外文翻譯--在社會主義新農村建設中公共產品供給問題的對策

1、<p>　　在社會主義新農村建設中公共產品供給問題的對策</p><p>　　摘要：農村公共產品供給的在中國農業(yè)發(fā)展和社會主義新農村建設中起著決定性的作用。針對農村地區(qū)農村公共產品供給不足的現(xiàn)狀，本文闡述了加強農村公共產品供給制度的建設意義，分析了農村公共產品供給短缺的原因，并提出了解決農村公共產品供給問題的對策，致力于加強和改進農村公共產品供給的效率，具有一定的理論價值和現(xiàn)實意義。</p>

2、<p>　　關鍵詞：社會主義新農村建設，農村公共產品，供給系統(tǒng)</p><p><b>　　緒論</b></p><p>　　社會主義新農村建設是中國全面建設小康社會的全面建設和實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化進程中的重大歷史任務；是解決城鄉(xiāng)差距、建設和諧社會的必然要求；是擴大國內需求長足發(fā)展的重要保障。2005年十二月，黨中央，國務院在《社會主義新農村建設意見》強調社會主義

3、新農村建設是中國現(xiàn)代化進程中的重大歷史任務?！渡鐣髁x新農村建設意見》的內容和目標包括生產發(fā)展，生活富裕，鄉(xiāng)風文明，村容整潔，管理民主等方面。為了實現(xiàn)這些目標，涉及農村農業(yè)生產和農民生活水平的農村公共產品和農村公共服務需要改善。</p><p>　　農村公共物品是指滿足農村農業(yè)、農村和農民需要，其具有不可分割性，具有非競爭和非排它性。一方面，它包括農村的交通，電力，水利設施，衛(wèi)生和教育設施等“硬”的公共產品；另一

4、方面，包括信息技術服務，技能培訓，維護公共秩序，制度安排等“軟”農村公共產品。</p><p>　　農村公共服務供給制度是農村經濟社會發(fā)展的重要基礎。從某種意義上說，社會主義新農村建設過程是指農村公共產品供給效率的提高和供給結構的優(yōu)化過程。因此，通過擴大農村公共產品供給渠道的多樣性，全面構建農村公共物品制度的科學體系在促進城鄉(xiāng)和諧發(fā)展和社會主義新農村的建設具有重要的現(xiàn)實意義。</p><p&g

5、t;　　1、加強農村公共產品制度建設的意義</p><p>　　面對目前中國城鄉(xiāng)二元結構失衡和農村公共產品和服務供給不均衡的狀況，加強農村公共產品和服務供給的建設對促進社會主義新農村建設具有重要的現(xiàn)實意義。</p><p>　　1.1推進社會主義新農村建設，為農村經濟發(fā)展提供保障</p><p>　　社會主義新農村建設是中國在社會主義初級階段的主要戰(zhàn)略，但城鄉(xiāng)差距日

6、益增長的經濟發(fā)展背景下，農村“三農”問題被提出。如果中國能夠實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化過程中的總體發(fā)展，縮小城鄉(xiāng)差距，構建在政治，經濟，文化，和新農村建設協(xié)調發(fā)展的社會方面，那么我們國家才能真正全面實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化。</p><p>　　很長一段時間，城鄉(xiāng)非均衡的二元體制，導致農村公共設施供給和公共服務的實際供給不能滿足農村對農村公共服務的需求，制約了農村經濟的進一步發(fā)展，突出反映公共事業(yè)的嚴重不足如教育，衛(wèi)生，文化和其他方面，對農業(yè)

7、和農村的發(fā)展產生嚴重的負面影響。因此，農村公共產品的供給情況直接影響到中國農業(yè)經濟的發(fā)展和中國社會主義新農村建設，必須大力加強農村基礎設施建設和發(fā)展農村社會事業(yè)。</p><p>　　1.2提高農村居民的消費需求和消費能力</p><p>　　在農村地區(qū)，農村公共產品供給水平直接影響農民消費需求和消費能力，因為絕大多數(shù)農村公共產品是在農業(yè)生產和農民生活所必需的。一旦政府或其他公共單位不能提

