外文翻譯---美國環(huán)保局2009年度的財政預算

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）</p><p>　　外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　EPA’s Budget for FY 2009</p><p>　　The President’s budget request for fiscal year (FY)

2、 2009 provides EPA with $7.1 billion in discretionary funds to support a wide variety of programs designed to protect human health and the environment. This represents a 1% decrease from EPA’s enacted budget for FY 2008.

3、 Details of EPA’s budget are presented in a publication released in February 2008 titled FY 2009 EPA Budget in Brief (EPA- 205-S-08-001).</p><p>　　Budget Supports EPA’s Goals</p><p>　　EPA has id

4、entified five long-term, strategic goals that define the agency’s planning, budgeting, analysis, and accountability processes. The FY 2009 budget is designed to address these goals, as follows:</p><p>　　1. C

5、lean air and global climate change— Protect and improve the air so it is healthy to breathe and risks to human health and the environment are reduced, and reduce greenhouse gas intensity by enhancing partnerships with bu

6、sinesses and other sectors.</p><p>　　2. Clean and safe water—Ensure drinking water is safe, restore and maintain oceans, watersheds, and their aquatic ecosystems to protect human health and support economic

7、and recreational activities; and provide healthy habitat for fish, plants, and wildlife.</p><p>　　3. Land preservation and restoration— Preserve and restore the land by using innovative waste management prac

8、tices and cleaning up contaminated properties to reduce risks posed by releases of harmful substances.</p><p>　　4. Healthy communities and ecosystems— Protect, sustain, or restore the health of people, commu

9、nities, and ecosystems using integrated and comprehensive approaches and partnerships.</p><p>　　5. Compliance and environmental stewardship—Improve environmental performance through compliance with environme

10、ntal requirements, preventing pollution, and promoting environmental stewardship. Protect human health and the environment by encouraging innovation, and by providing incentives for governments, businesses, and the publi

11、c that promote environmental stewardship.</p><p>　　FY 2009 Budget</p><p>　　EPA’s FY 2009 total budget is $7.143 billion. The funds have been allocated between the agency’s five goals as follows:

12、</p><p>　　Goal 1—13.1% of total budget ($939 million); </p><p>　　Goal 2—36.1% of total budget($2,581 million); </p><p>　　Goal 3—23.6% of total budget ($1,691 million); </p>&

13、lt;p>　　Goal 4—16.7% of total budget ($1,191 million); and </p><p>　　Goal 5—10.5% of total budget ($751 million). </p><p>　　Discretionary Budget Request</p><p>　　EPA requested $7.

14、1 billion in discretionary funds for FY 2009. This money will be used for: 1) operating programs, 2) trust funds, and 3) infrastructure financing.</p><p>　　Operating Programs</p><p>　　Operating

15、programs consist primarily of the most familiar environmental programs, including those administered under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and

16、 Liability Act (CERCLA), as well as the agency’s programs for clean air, water quality, food safety, pollution prevention, toxics and pesticide control, global environmental initiatives, community right-to-know, and spen

17、ding for scientific research and technology develo</p><p>　　Trust Funds</p><p>　　Trust funds provide federal financing for the remediation of Superfund sites and leaking underground storage tank

18、s (USTs). This budget category also includes monies for the EPA Inspector General and Superfund enforcement activities, as well as for EPA management and support activities.</p><p>　　In addition, this catego

19、ry includes monies that are transferred to other federal agencies that perform essential services in areas where EPA does not possess specialized expertise. These federal agencies include the U.S. Coast Guard, the Nation

20、al Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Department of the Interior, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. For FY 2009, EPA requested $1.3 billion. <

21、;/p><p>　　Infrastructure Financing</p><p>　　Infrastructure financing is used primarily for grants to states, local governmental entities, and tribal agencies to fund a variety of drinking water, wa

22、stewater, air, and brown fields environmental projects. EPA’s FY 2009 budget includes $1,565 million for the agency’s infrastructure projects. Of this, approximately $1,413 million will support EPA’s Goal 2—Clean and Saf

