房地產相關外文翻譯--通過房地產經紀人決定買房子

1、<p><b>　　中文3000字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）</p><p>　　外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Buying a House and the Decision to Use a Real Est

2、ate Broker</p><p>　　Introduction</p><p>　　What is it that residential real estate brokers do and why would a home buyer engage their services? As is often the case,answering this question is not

3、 a simple task. Home buyers who acquire their house through a broker do not purchase just a house--they also obtain the services of the broker. In other words, these buyers are consuming a bundled good. One dimension of

4、this good is lower search time, and thus lower search costs, associated with buying through a broker. Recent research (Baryla an</p><p>　　Buying through a broker also increases the supply of houses available

5、 to buyers, and provides buyers with information on the quality of different houses and the neighborhoods in which they are located. Brokers frequently help buyers identify sources of mortgage financing and property insu

6、rance, as well as assist buyers in recording the title.</p><p>　　All of these services suggest that brokers provide value added to buyers (in addition to providing a service to sellers), something that these

7、 buyers would be willing to pay for.Thus, this bundle of services and the house that is purchased would, intuitively, be priced higher than homes purchased without the assistance of a broker. Several studies (Janssen and

8、 Jobson, 1980; Jud and Frew, 1986) observe that buyers pay more for homes listed with brokers. It is not possible, however, to determine w</p><p>　　If search duration is affected by broker assistance, what a

9、bout price? This study attempts to answer these questions by developing an empirically testable model of broker choice.In the process, this study should provide important insights into the efficiency of the residential h

10、ousing market as well as the effectiveness of brokers as market intermediaries.</p><p>　　Specifically, this study examines the effects of a real estate broker by hypothesizing a two-stage process. In the fir

11、st step, a buyer decides whether to engage the services of a broker to assist with the search. Empirically, this decision is modeled as a probit equation,where the choice to use a broker is a function of such variables a

12、s the cause of the move (i.e., changes in the household, or work-related moves), the income, age, experience, and market knowledge of the buyer, and other buyer c</p><p>　　The second step is the purchase. He

13、re selling prices are modeled as a function of house characteristics, buyer characteristics, and whether the sale was broker-assisted. This approach should provide information about the determinants of housing prices. In

14、 particular，this model should allow us to determine whether the broker-assisted buyers and buyers for-sale-by-owner properties constitute segmented markets which would permit the maintenance of housing price differential

15、s.</p><p>　　This study uses cross-section data from a nationwide survey of recent home buyers and sellers conducted by the Research Division of the National Association of Realtors. This database includes bo

16、th broker-assisted sales and sales by owners, allowing an assessment of the impact of the real estate broker on selling price, and by implication, the value of the marketing services which brokers provide to sellers.<

17、/p><p>　　Our results indicate that indeed buyers who use brokers do pay more for their homes than those who do not buy through a broker. But our results also imply that it is not because these buyers have used

18、a broker. Rather, this group of buyers would have paid a higher price regardless of the means by which the purchase was consummated. These buyers have higher incomes, are more likely to be from out of town, are more like

19、ly to have employer assistance in the purchase--all factors that lead them to p</p><p>　　The layout of this study is as follows. The relevant literature is reviewed in section 2.In section 3, the data, varia

20、ble selection, and model are described. section 4 presents the empirical results, and the last section contains the conclusions of the study.</p><p>　　Literature review</p><p>　　A broad range of

21、 research has focused on the determinants of housing prices. These include traditional estimates of housing demand, hedonic modeling of housing prices, the determinants of the tradeoff between price and time on the marke

22、t, and models of the search process. Other literature has examined the role of real estate brokers and has focused on the impact of brokers on buyer search, or has examined the welfare and/or moral-hazard implications of

23、 broker intermediation. Few studies have tri</p><p>　　In one of the first empirical studies of broker choice, Janssen and Jobson (1980) find that real estate agents do have an impact on price. Using data fro

24、m the Canadian housing market, Janssen and Jobson's results indicate that with real estate firms of comparable size, brokers who list comparable properties for higher prices than competing brokers tend to realize sig

