete floors to be organically linked to the entire design process systematic so that the design rules to follow. There is a way to follow and easy computer-aided design process to achieve.</p><p&

87、gt;　　Modular design of the structure, as have some method of achieving functional structure for a module, module structure of the portfolio, product program design. For specific types of mechanical products, as part of i

88、ts function is clear and relatively stable, Modules of the structure more easily, so that the structure modular approach to program design would be more appropriate. As with the functional entities is not between one-to-

89、one correspondence between an entity can usually be a number of d</p><p>　　What is worth mentioning is : the above methods are not completely isolated, various methods exist to some extent on the links If mo

90、dular structure design, module division structure contains a systematic thinking, building products and design features inference engine and knowledge base, it is usually also need to use a systematic and structural modu

91、lar approach, In addition, the characteristics of knowledge-based products while the design of intelligent design program is one of the foundations.</p><p>　　Mechanical Products programs are moving towards c

92、omputer-aided design to achieve, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of design and manufacturing direction. product design computer method of a late start, but there were no mature, be able to reach this

93、target program design software tools. The writer believes that the integrated use of four types of text is designed to achieve this objective effective way. Although these methods are integrated use of the field more, no