外文文獻及翻譯空調(diào)節(jié)能技術的研究

1、<p><b>　　中文4160字</b></p><p><b>　　英文原文</b></p><p>　　How Air Conditionersenergy conservation technology research</p><p>　　1. Introductions </p><

2、;p>　　The energy conservation may say is the building character automatic control system starting point and the home to return to. It is well known, in the intelligent construction, HVAC (heating, ventilates and air co

3、nditioning) the system consumes to have to occupy the building consumption total energy enormous partial proportions, approximately about 50% ~60%. Specially cold: East the unit, the cooling tower, the circulating water

4、pump and the air conditioning unit, the new atmosphere unit, all are</p><p>　　DDC (Directdigitalcontr01) the direct of numerical control, is a structure simple operation easy control device, it may borrow by

5、 the connection switches over the equipment to make the systems control along with the load change, like the air conditioning cold water circulatory system, the air conditioning box frequency conversion automatic amount

6、of wind adjustment and the cooling tower radiation ventilator frequency conversion holds controls and so on, may let an air-conditioning system more ef</p><p>　　The general building commonly used air-conditi

7、oning system has CAV, VAV, VWV and so on, respectively has differently holds controls the way, all may use DDC to control.</p><p>　　1） decides the amount of wind system (ConstantAirVolume, is called CAV).<

8、;/p><p>　　Decides certainly the amount of wind system the amount of wind which blows out for the air conditioner certainly, provides coldly (is warm) the gas which the air conditioning region needs. When air co

9、nditioning region load variation, then changes the blast temperature to deal with in the room to shoulder, and achieves the maintenance indoor temperature to the comfortable area request. The commonly used central air-co

10、nditioning system is AHU (air conditioner) and the cooling water pipe system (th</p><p>　　2）changes the amount of wind system (VAV)</p><p>　　Changes the amount of wind system (VarlableAirVolume,

11、 is called VAV) is the air conditioner (AHU or FCU) may move changes the amount of wind. The commonly used central air-conditioning system is AHU (air conditioner) and the cooling water pipe system FCU system. These two

12、generally decides the amount of wind (CAV) to supply the air conditioning area, in order to deal with in the room the partial loads change, decides the amount of wind system in AHU to change warm by the air conditioner b

13、lows of</p><p>　　3）changes the current capacity system (VWV)</p><p>　　So-called changes the current capacity system (VariableWaterVolume, is called VWV), is enhances the heat source machine by t

14、he certain water temperature supply air conditioner the efficiency, but changes by the special water pump delivers the water volume, while convenient achieves saves the effect which the water pump uses electricity. Chang

15、es the water volume system to depend on the water pump to the water pump system energy conservation efficiency the control mode and the VWV use proportion b</p><p>　　In recent years, the our country majority

16、 of areas, in particular southeast the coastal area summer the air conditioning energy consumption suddenly was rising, the air conditioning uses electricity the tendency which increases sharply to cause the electrical n

17、etwork power supply to be intense. Statistics have indicated, our country every year the burning hot season air conditioning consumed the electricity to occupy 1/3 in recent years which the entire society uses electricit

18、y, the massive elec</p><p>　　The power load gap increases, the electric power supply tense aspect with difficulty obtains in recent years relaxes. Therefore, energy conservation in particular electricity sav

19、ing, not only has the significant social significance moreover to have the urgent practical significance. Positively studies the development promotion green environmental protection new air conditioning technology and th

20、e equipment, the suppression air conditioning energy consumption increases, has become the building wa</p><p>　　In our telecommunication production, air conditioning energy conservation supervisory work weak

21、er, the energy waste phenomenon is serious, therefore strengthens air conditioning the maintenance management and the technological transformations, may achieve the energy conservation the goal.</p><p>　　2.

