土建專業(yè)外文翻譯5

1、<p><b>　　MEDU</b></p><p>　　First, optimize the design of the impact of construction investment…………………3</p><p>　　Second, optimizing the design of the operation of the causes of d

2、ifficult ……………5</p><p>　　Three, do a good job of optimizing the design Suggestions……………………………7</p><p><b>　　目錄</b></p><p>　　一、優(yōu)化設(shè)計對建設(shè)投資的影響……………………………………………………3</p>

3、<p>　　二、優(yōu)化設(shè)計運作困難的成因………………………………………………………5</p><p>　　三、搞好優(yōu)化設(shè)計的幾點建議………………………………………………………7</p><p>　　On the optimization of design and engineering </p><p>　　construction inve

4、stment control </p><p>　　論優(yōu)化設(shè)計與工程建設(shè)投資控制</p><p>　　Investment control of construction projects are of concern to investors in each one of the important contents.On construction projects, the inves

5、tment in control throughout the entire process of project construction. Investment from the current control point of view, through the project proposal and feasibility study stage to estimate the investment and project a

6、pproval of the implementation of corporate accountability, investment scale has been effectively controlled, the kind of investment, as</p><p>　　建設(shè)項目投資控制是每個投資者所關(guān)心的重要內(nèi)容之一。就工程項目建設(shè)而言，投資控制貫穿于項目建設(shè)的全過程。從目前的投資控制來看，

7、通過對項目建議書和可行性研究階段投資估算的審批和項目法人負責制的實行，投資規(guī)模得到了有效控制，象以前那種投資無底洞，工期馬拉松的現(xiàn)象已基本杜絕。設(shè)計階段通過限額設(shè)計，使設(shè)計概算超投資估算的現(xiàn)象得到了基本控制。施工階段通過招標投標和施工監(jiān)理的全面推行，使工程預(yù)算投資得到了合理的確定和有效控制，通過造價咨詢服務(wù)部門和審計部門對工程結(jié)算和決算的審核，剔除了其中的不合理部分，使該階段的投資也得到了應(yīng)有的控制。但如何通過優(yōu)化設(shè)計來有效控制投資 ，

8、尚未得到廣泛重視。</p><p>　　First, optimize the design of the impact of construction investment</p><p>　　一、優(yōu)化設(shè)計對建設(shè)投資的影響</p><p>　　Design a direct impact on investment</p><p>　　1.

9、設(shè)計方案直接影響投資</p><p>　　Construction process including project decision-making, project design and implementation of the project three major stages. Investment in control of the key decision-making and the desig

10、n stage, and make investment decisions in the project, its key is the design. According to the research analysis, design fee, generally speaking, only the equivalent of construction project life-cycle cost of 1% or less,

11、 but it is this less than 1% of the cost of investment is as high as 75% more than single pro</p><p>　　2. Designed indirectly affect the quality of investment </p><p>　　2.設(shè)計質(zhì)量間接影響投資</p>&

12、lt;p>　　According to statistics, the quality of the project at the many reasons for the accident, the design of the majority accounted for 40.1% duty, ranking first.Many building products because of the lack of optimum

13、 design, and feature set appears unreasonable, the impact of normal use; some design drawings of poor quality, professional design contradictions between, resulting in rework construction, lay-off phenomenon, and some ca

14、used by quality defects and security hidden dangers to the country and</p><p>　　據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在工程質(zhì)量事故的眾多原因中，設(shè)計責任多數(shù)占40.1%，居第一位。不少建筑產(chǎn)品由于缺乏優(yōu)化設(shè)計，而出現(xiàn)功能設(shè)置不合理，影響正常使用；有的設(shè)計圖紙質(zhì)量差，專業(yè)設(shè)計之間相互 矛盾，造成施工返工、停工的現(xiàn)象，有的造成質(zhì)量缺陷和安全隱患，給國家和人民帶來巨

15、大損失，造成投資的極大消費。震驚全國的寧波大橋事故就是這方面的典型例證。</p><p>　　The design of program impact recurrent costs</p><p>　　3.設(shè)計方案影響經(jīng)常性費用</p><p>　　Designed to optimize the impact of project construction is

16、 not only a one-time investment, but also the impact of the use phase of the recurrent costs, such as HVAC, lighting energy consumption, cleaning, maintenance, repair fees, one-time investment and recurrent costs must ha

17、ve the inverse relationship, but by optimizing the design of efforts to seek the best combination of both to enable the projects to the construction of the lowest life-cycle costs.</p><p>　　優(yōu)化設(shè)計不僅影響項目建設(shè)的一次性投

