南宋孝宗朝宰相群體研究_19820.pdf

1、摘要南宋是權相輩出的時期，權臣政治是南宋政治的一大特色。而孝宗朝卻是唯一沒有權相，且宰相的任用狀況呈現出新的特征的朝代，孝宗朝還出現了一些前所未有的“新氣象”，并造就了南宋歷史上的黃金時代—“乾、淳盛世”的局面。因此，孝宗朝是南宋社會由初期的動蕩、粗安到中期伊始的平穩(wěn)發(fā)展，且呈蒸蒸日上之勢，國家政策逐漸由對外轉向治內的轉型時期。本文通過對孝宗朝政治狀況與作為權力中樞的宰相群體狀況的分析和考察，以及對宰相群體在孝宗朝對外關系和對內政治中的

2、作用及影響的論述，力圖揭示出宰相群體與孝宗朝政治特點與發(fā)展走向的內在聯(lián)系及深刻影響。本文共由六章組成。第一章為序論。本章敘述了本文的研究目的與研究現狀，以及材料的使用、研究的方法及本文的構想。第二章為孝宗朝政治概況。本章分兩節(jié)論述了孝宗朝政治的演進及孝宗朝政治的特點與時代風貌。第三章為孝宗朝宰相群體狀況。本章分為三節(jié)對孝宗朝宰相群體的概況、宰相群體的類型、孝宗朝相權與皇權的關系及其意義進行了論析。第四章為宰相群體與孝宗朝的對外關系。本章

3、分為三節(jié)論述了孝宗朝對外路線、方針的轉變、宰相群體與對外軍事的發(fā)展以及宰相對宋金外交的影響。第五章為宰相群體與孝宗朝的對內政治。本章分四節(jié)論述了宰相群體與近習的關系、宰相群體與孝宗朝法制建設的關系、宰相群體與朋黨的關系以及孝宗朝皇權與相權的關系。第六章為結語。本章對全篇寫作的意旨進行了總結和概況。本文通過考察孝宗朝宰相群體的政治主張與作為，揭示出孝宗朝對于高宗朝政治的反動傾向，及其在實踐中的成敗，以及孝宗朝政治乃至南宋前期政治重心由對外

4、轉向內政的內在原因，從而對孝宗朝乾淳盛世局面的出現做出了診釋，即對外雖北伐不成而達成和議，但卻顯示出一種主動的、積極進取的態(tài)勢，從而在一定程度上提高了孝宗朝的軍事、外交地位。對內則實現了穩(wěn)定的局面，使一度遭到破壞的士大夫政治體制得以恢復和重建，從而使孝宗朝的政治達到了一種較為清明而向上的局面，為孝宗朝經濟、文化的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了良好的環(huán)境。因此，本文對于研究孝宗朝乃至南宋中后期政治發(fā)展的趨勢，對于深入了解南宋時期“士大夫”政治的面貌、特點與趨

5、勢，乃至南宋的權臣政治都具有一定的積極作用。關鍵詞:孝宗朝宰相群體政治AbstractTheSouthernSongDynastywasanageofpowerfulministersandpoliticswithpowerfulministerspresentedasoneofthegreatfeaturesofSouthernSongDynasty.ButtherewasnopowerfulministerduringEmperor

6、Xiaozongperiod.ItistheonlyperiodthatwentwithoutpowerfulministersintheSouthernSongDynastyduringwhichnewfeatureswereseenintheappointmentofprimeministersandsomeunprecedentednewatmospherecameintobeing.Thisfinallybroughtabout

7、theQiandaoChunxiFlourishing一thegoldenageofthehistoryoftheSouthernSongDynasty.AsaresulttheXiaozongperiodservedasatransformationagefromtheearlySouthernSongDynastysturbulenceandroughstabilityviamidtermssteadydevelopmentandt

8、hrivingtrendtothenewstageofstatepolicychangingfromexternaldefensetointernalconstruction.ThroughtheobservationandanalysisofXiaozongperiodspoliticalsituationandtheprimeministergroupthecenterofauthorityaswellasthediscussion

9、oftheroleandinfluenceoftheprimeministergroupinthisperiodintheouterrelationsandinnerpoliticsthisdissertationstrivestorevealtheinnerlinkandprofoundinfluencebetweentheprimeministergroupandthisperiodspoliticalsituationandits

10、developingtrend.The.dissertationconsistsofsixchapters.Chapter1isintroductionstatingthepurposeofwritingthisdissertationthepresentsituationofthestudyonthesametopictheuseofhistoricalmaterialstheresearchmethodsandtheconcepti

11、onofthisdissertation.Chapter2presentsanoveralintroductionofthepoliticalsituationintheXiaozongperiodwhichconsistsoftwosectionsdiscussingrespectivelytheevolutionofthepoliticsintheXiaozongperiodanditsfeatures.Chapter3states

12、thegeneralconditionsoftheprimeministergroupwhichismadeupofthreesectionsanalyzingseparatelythegeneralconditionofXiaozongperiodsprimeministergroupitscategoryandtherelationbetweentheprimeministersauthorityandthatofthekingsa

13、ndthemeaningofthisrelation.Chapter4focusesonthelinksoftheprimeministergrouptoXiaozongperiodsexternalrelationswhichconsistsofthreesectionsdiscussingoneafteranotherthediplomaticpolicychanges恤theXiaozongperiodtheevolutionof

14、theprimeministergroupsmilitarylineeandtheinfluenceoftheprimeministeronthediplomaticrelationsbetweenSongandtheJinkingdoms.Chapter5concentratesonbetweentheprimeministergroupandtheinnerpolitics.Itisdividedintofoursectionsce

15、nteringontherelationsoftheprimeministergrouptotheemperorsfavoritecourtierstothisperiodslegalconstructionandtothecliqueaswellastherelatedrelationbetweentheprimeministersauthorityandthatofthekings.Chapter6servesasaconclusi

16、onsumminguptheintentionofwritingthisdissertation.ThroughtheobservationoftheprimeministergroupspoliticalpropositionsandbehaviorsthisdissertationstrivesforarevelationofthecontrarypoliticalpracticeinXiaozongperiodagainsttha

17、tinGaozongperioditsactualsuccessorfailureandtheinnerreasonsoftheshiftofpoliticalfocusesfromtheexternaltotheinternalandthenproceedstoajustificationofthecomingoftheQiandaoChunxiFlourishingthatisfortheexternalthoughfailedin

18、thenorthernexpeditiontheystruggledforapeaceagreementwhichdisplayedtheiractiveandpositiveenterprisingspiritandtosomeextentupgradedtheSongsmilitaryanddiplomaticpositionfortheinternalontheotherhandtheyachievedastabilitywhic

19、hhadtheoncedamagedscholarofficialpoliticalsystemrecoveredandreconstructedthereforemadethepoliticsduringXiaozongperiodwellorderedandpromisedwhichprovidedafavorableenvironmentfortheXiaozongperiodseconomicandculturaldevelop

20、ment.TosumupthisdissertationsstudyontheevolutionofthepoliticsintheXiaozongperiodoreventhemidandlateperiodoftheSouthernSongDynastywillplayapositiveroleforthefurtherunderstandingoftheSouthernSongDynastysscholarofficialpoli