22、Air conditioning energy conservation system research survey</p><p>　　1) Through the load control, achieves the energy conservation goal. (a) The burning hot season new atmosphere load occupies the entire col

23、d load 25-40%, reduces the new atmosphere load, reduces the new atmosphere energy consumption, the choice smallest essential new amount of wind, also can achieve the goal. But the new amount of wind smallest supply on th

24、e one hand the country had the standard, moreover the new amount of wind insufficient will affect the air quality, will endanger the human bod</p><p>　　2) gathers can the air conditioning. Gathers coldly thr

25、ough the ice, avoids the daytime to use electricity the peak, at night stores up the air conditioning freezing water refrigeration, daytime does not start the air conditioning main engine only to use the aqueous system t

26、o circulate. This method itself certainly does not conserve energy the province electricity, but optimized the electrical network power supply, to already implemented the time sharing electrovalence the area, played &quo

27、t;to econo</p><p>　　3) water source heat pump. Is opposite says to the air and the soil, the water is the most ideal spatial transfer cold heat source, the water source heat pump also therefore has the envir

28、onmental protection, is highly effective, the energy conservation and so on the multitudinous merit, but our country water source heat pump engineering research is not very mature, compares with some developed countries

29、also has the certain disparity. At the same time, the water source heat pump although has ver</p><p>　　4) In the central air-conditioning system individually consumes energy the equipment energy conservation

30、 transformation. (a) Air blower and water pump general frequency changer velocity modulation energy conservation, this is at present uses more technologies. This method simple practical, electricity saving effect obvious

31、, but product and so on water pump, air blower is the system auxiliary engine partially, occupies the overall system energy consumption approximately is 40%, therefore the exca</p><p>　　5) the dynamic load t

32、rack energy conservation control system take the entire central air-conditioning system as a body, unceasingly changes the condition according to the air conditioning area load, through changes in the main engine and the

33、 circulatory system various parameters movement change situation, the lock following load change, realizes in meets the load need under the premise the prompt quota supplies cold quantity, namely achieves "according

34、 to must supply", basically achieved "does n</p><p>　　3. Dynamic loads tracks energy conservation control plan</p><p>　　The traditional central air-conditioning system adjustment plan

35、is: Uses the permanent current capacity pattern or the heat sink side permanent current capacity but the load side changes the current capacity pattern, the system must shoulder is according to the biggest load, the wors

36、t meteorological condition and the worst use working conditions designs, when actual moves 50% above time, the system must shoulder all below 50%, the existence has the enormous energy dissipation. Also when shoulder<

37、/p><p>　　This research topic will abandon the former control plan, will recognize, the servo-control system theory, the intelligence control system theory take the model as the foundation, will unify with the c

38、entral air conditioning main engine refrigeration technology and the cold intermediary circulatory system control, take the frequency conversion technology as the assistance method, the realization central air conditioni

39、ng entire system whole coordination movement and the overall performance optimi</p><p>　　1) circulatory system energy conservation: By the system angle, through to the terminal load parameter, the central ai

40、r conditioning main engine, the auxiliary engine movement operating mode change, the gathering temperature, the pressure and so on the many kinds of coefficient of variation, then through the load move computation, the c

41、hange system freezing water current capacity, the cooling water current capacity and the cooling tower air blower amount of wind adapts the air conditioning load </p><p>　　Because the cooling water system us

42、es the best transfer efficiency control, had guaranteed the central air conditioning main engine in the full load and in the partial load situation, is at the best active status, throughout maintains the best energy use

43、factor (namely the COP value), thus reduced the air conditioning main engine energy consumption, simultaneously because the cooling water pump and the cooling tower air blower frequently in are lower than under the fixed

44、 load to move, also maxim</p><p>　　2) Auxiliary engine energy conservation: Each kind pumps the kind (freezing to pump, cold water pump, air blower and so on) the movement energy conservation. Use has the sp

45、ace vector control the frequency conversion velocity modulation way, changes the proportioning pump the variable displacement pump. Auxiliary engine energy conservation many to 40% .</p><p>　　3) optimizes th

46、e auxiliary engine movement pattern: Generally when full load pumping machine needs the full speed movement, has not conserved energy the space, but uses the redundant technology and the frequency conversion technology u

47、nifies, the proportioning pump and the variable displacement pump coordinate, the optimized movement pattern, may cause the auxiliary engine unit to synthesize the energy conservation.</p><p>　　4) multi- par