18、資，而且還影響使用階段的經(jīng)常性費用，如暖通、照明的能源消耗、清潔、保養(yǎng)、維修費等，一次性投資與經(jīng)常性費用有一定的反比關(guān)系，但通過優(yōu)化設(shè)計可努力尋求這兩者的最佳結(jié)合，使項目建設(shè)的全壽命費用最低。</p><p>　　Second, optimizing the design of the operation of the causes of difficult </p><p>　　優(yōu)化設(shè)計

19、運作困難的成因</p><p>　　1.Government department director of the Optimal Design of monitoring ineffective</p><p>　　政府主管部門對優(yōu)化設(shè)計監(jiān)控不力</p><p>　　A long time, developed a design of owner responsi

20、bility, design quality and design units to guard the pass from the concept of the design department director the results of a lack of the necessary assessment and evaluation, and some drawings joint hearing alone to find

21、 some simple questions that only such a major technical issues to come to be held accountable, while the program is the economic question, and even less. In addition, the design of market management is not enough leapfro

22、g, undocume</p><p>　　長期以來，形成了一種設(shè)計對業(yè)主負責，設(shè)計質(zhì)量由設(shè)計單位自行把關(guān)的觀念，主管部門對 設(shè)計成果缺乏必要的考核與評價，有的僅靠圖紙會審來發(fā)現(xiàn)一些簡單問題，只有等出現(xiàn)了大 的技術(shù)問題才來追究責任，而方案的經(jīng)濟性則問及更少。另外，對設(shè)計市場管理不夠，越級、無證、掛靠設(shè)計時有發(fā)生，從而導致設(shè)計質(zhì)量下降，加之由于設(shè)計工作的特殊性，不同的項目有各自的特點，所以針對不同項目優(yōu)化設(shè)計的成果

23、缺乏明確的定性考核指標。</p><p>　　2. Optimize the owners do not have a strong sense of design</p><p>　　業(yè)主要求優(yōu)化設(shè)計的意識不強</p><p>　　At present, the owners tend to focus on control of investment on th

24、e construction aspect, but has not placed enough emphasis on the design aspect.he reasons: First, the design of the impact of recognition of the importance of investment is not enough to engage only see the construction

25、tender, the tender price must be less than the bid price, the construction units to let, etc., not knowing the optimal design will bring about greater savings; The second is not a good selection and design units, </p&

26、gt;<p>　　目前，業(yè)主往往把投資的控制重心放在施工環(huán)節(jié)上，而對設(shè)計環(huán)節(jié)重視不夠。其原因：一是對設(shè)計對投資影響的重要性認識不夠，只看到搞施工招標，投標價要低于標底價、施工單位 要讓利等，殊不知設(shè)計方案的優(yōu)化會帶來更大的節(jié)約；二是無法很好地選擇設(shè)計單位，因為在設(shè)計前業(yè)主不知道誰能優(yōu)化到什么程度。有些項目設(shè)計雖通過招投標，但此時方案不細， 概算粗略，很難來綜合評定；三是業(yè)主由于專業(yè)知識上的限制，對設(shè)計方案難以從優(yōu)化擾的角度

27、提出要求或疑義；四是有些業(yè)主經(jīng)濟實力雄厚擾，項目建設(shè)趕時髦，求新穎，根本不提優(yōu)化要求；五是有些業(yè)主自身對工程應(yīng)具備的功能要求及應(yīng)達到的目標不明確，隨意性 大，要求出圖時間緊，又壓低設(shè)計收費，從而也影響了優(yōu)化設(shè)計的開展。3.Optimize the design to carry out the lack of the necessary pressure and power </p><p>　　3.優(yōu)化設(shè)計的

28、開展缺乏必要的壓力和動力</p><p>　　Designed because of the current operators are often based on the relationship between the lack of fair competition, so the design of the unit level the focus is not technology improve o

29、n the design as long as the guarantee that no major quality problems, the program is good or bad, high and low cost, has little to do, Optimize the design so that the loss of pressure. Now because of the design fee was b

30、ased on the area or by the terms of the proportion of the cost of admission, almost conservatio</p><p>　　由于目前的設(shè)計經(jīng)營往往憑的是關(guān)系，缺乏公平競爭，所以設(shè)計單位的重心不在技術(shù)水平的提高上，設(shè)計只要保證不出大的質(zhì)量問題，方案的好壞、造價的高低，關(guān)系不大，使優(yōu)化設(shè)計 失去壓力。由于現(xiàn)在的設(shè)計收費是按面積或按