8、供足夠的公共物品以滿足農民的需求，農民不得不為自己提供，這造成了農村公共產品供給的部分低效率和增加了農民的負擔，同時降低農民的消費需求，從而對刺激消費和擴大國內需求產生了負面影響。</p><p>　　另一方面，公共物品和私人物品有密切的互補性。公共產品和服務的供給不足將嚴重制約了農民對消費產品的需求。因此，在農村公共產品和服務供給不充分，機制不健全，公共服務缺失的情況下，這會嚴重影響農村消費市場的擴大和農村經濟

9、發(fā)展的現(xiàn)代化。通過對農村公共物品的供給，增加農民收入和擴大農村消費市場，這將對解決現(xiàn)有的投資和消費結構嚴重不合理的情況發(fā)揮重要作用。</p><p>　　1.3促進農村經濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展</p><p>　　農村公共產品和公共服務作為農村經濟發(fā)展的基礎和必要前提，為農村經濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供了重要保障。我國許多農村地區(qū)存在著老舊的農業(yè)水利設施，道路不暢和交通不便，昂貴的電費價格，破舊的學校建筑，公

10、共衛(wèi)生條件落后，缺乏社會條件，公共安全和公共服務缺位等情況。這種供應不足狀況很大程度上制約了農村社會經濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。特別是農村教育的落后與公共產品的不足對農村地區(qū)產生了直接的影響，如對農村人力資源的質量和水平的影響，致使農村地區(qū)缺乏農村科學家和技術人員，影響了科技興農的有效實施，在制約了農村經濟的發(fā)展方面產生了重大影響。因此，提供公共產品和提高農村勞動力的綜合素質，在長時間內為農村經濟的持續(xù)增長的提供一定的勞動力。</p>

11、<p>　　1.4促進社會政治的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展</p><p>　　解決農村公共產品供給不足的問題，有利于消除社會重要方面的矛盾和全面轉型時期的社會危機。中國是個具有大片耕地領域和眾多的農業(yè)人口一個農業(yè)大國，農村的穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展，對整個國家和社會發(fā)展有著重要影響重要影響。</p><p>　　建國以來，為了加快經濟發(fā)展盡快實現(xiàn)產業(yè)化，中國一直實行城鄉(xiāng)二元體制，制定公共產品供給的政策以

12、滿足最低的公共產品的需要為目標，長時間以來重城市輕農村，這種在公共產品的供給上城鄉(xiāng)不同的政策造成農村公共產品在一定程度上是一個嚴重的缺陷。</p><p>　　2、農村公共服務供給不均衡的原因</p><p>　　在當前中國農村公共產品和服務供給嚴重不平衡的情況下，特別是隨著農村稅費改革，取消農業(yè)稅政策后，導致了農村公共物品供給失衡的問題越來越突出。具體表現(xiàn)是農村基礎設施和公共服務機構的不

13、完善，如健康系統(tǒng)的不足，教育落后；農民缺乏基本生活條件如社會保障，水、電設施落后等。公共產品和服務的每個水平都是供給不足的。我國農村公共產品供給產生不平衡的原因是多樣的，唯一的供應主體是農村公共物品供給不足的主要原因。</p><p>　　第一，對農村公共產品供給制度的主體是政府。長期以來，中國農村公共產品供給機制系統(tǒng)是單一的以政府為主體，特別是較低的農村管理組織—鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府。但鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府，其財務能力和治理是不對稱的

14、，很小的財政權力，但卻有很大治理責任。如果農村基礎教育，計劃生育，水、電設施，道路交通等公共產品和服務供給主要由農村鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府以及村民負責，由于鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農村的基層政府，其政府的財政資源有限，不能提供足量的公共產品，造成農村公共產品和公共服務的缺位。</p><p>　　第二，農村基層政府職能的錯位。農村基層鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府通過國家權力組織和計劃的農村公共事業(yè)和公共設施的建設，為農村提供公共產品和公共服務，但由于鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府職能錯位