48、ameters non-linearity control: This system for multi- parameters, when changes, the nonlinear system, take the computer as the control method, designs a set to have from seeks the stable security control system which the

49、 superior auto-adapted intelligent control, the function consummates.</p><p>　　This central air conditioning dynamic load track energy conservation control system, with the central air-conditioning system ne

50、cessary use, may realize the central air-conditioning system highly effective energy conservation, the effect is remarkable. After the theoretical calculation, compares with the permanent current capacity central air-con

51、ditioning system, whole year the average electricity saving rate may reach 20%-30%. This project technology content is high, is the collection warmly pa</p><p>　　4. forecasts equipment system invests the mar

52、ket, if every year has will surpass 200 sets of products completely to install is bigger than 50,000 m2 in the floor space in the commercial construction central air conditioning engine room, it saves the electric quanti

53、ty to be equal to every year newly built 50,000 kW power plant, decrease the peak will use electricity to the summer electrical network also plays certainly alleviates the role, truly will realize the society sustainable

54、 coordinated de</p><p><b>　　空調(diào)節(jié)能技術的研究</b></p><p><b>　　1．引言 </b></p><p>　　節(jié)能可以說是樓字自動控制系統(tǒng)的出發(fā)點和歸宿。眾所周知，在智能建筑中，HVAC(采暖、通風和空調(diào))系統(tǒng)所耗費的能量要占到大樓消耗的總能量的極大部分比例，大致在50％~60

55、％左右。特別是冷凍機組、冷卻塔、循環(huán)水泵和空調(diào)機組、新風機組，都是耗能大戶。所以實有必要發(fā)展一種有效的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)節(jié)能方法，尤其用是在改善現(xiàn)有大樓空調(diào)系統(tǒng)自動化上方面。</p><p>　　DDC(Directdigitalcontrol)直接數(shù)字化控制，是一項構造簡單操作容易的控制設備，它可借由接口轉(zhuǎn)接設備隨負荷變化作系統(tǒng)控制，如空調(diào)冷水循環(huán)系統(tǒng)、空調(diào)箱變頻自動風量調(diào)整及冷卻水塔散熱風扇的變頻操控等，可以讓空調(diào)系統(tǒng)

56、更有效率的運轉(zhuǎn)，這樣，不僅為物業(yè)管理帶來很大的經(jīng)濟效益，而且還可使系統(tǒng)在較佳的工況下運行，從而延長設備的使用壽命以及達到提供舒適的空調(diào)環(huán)境和節(jié)能之目的。</p><p>　　一般大樓常用的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)有CAV、VAV、VWV等，各有不同操控方式，都可以用DDC控制。</p><p>　　1）定風量系統(tǒng)(ConstantAirVolume，簡稱CAV)。</p><p>

57、　　定風量系統(tǒng)為空調(diào)機吹出的風量一定，以提供空調(diào)區(qū)域所需要的冷(暖)氣。當空調(diào)區(qū)域負荷變動時，則以改變送風溫度應付室內(nèi)負荷，并達到維持室內(nèi)溫度于舒適區(qū)的要求。常用的中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)為AHU(空調(diào)機)與冷水管系統(tǒng)(FCU系統(tǒng))。這兩者一般均以定風量(CAV)來供應空調(diào)區(qū)，為了應付室內(nèi)部分負荷的變動，在AHU定風量系統(tǒng)以空調(diào)機的變溫送風來處理，在一般FCU系統(tǒng)則以冷水閥ON／OFF控制來調(diào)節(jié)送風溫度。</p><p>　

58、　2）變風量系統(tǒng)(VAV)</p><p>　　變風量系統(tǒng)(VarlableAirVolume，簡稱VAV)即是空調(diào)機(AHU或FCU)可以調(diào)變風量。常用的中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)為AHU(空調(diào)機)與冷水管系統(tǒng)FCU系統(tǒng)。這兩者一般均以定風量(CAV)來供應空調(diào)區(qū)，為了應付室內(nèi)部分負荷的變動，在AHU定風量系統(tǒng)以空調(diào)機的變溫送風來處理，在一般FCU系統(tǒng)則以冷水閥ON／OFF控制來調(diào)節(jié)送風溫度。然而這兩者在送風系統(tǒng)上浪費了大量