31、造價的比例計取，幾乎跟投資的節(jié)約和設(shè)計質(zhì) 量的優(yōu)劣無關(guān)，導致對設(shè)計方案不認真進行經(jīng)濟分析，而是追求高標準，或為保險起見，隨意加大安全系數(shù)，造成投資浪費。相反，設(shè)計單位即使花費了較多的人力、物力，優(yōu)化了設(shè)計方案，給業(yè)主節(jié)約了投資，但也不能得到應(yīng)有的報酬，有時設(shè)計費反而變少了，從而挫傷了優(yōu)化設(shè)計的積極性。4.優(yōu)化設(shè)計運行的機制不夠完善.</p><p>　　Designed to optimize the opera

32、tion need to have a good mechanism as a guarantee.And the current situation, there was a lack of fair market competition mechanism design, the design of the tender can not be extended and deepened, places, industry, depa

33、rtment protection seriously; Second, twist the pricing mechanism, optimize the prices should not; three mechanisms are weak laws and regulations.</p><p>　　優(yōu)化設(shè)計的運行需有良好的機制作為保證。而目前的狀況，一是缺乏公平的設(shè)計市場競爭機 制，設(shè)計招標未能得到推

34、廣和深化，地方、行業(yè)、部門保護嚴重；二是價格機制扭曲，優(yōu)化 不能優(yōu)價；三是法律法規(guī)機制薄弱。</p><p>　　Three, do a good job of optimizing the design Suggestions</p><p>　　三、搞好優(yōu)化設(shè)計的幾點建議</p><p>　　The competent authorities should be

35、 strengthened to optimize the design of monitoring </p><p>　　1.主管部門應(yīng)加強對優(yōu)化設(shè)計工作的監(jiān)控</p><p>　　In order to ensure optimization of the design work carried out by government departments began to enforc

36、e, through the design of the outcome of conducting a comprehensive review before implementation. As the "Construction Quality Management Ordinance", one of the supporting document "Construction Design Inte

37、rim Measures for document review," the Ministry of Construction has been building [2000] No. 41, promulgated text, it will control the implementation of Designed to provide an important guara</p><p>　　為

38、保證優(yōu)化設(shè)計工作的進行，開始可由政府主管部門來強制執(zhí)行，通過對設(shè)計成果進行全面審查后方可實施。作為《建設(shè)工程質(zhì)量管理條例》的配套文件之一的《建筑工程施工圖設(shè)計 文件審查暫行辦法》已由建設(shè)部建設(shè)［2000］41號文頒布施行，它的實施將對控制設(shè)計質(zhì)量提供重要保證。但《辦法》規(guī)定的審查主要是針對設(shè)計單位的資質(zhì)、設(shè)計收費、建設(shè)手續(xù)、 規(guī)范的執(zhí)行情況、新材料新工藝的推廣應(yīng)用等方面的內(nèi)容，缺乏對方案的經(jīng)濟性及功能的合 理性方面的審查要求，所以建設(shè)主

39、管部門在執(zhí)行《辦法》的同時，應(yīng)增加人員配備和審查力度，對設(shè)計成果進行全面審查。第二，應(yīng)加強對設(shè)計市場的管理力度，嚴格通過資質(zhì)管理、人員注冊、設(shè)計招標、圖紙審查等環(huán)節(jié)來規(guī)范設(shè)計市場，減少黑市設(shè)計。第三，利用主管部門的職能，總結(jié)推廣標準規(guī)范、標準設(shè)計、公布合理的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟指標及考核指標，為優(yōu)化設(shè)計的進行提供良好服務(wù)。</p><p>　　2.To speed up the design and supervision

40、work in the promotion of</p><p>　　2.加快設(shè)計監(jiān)理工作的推廣</p><p>　　Optimize the design of the implementation of surveillance by the Government alone can not meet the requirements of social development, de

41、sign and supervision has become owner. Through the design and supervision units can be designed to break their control over their own single situation. Therefore, the department director should do a good job of the Gover

42、nment Commissioner at the same time, on the one hand, design and supervision should be set up as soon as possible qualification unit approval c</p><p>　　優(yōu)化設(shè)計工作的推行，僅靠政府監(jiān)控還不能滿足社會發(fā)展的要求，設(shè)計監(jiān)理已成為形勢所迫 ，業(yè)主所需。通過設(shè)計監(jiān)理可

