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1、THEVARIETIESOFGOODNESSbyGegHenrikvonWrightLONDONROUTLEDGE&KEGANPAULNEWYK:THEHUMANITIESPRESSiiiFirstpublished1963byRoutledge&KeganPaulLtdBroadwayHouse6874CarterLaneLondonE.C.4PrintedinGreatBritainbyRidClayCompanyLtdBungay
2、Suffolk?GegHenrikvonWright1963NopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyfmwithoutpermissionfromthepublisherexceptfthequotationofbriefpassagesincriticismivPREFACEIN19591960IgavetheGiffdLecturesintheUniversityofSt.rews.Thelectur
3、eswerecalledNmsValuesanInquiryintotheConceptualFoundationsofMalsLegislation.ThepresentwkissubstantiallythesameasthecontentofthesecondseriesoflecturesthenadvertisedunderthenotveryadequatetitleValues.Itismyplantopublishare
4、visedversionofthecontentofthefirstseriesoflecturescalledNmsasaseparatebook.Thetwowkswillbeindependentofoneanother.ItakethisopptunitytoexpressmythankstotheUniversityofSt.rewsfhonouringmewiththeinvitationtogivetheGiffdLect
5、urestothemembersofstaffstudentsatSt.rewswithwhomIwasabletodiscussthecontentofthelectureswhentheywereinprogress.GivingthelecturesaffdedmewithanurgeopptunitytodoconcentratedresearchfwhichIamdeeplygrateful.Inthecourseofrevi
6、singthecontentsofmylecturespreparingthemfpublicationIhavehadtheprivilegeofregulardiscussionsoveralongperiodwithProfessNmanMalcolm.Iamindebtedtohimfanumberofobservationsimprovementsaboveallfhisfcefulchallengetomanyofmyarg
7、umentsviews.Thereisverylittleexplicitreferencetocurrentdiscussionliteratureinthisbook.Ihopenoonewillinterpretthisasasignthattheauthwishestoignebelittlethewkwhichisbeingdonebyothers.Itistruehoweverthatthewksoftheclassicsh
8、aveprovidedamuchstrongerstimulustomythoughtsthanthewritingsofmycontemparies.InparticularhaveIlearntfromthree:AristotleKantMoe.IhavebeensuccessivelyunderthespelloftheKantianideaofdutytheMoeanideaofintrinsicvalue.Infightin
9、gmywayagainstKantIwasledtorejectthepositionsometimescalleddeontologistinresistingMoeIbecameconvincedoftheuntenabilityofvalueobjectivismgoodnotavarietyofanalogicalmeanings.IsgoodnessafamilyconceptThemeaningpatternofgoodas
10、aproblemfphilosophicalsemantics8.Affinitiesbetweenthefmsofgoodness.Socalledmalgoodnessnotanindependentfmofthegood171.Preliminaryexplanationofinstrumentaltechnicalgoodness.Theinstrumentallytechnicallygoodthingisoftenbutno
11、tnecessarilygoodofitskind19vii2.Instrumentalgoodnessisprimarilygoodnessfapurpose.Instrumentalgoodnessofitskindpresupposesanessentialconnexionbetweenkindpurpose.Functionalmphologicalacteristicsofkinds.Thequestionofunityof
12、thekind203.Intherealmofinstrumentalgoodnesstheoppositeofgoodispo.Differencebetweenpobad.Thereisnoinstrumentalbadness224.Goodpoconnotecontradictiesratherthancontraries.Ponessaprivation235.Judgmentsofinstrumentalgoodnessbe
13、tternessareobjectivelytruefalse.Thesubjectivesettingofanysuchjudgment.Thenotionofagoodmakingproperty.Vaguenessinstrumentalgoodness246.Sentencesexpressingjudgmentsofinstrumentalgoodnesshaveadeivecontentsense.Whytheyshould
14、notbecalleddeivesentences.Distinctionbetweenthesenseofasentenceitsuse307.Instrumentalgoodnesscommending.Whydoesgoodnessappeal308.Instrumentalgoodnesspreferentialchoice.Distinctionbetweentherealtheapparentgood.Amannecessa
15、rilypreferswithaviewtoagivenpurposethethingwhichhejudgesbetterfthatpurpose319.Technicalgoodnessisprimarilygoodnessatsomething.Technicalgoodnessofitskindpresupposesanessentialconnexionbetweenkindactivity.Technicalgoodness
16、isacquirednotinnate3210.Intherealmoftechnicalgoodnesstheoppositeofgoodiscalledpobad.Theoppositionisbetweencontradictiesratherthancontraries.Technicalbadnessisaprivativenotion3411.Testsoftechnicalgoodness.Competitionachie
17、vementtests.Testsbysymptomsbycriteria.Thetechnicalgoodnessofprofessionalsissecondarytoinstrumentalgoodness.Noteonthecreativearts.Goodnessgreatness3512.Technicalgoodnesscommendingpraising.Technicalgoodnesskeennessonactivi
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