59、能源。因為在長期低負荷時送風機亦均執(zhí)行全風量運轉(zhuǎn)而耗電，這不但不易維持穩(wěn)定的室內(nèi)溫濕條件，也浪費大量的送風運轉(zhuǎn)能源。變風量系統(tǒng)就是針對送風系統(tǒng)耗電缺點的節(jié)能對策。</p><p>　　3）變流量系統(tǒng)(VWV)</p><p>　　所謂變流量系統(tǒng)(VariableWaterVolume，簡稱VWV)，是以一定的水溫供應空調(diào)機以提高熱源機器的效率，而以特殊的水泵來改變送水量，順便達成節(jié)約水泵用

60、電的功效。變水量系統(tǒng)對水泵系統(tǒng)的節(jié)能效率依水泵的控制方式和VWV使用比例而異，一般VWV的控制方式有無段變速(SP)與雙向閥控制方式。以上三種空調(diào)系統(tǒng)是目前大樓空調(diào)最常被設計的系統(tǒng)。中央空調(diào)控制也就是把管路、管件、閥體或閥門集中設定控制流體提供冷氣。所以有效組合中央空調(diào)控制即能有效控制耗能，設計合乎節(jié)能的空調(diào)系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　近年來，我國大部分地區(qū)，尤其是東南沿海地區(qū)夏季空調(diào)能耗正在急劇上升，空調(diào)用電激

61、增的趨勢已引起電網(wǎng)供電緊張。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，近年來我國每年炎熱季節(jié)空調(diào)耗電已占全社會用電的三分之一，大量電能被工業(yè)和民用建筑空調(diào)所吞噬，尤其是大型建筑中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，如各類商業(yè)建筑（寫字樓、商場、醫(yī)院、飯店等）的中央空調(diào)由于其空間大、人流量多、運作時間長、管理復雜的特點，使得運行能耗相當高，商業(yè)建筑空調(diào)能耗幾乎占其總能耗的50％。中央空調(diào)的設計容量是按最大負荷計算的，而大部份建筑物一年中只有幾十天時間中央空調(diào)處于最大負荷狀態(tài)。中央空調(diào)冷負荷始終處

62、于動態(tài)變化之中，如每天早晚、每季交替、每年輪回、環(huán)境及人文狀況，實時影響著中央空調(diào)的冷負荷。這給中央空調(diào)的節(jié)能控制帶來了嚴峻的課題，也給廣大的節(jié)能控制領域的工作者帶來了極大的施展才華的空間。</p><p>　　電力負荷缺口增大，電力供應緊張局面近幾年難以得到緩和。因此，節(jié)能尤其是節(jié)電，不僅具有重大的社會意義而且具有迫切的現(xiàn)實意義。積極研究開發(fā)推廣綠色環(huán)保新型空調(diào)技術和設備，抑制空調(diào)能耗增加，已成為建筑暖通空調(diào)領

63、域一個迫切而熱門的研究課題。依靠技術創(chuàng)新、體制創(chuàng)新，節(jié)能降耗，提高能源利用效率，保證在"能源消耗最少，環(huán)境污染最小"的基礎上，實現(xiàn)"節(jié)能優(yōu)先，結構多元，環(huán)境友好"的能源發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。</p><p>　　在我們電信生產(chǎn)中，空調(diào)的節(jié)能管理工作較為薄弱，能源浪費現(xiàn)象較為嚴重，所以加強空調(diào)的維護管理和技術改造，可以達到節(jié)能的目的。從空調(diào)的壓焓圖來看，只有運行在在最佳的工況和條件，才能

64、發(fā)揮空調(diào)的最大制冷量，達到空調(diào)節(jié)能的目的?？照{(diào)的節(jié)能，我們維護部門應該從運行成本、維護保養(yǎng)方面的角度進行考慮。</p><p>　　2．空調(diào)節(jié)能系統(tǒng)的研究概況</p><p>　　1）通過負荷控制,達到節(jié)能目的。①炎熱季節(jié)新風負荷占到整個冷負荷的25-40%，減少新風負荷，降低新風能耗，選擇最小必要新風量，也能達到目的。但是新風量的最小供應一方面國家已有標準，另外新風量不足將影響空氣質(zhì)量，