25、nificantly higher selling prices. The higher selling prices tend to be associated with transactions involving executive transfers a</p><p>　　In a study of the residential market, Jud (1983) estimates the dem

26、and for real estate brokerage services. Using housing transactions data from three urban areas in North Carolina, Jud finds that brokers do not affect the prices of the houses which they sell, although they do appear to

27、influence the level of housing consumed by buyers. In a subsequent study, Jud and Frew (1986), using different data, find that brokers do obtain higher prices for the homes they sell. Evidence is also presented tha</p

28、><p>　　More recent research by Turnbull and Sirmans (1993) examines the extent to which differences in information and search costs are related in housing prices. Using data from the Baton Rouge market area, Tu

29、rnbull and Sirmans compare the prices paid by first-time and out-of-town buyers to the prices paid for comparable housing by more knowledgeable, local and repeat homebuyers. Their results indicate that home prices are si

30、milar across buyers with different information sets and search Costs. Since t</p><p>　　Although selling prices are not compared, a study by Baryla and Zumpano (1995), for the first time, uses a national samp

31、le of broker-assisted and non-broker sales transactionsto assess the impact of intermediation by the agent on search effort. This study indicates that information asymmetries are present in the residential real estate ma

32、rket and that intermediation by agents does affect buyer search efforts. First-time buyers and out-of-town buyers search longer than more experienced and local </p><p>　　Data and methodology</p><p

33、>　　This study uses data from a nationwide survey of home buyers conducted by the National Association of Realtors in 1987. The survey, The Home Buying and Selling Process, was mailed to over 30,000 households. After e

34、liminating incomplete or faulty questionnaires, the database totaled 2,495 observations, all of which took place in 1986.</p><p>　　Table 1 displays summary statistics from the survey sample, categorized by w

35、hether the transaction was agent-assisted or non-agent-assisted. Table la displays agent usage based on differences in information and search costs among the buyers.</p><p>　　Evaluating the impact of the rea

36、l estate broker on prices paid by home buyers would seem, initially a straightforward process: One estimates a price equation using ordinary least squares, controlling for differences in housing characteristics (as in a

37、hedonic price model) and the impact of buyer characteristics on the price, including a dummy variable defined to indicate whether the buyer used a broker in the transaction. Or one could estimate separate equations for t

38、he broker-assisted and non-b</p><p>　　The presence of selection bias could imply a number of possibilities. One is that the bias exists, and that after taking into account the self-selection by these buyers,

39、 housing prices are still higher for the group using a broker (as indicated by the coefficient of the broker variable). This result would imply that there are two separate residential real estate markets: one for broker-

40、assisted properties, and the second for the for-sale-by-owner (FSBO) properties.This separation could permit th</p><p>　　The choice of whether to use a broker and its subsequent effect on price is modeled us

41、ing a Heckman two-stage model. In the first stage, a probit equation is employed to model the decision to choose a real estate broker. The decision is modeled as a function of eight variables. Buyer income (AINC) is empl

42、oyed as a measure of the opportunity cost of search. It has already been shown that buyer search duration can be reduced by working with a real estate broker. If higher income buyers have higher</p><p>　　Sou

43、rce: Leonard V.Zumpano,Harold W.Elder,Edward A.Baryla.1996. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics. Academic Publishers,13:169-181.</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　通過房地產經紀人決定買房子&l

44、t;/p><p><b>　　簡介</b></p><p>　　房地產經紀人究竟是做什么的，為什么購房者會激發(fā)他們的服務呢？在通常情況下，這是一個不容易回答的問題。其實購房者在通過經紀人買房子的過程中買到的不僅僅是房子，而同時是在取得經紀人的服務。換言之，這些購買者通過經紀人擁有了一個很好的的購房途徑。通過經紀人購買房子的一個好處就是可以減少搜尋房子的時間，從而降低了買房

45、過程中的成本。最近的研究認為（巴雷拉和祖帕諾, 1995），通過房地產經紀人買房子，大大提高了購房者購房的效益，因為這樣這些購房者在尋找房子的過程中更有可能找到稱心如意的房子。</p><p>　　通過經紀人買房子增加了可供購房者選擇的房源，購房者還可以向經紀人提出自己對房子的要求，如要求的房屋的質量以及希望房屋的街道位置。經紀人經常會記錄買家的信息并協(xié)助買家辦理按揭融資和財產保險服務。</p>&