15、的狀況，不能有效的提供基本的公共服務，造成農村公共產品制度供給不足。從目前鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府職能運行看，相當多的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府把重點放在經濟發(fā)展的工作上，并對大力建設迎合上級“政績工程”，基層政府最初是以為農村提供公共產品及其服務為主體責任的，卻將以提供公共產品和公共服務的財政收入大量投資經濟發(fā)展。因此，農村鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府財政的不足，不僅造成鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)政府公共產品供給能力大為減弱，而且公共服務責任弱化，造成農村公共產品制度嚴重匱乏，農村公共資源配置的效率低下。&l

16、t;/p><p>　　第三，缺乏激發(fā)農民參與公共物品投資的機制。家庭聯(lián)產承包責任制動搖了集體化時期的農村公共產品制度，使農村公共產品制度失去了經濟基礎。由于有限的統(tǒng)一供應系統(tǒng)，過多的依賴于政府的投資，沒有建立帶動農民適應市場經濟，沒有建立個人和企業(yè)投入公共產品建設的機制。同時，隨著市場經濟體制的發(fā)展，農民群體意識逐漸暗淡，個體主義首先發(fā)生在人們的心中生根。市場經濟條件下的理性人造成只做對自己有利的事情，每個人都按照對

17、自己有利的方式去行動，但對于某些農村公共事務和公共事業(yè)卻不愿意做。由于公共產品的不可分割性造成了公眾“搭便車”的可能性。公眾不愿意承擔成本，普遍存在的“搭便車”的心理。此外，公共產品和公共服務有一定的外溢效益，農民從自己的利益出發(fā)，不在乎也不愿意投資非營利組織。</p><p>　　第四，稅費改革后影響了農村公共產品制度。由于我國農村實行單一制的公共產品的供給制度，政府作為供應主體。因此，在實施農村稅費改革取消農

18、業(yè)稅后，縣鄉(xiāng)財政狀況更不平衡，削弱了農村公共產品供給的能力。此外，農村稅費改革后采取“一事一議”的農村公共設施制度不能夠徹底解決農村公共產品制度的問題。</p><p>　　3、解決農村公共服務制度問題的對策</p><p>　　面對農村公共產品和公共服務供給的困境，加強政府在農村公共服務體系中的能力和的責任，加強農村基層管理組織的職能改革，提高公共產品供給能力，在統(tǒng)籌城市和農村地區(qū)的基礎

19、上采用多元化公共服務的供給方式。</p><p>　　3.1、提高政府在農村公共服務體系中的能力和的責任</p><p>　　在發(fā)展中國家，政府是推動現(xiàn)代化的重要力量，作為公共權力的執(zhí)行者，提供公共服務的狀況是衡量政府能力的重要標志。從世界上一些發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家的經驗，向農村提供公共產品方面，政府應該承擔去全部的責任和義務，同時使城市和農村基本公共服務均等化。目前我國政府的財政支出仍低

20、于財政收入的增長，并對支農支出占財政支出的比例是上下波動。2000年至2003年，財政支農支出年均增長14%，而財政收入年均增長17.4%，財政支農支出比財政收入低3.4%，此外，金融支農支出占總支出的比例在7.12％-7.75％之間。Alpha</p><p>　　因此，政府必須增加在農村公共服務提供的責任，繼續(xù)加大財政對農業(yè)的投入力度，提高政府財政支出的增長率，保證農村公共服務體系的資金總量穩(wěn)定的增長。<