65、危及人體健康。②優(yōu)化建筑外圍護結構的節(jié)能設計，采用保溫隔熱材料技術，降低空調(diào)負荷，實現(xiàn)建筑節(jié)能，但同時也導致建筑成本上升，推廣受到一定的限制。</p><p>　　2）蓄能空調(diào)。通過冰蓄冷，避開白天的用電高峰，夜間將空調(diào)冷凍水制冷儲存起來，白天不開動空調(diào)主機僅使用水系統(tǒng)循環(huán)。這種方法本身并不節(jié)能省電，而是優(yōu)化了電網(wǎng)供電，對已經(jīng)實行分時電價的地區(qū)，起到"省錢不節(jié)能"的作用，具地區(qū)性推廣意義。&l

66、t;/p><p>　　3）水源熱泵。相對于空氣和土壤而言，水是最為理想的空調(diào)用冷熱源，水源熱泵也因此具有環(huán)保、高效、節(jié)能等眾多優(yōu)點，但我國水源熱泵技術研究還不是很成熟，與一些發(fā)達國家相比還存在一定的差距。同時，水源熱泵盡管具有很多優(yōu)點，但所受的地質(zhì)、環(huán)境、政策等的限制也比較大，這就使得水源熱泵在我國更廣泛的應用受到了限制。</p><p>　　4）中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中單個耗能設備節(jié)能改造。①風機和水

67、泵通用變頻器調(diào)速節(jié)能，這是目前采用較多的技術。這種方法簡便實用，節(jié)電效果明顯，但水泵、風機等產(chǎn)品屬系統(tǒng)輔機部分，占整個系統(tǒng)能耗約為40%，所以挖掘空間有限。②制冷主機，制冷機組的耗電量在空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中占有很大份額，節(jié)約這部分的耗能是整個空調(diào)系統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟運行的關鍵。目前一般都采用降低室內(nèi)溫度標準、提高冷水初溫等措施實現(xiàn)制冷主機的節(jié)能。上面幾種方法的不足之處是僅考慮了局部的節(jié)能，而沒有從整個系統(tǒng)的全局去考慮。</p><p>

68、;　　5）動態(tài)負荷跟蹤的節(jié)能控制系統(tǒng)以整個中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)為一體，根據(jù)空調(diào)區(qū)負荷不斷變化的狀況，通過改變主機及循環(huán)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)各參數(shù)運行變化情況，同步跟蹤負荷的變化，以實現(xiàn)在滿足負荷需求的前提下及時定量供給冷量，即做到“按需供應”，基本達到“不滯后、不多給、不少給”的目的。這種方法不但與恒流量的水泵和風機相比實現(xiàn)了輔機最大幅度的節(jié)能，而且優(yōu)化了主機運行工況，可達到整個系統(tǒng)節(jié)能15-35%?！?lt;/p><p>　　3．動態(tài)負

69、荷跟蹤的節(jié)能控制方案</p><p>　　傳統(tǒng)的中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的調(diào)節(jié)方案是：采用恒流量模式或冷源側(cè)恒流量但負荷側(cè)變流量模式，系統(tǒng)所需負荷是按最大負荷、最惡劣的氣象條件及最差的使用工作環(huán)境來設計，而實際運行時50％以上的時間，系統(tǒng)所需負荷都在50％以下，存在有極大的能量浪費。且當負荷Q在變化時，傳統(tǒng)的系統(tǒng)運行參數(shù)根本不能做到同步調(diào)節(jié)，滯后的調(diào)節(jié)手段除通過主機被動地加載卸載外，幾乎沒有什么其他的控制手段。</p&