43、打破設(shè)計單位自己控制自己的單一局面。因此，主管部門應(yīng)在 搞好政府監(jiān)理的同時，一方面應(yīng)盡快建立設(shè)計監(jiān)理單位資質(zhì)的審批條件，加強設(shè)計監(jiān)理人才 的培訓考核和注冊，制定設(shè)計監(jiān)理工作的責職、收費標準等；另一方面通過行政手段來保證 設(shè)計監(jiān)理的廣度，為設(shè)計監(jiān)理的社會化的提供條件。</p><p>　　Designed to establish the necessary mechanism of competition &l

44、t;/p><p>　　3.建立必要的設(shè)計競爭機制</p><p>　　Designed in order to ensure fair competition in the market, design the operation of the bidding process should be used, although in early 1984, the then State Deve

45、lopment Planning Commission and the Environmental Protection Department of urban and rural construction will be issued "Interim Measures for the bidding process engineering design", in 1995 the Ministry of Cons

46、truction No. 230 text published "Urban Architecture Design campaign management approach", the new award's "Tendering" is also p</p><p>　　為保證設(shè)計市場的公平競爭，設(shè)計經(jīng)營也應(yīng)采用招標投標，雖然早在1984年，當時國家計委 和城鄉(xiāng)

47、建設(shè)環(huán)境保護部就印發(fā)《工程設(shè)計招標投標暫行辦法》，1995年建設(shè)部230號文印發(fā)了《城市建筑方案設(shè)計競選管理辦法》，新頒的《招標投標法》中也規(guī)定符合條件的項目的 勘察設(shè)計必須招標，但實際招標項目的量一直很少，只占總項目的10%左右(不同的地區(qū)其 比例可能有所不同)，即使采用招標的項目，其招標體系不完善評標方法不健全，缺乏公平競爭性，因此應(yīng)完善設(shè)計招投標的相關(guān)環(huán)節(jié)。首先，應(yīng)成立合法的設(shè)計招標代理機構(gòu)；其次，各地方主管部門應(yīng)建立相應(yīng)的規(guī)定，

48、符合條件的項目必須招標；第三，業(yè)主對擬建項目應(yīng)有明確的功能及投資要求，有編制完整的招標文件；第四，招標時應(yīng)對投標單位的資質(zhì)信譽等方面進行必要的資格審查；第五，應(yīng)設(shè)立健全的評標機構(gòu)合理的建設(shè)評標方法，以保證設(shè) 計單位公平競爭，并限制業(yè)主在項目上的隨意性?！　?lt;/p><p>　　Designed to enhance the competitiveness of units, in the internal m

49、anagement should be put on design quality linked with the personal benefits to designers to strengthen economic concepts, the technical and economic unity, and change the previous design process does not settle the accou

50、nts, design the end of the phenomenon known estimates , draw a balance disturbance by the operator into a draw disturbance, and director, chief engineer with the Cost Engineercommon control design process. 設(shè)計單</p&

51、gt;<p>　　Improve relevant laws and regulations</p><p>　　4.完善相應(yīng)的法律法規(guī)</p><p>　　Designed to optimize the promotion must also have laws and regulations as a guarantee, there are "Contrac

52、t Law", "Construction Law", "Construction Quality Management Ordinance" and other projects in the norms, but these are are from the overall project construction starting on the design specificati

53、on was not specific enough, so for better supervision and management of design work, but also to establish and improve relevant laws and regulations, such as design and supervision, design tendering, </p><p>

54、;　　5. Designed to optimize the comprehensive job 5.注意優(yōu)化設(shè)計工作的綜合性 By optimizing the design to control the investment is a comprehensive problem, should not one-sided emphasis on investment in conservation, it is ne

55、cessary to correctly handle the technical and economic unity of opposites is the key to control the investment aspect. Designed not only to oppose the one-sided emphasis on savings, to ignore the reasonable demands of te

56、chnically, so that projects tend to fail to function, but also </p><p>　　通過優(yōu)化設(shè)計來控制投資是一個綜合性問題，不能片面強調(diào)節(jié)約投資，要正確處理技術(shù)與經(jīng) 濟的對立統(tǒng)一是控制投資的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。設(shè)計中既要反對片面強調(diào)節(jié)約，忽視技術(shù)上的合理要求，使項目達不到功能的傾向，又要反對重視技術(shù)，輕經(jīng)濟、設(shè)計保守浪費的現(xiàn)象。設(shè)計人員要用價值工程的原理來進行