46、lt;p>　　這些服務都表明，經紀人向買家提供了額外的有價值的服務（除了向賣方提供服務），有時候，那些買家愿意支付那些額外的費用。因此，包含這些服務的房屋的銷售價格會高于無經紀人協(xié)助置業(yè)的房屋的價格。一些學者注意到買家對于那些業(yè)主代理上市的房子會支付更多。然而，要確定這是否適用于整個住宅市場是不可能的，因為研究這一點要依靠當地的數據資料。較高的價格預示著買家相對于那些直接出售的房子更愿意較多支付那些業(yè)主代理上市的房子。另外，來自自

47、有產權出售的競爭可能會阻止賣家以高價的形式將委托成本傳遞給買家。因此，問題是業(yè)主輔助銷售是否會導致價格的提高。</p><p>　　如果購房者是在經紀人的協(xié)助下搜尋房子的，那么價格會是怎么樣呢？本文嘗試從經紀人選擇的發(fā)展經驗檢驗模式來回答這些問題。在這個過程中，本文對整個住宅市場的效率以及經紀中介市場的有效性提供了重要的見解。</p><p>　　具體來說，本文探討的是在以兩階段進程的假設

48、條件下對一個房地產經紀人的影響。第一步，買方決定是否聘請一個協(xié)助搜尋房屋的服務經紀人。根據經驗，這個是由普羅比模型方程決定的，而收入，年齡，經驗和對買方市場的認識，以及其他買主的特點都將作為變量引起函數的移動（即改變在家庭或工作有關方面的移動），從而影響買方是否選擇使用代理。</p><p>　　第二步是購買。在這里房屋的銷售價格是根據房屋的特色，購買者的喜好，以及是否需要提供經紀協(xié)助而確定的。這種方法需要提供相

49、關決定因素的信息才能確定住宅的價格。尤其，這個模型可以讓我們確定買家是否可以接受代理協(xié)助房屋與業(yè)主自行出售房屋之間的差價。</p><p>　　本文參考了美國房地產經紀人協(xié)會研究部對全國購房者和銷售者所進行的調查的數據。該數據包括了房地產經紀人對經紀輔助銷售和業(yè)主銷售的兩種模式在影響銷售價格方面的評估，并揭示了經紀人為賣方所提供的營銷服務的價值。</p><p>　　我們的研究結果表明，通

50、過經紀人買房的買家的確要比不通過經紀人的買家支付更多的費用。但我們的結果也同樣表明，支付更多的費用并不是單單因為使用了經紀人。相反的，這類買家無論以何種方式購買房子都會比其他買家花更多的錢。導致他們花更多錢的因素是：可能這些購買者的收入很高，可能他們來自其他地方，也可能是受別人的雇傭而這么做，更有可能的是他們通過經紀人來購買自己的房子從而使自己的房子升值。當這些買家決定使用經紀人來買房時，他們也并不打算為此而付更多的錢，并且有一些證據表

51、明，他們實際支付的錢比不使用經紀人協(xié)助的買家要來的少。</p><p>　　本文的布局如下：第2部分回顧有關文獻，第3部分對數據、變量選擇和模型進行描述，第4部分用實例證明結果，最后一部分記載本文的結論。</p><p><b>　　文獻綜述</b></p><p>　　大多數文獻都集中的在研究房價的決定因素，包括對住房需求，住房價格，以及價格

52、和時間之間的關系的研究。當然也有一部分文獻研究了房地產經紀人的作用，經紀人對購房者買房的深遠影響，以及利益和道德對經紀中介的影響。但很少有研究試圖衡量房地產經紀人對住房市場的直接影響，因為在如今的工作中往往會產生很多與研究文獻相矛盾的結果。在某種程度上，這些不同的結果可能反映了數據的可用性問題，因為幾乎所有的這些早期研究都以本地數據為依據，并且所抽取的樣本的數量又往往很少，因此很難一概而論來衡量房地產經紀人對住房市場的直接影響。<