21、;/p><p>　　3.2、加強對農村基層政府管理職能的轉變，提高公共產品供給能力</p><p>　　目前，農村公共服務的供給不足和農村公共服務體系不健全，農村基層政府應進行積極的角色和職能定位，突出公共產品供給和服務功能和意識?；鶎诱鳛槊嫦蜣r村，為農村提供公共服務和服務的組織，在轉變政府職能的過程中，實現(xiàn)由管理型政府向服務型政府的轉變，必須明確農村基層政府治理的重點，實施財權和事權統(tǒng)一

22、的原則，在農村基層政府的財政困境的情況下，加大中央和省級政府的財政支持力度，提高農村基層政府公共服務供給的的能力，變革基層政府職能提供更多農村公共服務。</p><p>　　3.3、公共產品供給體系的一體化和多元化</p><p>　　所謂一體化指的是城鄉(xiāng)公共服務的均衡化；所謂的多元化是指農村公共服務的供給主體多元化，供給方式和籌資渠道。一體化主要是雙供給機制問題的解決，提供公平的政策環(huán)境

23、，為城市和農村公共服務的供給制度，使城市和農村地區(qū)得到同樣的待遇，統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)農村公共服務的供給。政府為供給主體，承擔農村公共服務體系的主要責任，加大農村公共服務的金融投資服務，使農村與城市共享現(xiàn)代文明。在此基礎上，對單一供給體制改革，促進農村公共服務體系供給多元化，具體體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：</p><p>　　3.3.1多元化農村公共服務體系的主體</p><p>　　由于農村基層政府的財政

24、和政府供給效率的固有的局限性，使單一的政府供給不適應農村社區(qū)發(fā)展的需求。因此，應根據(jù)農村公共服務的水平和性質構建多元化的農村公共服務體系。農村公共服務的供給主體大致可分為政府供給，個人供給和第三部門供給。代表公共利益的政府，政府有責任要承擔農村公共服務體系主體責任義務。在此基礎上，發(fā)揮個人供給和第三部門供給主力量，形成多元化的供給主體機制。</p><p>　　3.3.2農村公共服務多元化的資金籌集機制</

25、p><p>　　稅費改革后，農村公共服務供給不足的一個重要原因是提供農村公共服務的供給資金主要依靠政府，當政府不能籌集足夠的資金，必然會影響公共產品供給。因此，應該建設多元化籌資渠道以解決供應短缺的矛盾?；I集資金的渠道主要有政府的財政轉移支付；個人，企業(yè)資金；農村社區(qū)的集體基金；國內外非政府組織的籌資等。政府的財政資金應作為提供公共產品和公共服務資金的主要渠道，尤其是公共財政體系的建立后，將為農村公共產品和公共服務的

26、供給在籌款方面提供制度保障。市場經濟條件下,個人和企業(yè)投資提供的公共產品,由于公共產品供給在收費方面的可能性，基于等價交換和支付原則，可以通過市場向社會收費。</p><p><b>　　翻譯</b></p><p>　　Countermeasures of Rural Public Product Supply Problems in New Socialist R

27、ural Construction</p><p>　　ZHANG Jing1, 2, and JIANG Hua3*</p><p>　　1 Post-doctoral Mobile Center on History and Cultural College, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China</p><p>　　

28、2 College of Liberal and Social Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China</p><p>　　3 College of Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086, China</p><p>　　Abstract

29、：The status of rural public goods' supply plays a decisive role in China agricultural development and in new socialist rural construction. For the current situation of insufficient supply of public goods in rural are

30、as, this article explained the significance of strengthening the construction of rural public goods supply system, analyzed the reasons for the shortage of rural public goods supply, and proposed strategies and measures

31、to solve problems of rural public goods supply, which ar</p><p>　　Key words：new socialist rural construction, rural public goods, supply system</p><p>　　CLC number: F323.9 Document code: A Artic

32、le ID: 1006-8104(2010)-02-0078-07</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　New socialist rural construction is the great historical task of a comprehensive construction of well-off society in China and im

33、plementing the process of modernization; the necessary requirement to solve the urban-rural gap and building a harmonious society; the important safeguards of expanding domestic substantial development of demand. In Dece