70、gt;<p>　　本研究課題將摒棄以往的控制方案，以模型辨識、隨動控制系統(tǒng)理論、智能控制系統(tǒng)理論為基礎，與中央空調(diào)主機制冷技術與冷媒循環(huán)系統(tǒng)控制相結合，以變頻技術為輔助手段，實現(xiàn)中央空調(diào)全系統(tǒng)的整體協(xié)調(diào)運行和綜合性能優(yōu)化。本研究是空調(diào)節(jié)能的新理念，代表了節(jié)能技術的新的發(fā)展趨勢。</p><p>　　1)循環(huán)系統(tǒng)節(jié)能：以系統(tǒng)的角度，通過對末端負荷參數(shù)、中央空調(diào)主機、輔機的運行工況變化，采集溫度、壓力等

71、多種變化參數(shù)，然后通過負荷隨動計算，改變系統(tǒng)冷凍水流量，冷卻水流量和冷卻塔風機風量來適應空調(diào)負荷的變化，同時使主機運行工況始終處于優(yōu)化的最佳工作點上。對冷凍水系統(tǒng)采用最佳輸出能量控制。當環(huán)境溫度、空調(diào)末端負荷發(fā)生變化時，各路冷凍水供回水溫度、溫差、壓差和流量亦隨之變化，流量計、壓差傳感器和溫度傳感器將檢測到的這些參數(shù)送至智能控制器，控制器依據(jù)所采集的實時數(shù)據(jù)及系統(tǒng)的歷史運行數(shù)據(jù)，實時計算出末端空調(diào)負荷所需的制冷量，以及各路冷凍水供回水溫

72、度、溫差、壓差和流量的最佳值，并以此調(diào)節(jié)各變頻器輸出頻率，控制冷凍水泵的轉(zhuǎn)速，改變其流量使冷凍水系統(tǒng)的供回水溫度、溫差、壓差和流量運行在控制器給出的最優(yōu)值。由于冷凍水系統(tǒng)采用了輸出能量的動態(tài)控制，實現(xiàn)空調(diào)主機冷媒流量跟隨末端負荷的需求供應，使空調(diào)系統(tǒng)在各種負荷情況下，都能既保證末端用戶的舒適性，又最大限度地節(jié)省了系統(tǒng)的能量消耗。冷卻水系統(tǒng)采用最佳熱轉(zhuǎn)換效率控制。冷卻水及冷卻塔風機系統(tǒng)采用最佳轉(zhuǎn)換效率控制。當環(huán)境溫度、空調(diào)末端負荷發(fā)生變化

73、時，中央空調(diào)主機的</p><p>　　由于冷卻水系統(tǒng)采用最佳轉(zhuǎn)換效率控制，保證了中央空調(diào)主機在滿負荷和部份負荷的情況下，均處于最佳工作狀態(tài)，始終保持最佳的能源利用率（即 COP 值），從而降低了空調(diào)主機的能量消耗，同時因冷卻水泵和冷卻塔風機經(jīng)常在低于額定負荷下運行，也最大限度地節(jié)約了冷卻水泵和冷卻塔風機的能量消耗。</p><p>　　2)輔機節(jié)能：各種泵類（冷凍泵、冷水泵、風機等）的運

74、行節(jié)能。采用帶有空間矢量控制的變頻調(diào)速方式，將定量泵改為變量泵。輔機節(jié)能不少于40％。</p><p>　　3)優(yōu)化輔機運行模式:一般在滿負荷時泵機需全速運行,沒有節(jié)能空間,但采用冗余技術與變頻技術相結合，定量泵與變量泵相配合，優(yōu)化運行模式，可使輔機機組綜合節(jié)能。</p><p>　　4)多參量非線性控制：本系統(tǒng)為多參量、時變、非線性系統(tǒng)，以計算機為控制手段，設計一套具有自尋優(yōu)自適應的智能

75、控制、功能完善的穩(wěn)定安全的控制系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　本中央空調(diào)動態(tài)負荷跟蹤節(jié)能控制系統(tǒng)，與中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)配套使用，可實現(xiàn)中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的高效節(jié)能，效果顯著。經(jīng)理論計算，與恒流量中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)相比，全年平均節(jié)電率可達20%-30%。該項目技術含量高，是集暖通空調(diào)技術、制冷技術、智能控制理論和計算機控制技術為一體的中央空調(diào)高效節(jié)能系統(tǒng)。</p><p><b>　　4．展望</