53、/p><p>　　詹森和喬布森(1980)在關于經紀人選擇的第一個實證研究中發(fā)現，房地產經紀人也會對價格產生影響。分析了來自加拿大的房屋市場數據后，詹森和喬布森表明，在一定規(guī)模的房地產企業(yè)，對于同類物業(yè)經紀人會比競爭者列出更高的價格從而實現銷售價格的顯著提高。較高的售價往往與行政轉讓和經紀人安排的再融資有關。這些結果可能反過來說明對于那些不了解當地市場信息并且對價格缺乏敏感的買家，經紀人能賣出高價格。亞瓦斯和科維爾（

54、1994）認為至少在一定程度上賣方想通過經紀人來控制價格。</p><p>　　喬德（1983）憑借其在住宅市場的研究，他估計了房地產經紀服務的作用。根據來自北卡羅來納州的三個城市的住房交易數據，喬德認為，經紀人不影響他們出售的房屋的銷售價格，即使他們似乎影響了購房者的住房消費水平。但在之后的研究中，喬德和弗瑞（1986）使用了不同的數據后發(fā)現經紀人能將房子賣到更高的價格。同時也證實了有經紀人協(xié)助的買家市場要比非

55、經紀協(xié)助的買家市場大。根據以上的結果他們得出了這樣的結論，他們認為在完全沒有信息的市場中經紀人起到了類似廣告的作用。</p><p>　　近期特恩布爾和錫爾曼斯(1993)在調查不同的信息量和搜尋成本與房價的關系。根據巴吞魯日的市場數據，恩布爾和錫爾曼斯把第一次購房的買房者出示的價格和有著大量的信息量并且有廣闊的購買市場的外鎮(zhèn)買房者出示的價格進行了比較。經過比較后他們發(fā)現，房價在不同的信息量和不同搜尋成本的買家中

56、是相近的。恩布爾和錫爾曼斯的結論針對的是現有的經紀機構，如大聯(lián)盟，成功地消除了信息不對稱的影響，從而提高了住房市場的效益。</p><p>　　盡管巴雷拉和祖帕諾（1995）的首次研究沒有比較銷售價格，而是對經紀人輔助交易和非經紀人銷售交易進行調查研究。這項研究表明住宅房地產市場的信息是不對稱的，而且買方代理中介確實會影響房屋的搜尋工作。同時研究還表明，房地產經紀人確實可以減少幾乎所有類型消費者的買方過程的時間，

57、無論是第一次買房的，買房經驗豐富的，本地的購房者或者是外地的。</p><p><b>　　數據和方法</b></p><p>　　本文使用來自由美國房地產經紀人協(xié)會在1987年對全國的購房者進行的調查數據。調查結果顯示，在整個房屋購買和銷售過程中，是郵寄到超過30000戶人家的。在排除不完整或錯誤的問卷調查，共計2495觀測數據庫，所有這些都發(fā)生在1986年。<

58、;/p><p>　　表1匯總統(tǒng)計顯示，從調查樣本中，對有關交易是否代理不協(xié)助或代理輔助進行分類。香格里拉表顯示購房者之間的信息和搜尋成本的差異。</p><p>　　選擇性偏見的存在可能暗示了一些可能性。其中之一是偏見存在，并且在考慮到這些購房者的自我選擇，使用一個代理集團的房價仍較高（由代理的變量系數表示）。這一結果將意味著有兩個不同的住宅房地產市場：經紀輔助為其中之一，如果選擇存在偏差，住

59、房價格的經紀屬性就越高，價格差異可能是由于購房者傾向使用經紀人來購買他們的房子。如果沒有選擇性偏見存在，價格較高的價值可能是由通過經紀人買房的購買者來補充。</p><p>　　赫克曼兩階段模型是是否使用代理及其后續(xù)效應對價格的影響。在第一階段，采用概率方程來模擬決定選擇一個房地產經紀人。這一決定被建模成一個八變量的函數。買方收入作為搜索的機會成本。它已被證明，通過房地產經紀人可以減少買方搜尋期間的工作。如果收入