34、mber 2005, the CPC Central Committee, State Council stressed in "Advice on new socialist rural construction" that "New socialist rural construction is </p><p>　　Significance of strengthening t

35、he construction of Rural Public Goods system</p><p>　　As China's existing current urban-rural dual structure and the imbalance of rural public goods and services supply, strengthening the construction of

36、 the supply of public goods and services in rural areas has the important practical significance in promoting the building of new socialist rural areas.</p><p>　　Promoting the new socialist rural constructio

37、n to provide security for the rural economic development</p><p>　　The new socialist rural construction strategic is at the primary stage of socialism in China, but urban rural gap growing modernization into

38、the mid-stage of economic development background, as the rural "three rural" issues raised. If China can achieve the overall development in the process of modernization, narrowing the gap between urban and rura

39、l areas, constructing well into the political, economic, cultural, and social aspects of coordinating the development of new rural areas, if our coun</p><p>　　Advantages to improve the rural consumer demand

40、and spending power</p><p>　　The level of public goods supply in rural areas directly affected the level of spending power of farmers and consumption demand because the vast majority of public goods in rural

41、areas are the necessity for peasants' work in agricultural production and life. Once the government or other public units' products cannot provide enough public goods to meet farmers' demands, peasants have t

42、o provide for themselves, which makes up the low efficiency of part of the public goods supply and enhance the bu</p><p>　　Promoting substantial development rural economy</p><p>　　The rural publ

43、ic goods and the public services are taken as the foundation and the essential condition for the rural economic development, the premise and the guarantee for the rural economy and sustainable development. Many rural are

44、as of our country exist obsolete agricultural water conservancy facilities, the inconvenient transportation, the expensive electricity price, the worn-out school building, the backward public health condition, lacking pu

45、blic conditions, safeguard, and public service</p><p>　　Promoting the stability and development of social politics</p><p>　　Solving the problem of insufficient rural public product supply is adv

46、antageous in eliminating the significant aspects of social contradiction and a social crisis in the social comprehensive reforming time. China is an agricultural nation of large size with big arable fields and numerous a

47、gricultural population, stability and advancement of rural areas, having the significant influence on the entire national and social development. </p><p>　　Since the foundation of the nation, in order to acc

48、elerate the economic development to realize the industrialization as soon as possible, China has practiced the urban-rural dual system, formulating the policy of public product supplies has satisfied the lowest public pr

49、oduct to need as the goal and the heavy urban light countryside, and this kind of difference policy of city and countryside in public product supplies caused the rural public product, to a certain extent, a serious defic

50、iency.</p><p>　　Unbalanced Reasons for Rural Public Product Supplement of China</p><p>　　China's current rural public goods and service supplies presently are under serious unbalanced condit

51、ions, especially along with the reform of rural taxes and fees, after implementing cancellations of the agricultural tax policy, causing the rural public goods the unbalanced supplies question being more prominent. The c

52、oncrete manifestation is not perfect in the rural infrastructure and the public services mechanism, such as the health system insufficiency, education backwardness; the farmers la</p><p>　　First, the main bo

53、dy of the rural public goods supply system is the government. Since long, the Chinese rural public goods system is unitary supplies mechanism with the government as the main body, particularly as lower rural management o

54、rganization's villages' and towns' government. But the government of villages and towns, whose finical power and the governance are asymmetrical, has small property rights but big governance. If the rural ele

55、mentary education, the birth control, the water and el</p><p>　　Second, government function in rural basic unit is dislocated. The government of rural basic unit's villages and towns plans and organizes

56、the village public utility and public utility's construction by state power's status, providing the public goods and the public services for the countryside, but because the villages and towns government has the

57、phenomenon of function dislocation, cannot provide the essential public services effectively to the countryside, causing the rural public goods syste</p><p>　　Third, mechanism of stimulating the farmers'

58、 participation in the public goods investment is lack. The household undertake the responsibility system to vacillate the collectivization time rural public goods system gradually, causing the rural public goods system t

59、o lose the economic basis. As a result of limited an unitary and supplies system, too much relies on government's investment, having not established the drive of farmer who adapts with the market economy, personal, t

60、he enterprise to put</p><p>　　Fourth, influence to rural public goods system was brought out after the reform of taxes and fees. Because our rural areas implement the public product supplies of the unitary s

61、ystem, the government takes the supplies as the main body. Therefore, implementing the taxes and fees reform in the countryside, after cancelling the agricultural tax, the county township pecuniary condition was more unb

62、alanced, weakened the rural public goods system ability. Moreover, after countryside taxes and fees ref</p><p>　　Countermeasures to solve the rural public services system question</p><p>　　Facin

63、g the present difficult position of China's rural public product and the public services supplies, promoting the ability and the responsibility of government's rural public services system, strengthening rural lo

64、wer management organization's function reforming, planning the urban and rural areas in the foundation to adopt the multiplex ways to provide the public services, the implementation integration and the multiplication

65、 unify supplies system, thus enhancing the efficiency of the rural </p><p>　　Promoting government's ability and responsibility in rural public services system</p><p>　　Speaking of the develo

66、ping country, the government is the important impelling force in modernization, taking the executor of the public authority, providing the public services is the important measurable to justify if government's abilit

67、y is strong or weak. Looking from the fact that some developed countries and the developing countries experience from the world that provides public products to the rural areas, the government should undertake the comple

68、tely responsibility and the duty, also rea</p><p>　　Strengthening the transformation of the management function of the rural basic unit government, enhancing the ability of the public product supplies</p&

69、gt;<p>　　In view of the transformation of the management function of the rural basic unit government, causing serious insufficient phenomenon of the rural public services vacancy and the rural public services syst

70、em, the rural basic unit government should carry on the role and the function localization positively, prominent public product supplies and service function and consciousness. As facing the countryside directly, which p

71、rovides the public services and services of countryside basic-level organiza</p><p>　　Establishing the public product supplies system of integration and multiplication</p><p>　　The so-called int

72、egration refers to the implementation of consistent supplies mechanism of the urban and rural areas; the so-called multiplication refers to the multiplication of the rural public services supplies' main body, the sup

73、plies way, and the fund raising channel. The integration is mainly the solution to the dual supplies mechanism question, providing the fair policy environment and the system platform for the urban and rural public servic

74、es' supplies, causing the urban and rural areas</p><p>　　(1) Main body of implementing multiplex rural public services system. As a result of the insufficiency of the finance ability of the rural basic u

75、nit government and the inherent limitation of government supplies efficiency, causing the sole government supplies that is not adapt to the advanced rural community's development demand. Therefore, constructing multi

76、plication rural public services system should be carried out according to the level and the nature of the rural public services. The main </p><p>　　(2) Forming fund procurement mechanism of multiplex rural p

77、ublic services. After the reform of taxes and fees, the reason that the rural public product presents the supplies to be short, a substantial clause is used to provide the public services the sources of fund mainly to re

78、ly on the government, when the government cannot collect the enough fund, definitely will affect the public product supplies. Therefore, it should go through the construction raising fund channel's multiplex mechanis

79、m, an</p><p>　　(3) To carry out supply ways of multiplex rural public goods system. The rural public goods system refers to how the supplies process organized by the main body of supplies the rural public go

80、ods. Along with the rural public goods system main body and the sources of fund channel's multiplication, the rural public goods system must be multiplication, mainly dividing into the direct supplies and the indirec

81、t supplies two forms. The direct supplies way refers to the government to provide the certai</p><p>　　(4) Establishing perfect supervising mechanism and discuss and introduce mechanism. The rural public good

82、s system's construction is also to establish the science reasonable evaluation criteria, adopting the opening transparent operator schema, guaranteeing the supervising mechanism and the appraisal mechanism validity o