23、e Water, $104 million will support Goal 4—Healthy Communities and Ecosystems, and $49 million will support Goal 1—Clean Air and</p><p>　　Ensuring that 90% of the population served by community drinking water

24、 systems will receive drinking water meeting all health-based standards; and</p><p>　　Awarding 107 assessment grants under the brown fields program by the end of FY 2009 to allow for the productive reuse of

25、these properties. This will bring the total number of grants awarded to more than 1,260.</p><p>　　Objectives by Goal</p><p>　　EPA has established strategic objectives and FY 2009 annual performa

26、nce goals for each of the five goals. EPA’s budget is designed to allow the agency to achieve these goals. The following sections provide further information about each of the five goals.</p><p>　　Goal 1—Cle

27、an Air and Global Climate Change</p><p>　　The FY 2009 budget implements Goal 1 through national programs designed to provide healthier outdoor and indoor air for all Americans, protect the stratospheric ozon

28、e layer, minimize the risks from radiation releases, reduce greenhouse gas intensity, and enhance science and research. EPA believes air pollution and climate change pose some of the greatest health and environmental ris

29、ks faced by the United States. The agency addresses these risks through its key clean air programs—particulate matt</p><p>　　Under Goal 1, EPA has identified the following six strategic goals:</p><

30、;p>　　Healthier outdoor air,</p><p>　　Healthier indoor air,</p><p>　　Protect the ozone layer,</p><p>　　Protect the public and the environment from unnecessary exposure to radiatio

31、n,</p><p>　　Reduce greenhouse gas intensity, and</p><p>　　Enhance science and research.</p><p>　　Goal 2—Clean and Safe Water</p><p>　　Prior to the enactment of the Clea

32、n Water Act (CWA) and the Safe Drinking Water Act 30 years ago, most tap water had either very limited treatment or no treatment at all. Some of the nation’s waters were virtually open sewers, and many water bodies were

33、so polluted that traditional uses (e.g., Swimming, fishing, and recreation) were impossible. Today, drinking water sources are protected, and drinking water systems monitor and treat their water to assure compliance with

34、 drinking water standards </p><p>　　In addition to these objectives, Goal 2 supports the protection of the nation’s critical water infrastructure from terrorist threats. In FY 2009, EPA will continue ongoing

35、 collaboration with water sector security systems to develop, implement, and initiate tracking of national measures related to homeland security critical infrastructure protection activities.</p><p>　　The th

36、ree annual performance goals, which have assigned budgets (see Table 1), are as follows:</p><p>　　Protect human health,</p><p>　　Protect water quality, and</p><p>　　Enhance science

37、and research.</p><p>　　Table 1 summarizes the budget request for these annual performance goals. The requested FY 2009 budget is 9.6% less than the enacted FY 2008 budget for Goal 2.</p><p>　　Go

38、al 3—Land Preservation and Restoration</p><p>　　The migration of uncontrolled hazardous and nonhazardous wastes from land to air, groundwater, surface water, or sediments can result in contamination of drink

39、ing water supplies, chronic or acute illnesses or diseases, and ecosystem damage. Under Goal 3, the agency has identified three annual performance goals:</p><p>　　Preserve land,</p><p>　　Restore

40、 land, and</p><p>　　Enhance science and research.</p><p>　　The agency uses authority provided in RCRA, CERCLA (i.e., Superfund), the CAA, the CWA, and the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 to clean up u

41、ncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites, and to protect against spills and releases of hazardous materials.</p><p>　　EPA has identified three themes to characterize EPA’s land program activities under

42、 Goal 3 in FY 2009: </p><p>　　Revitalization—EPA has requested $914.8 million for its cleanup programs (i.e., Superfund Remedial, Superfund Federal Facilities Response, Superfund Removal, RCRA Corrective Act

43、ion, Brown fields, and Underground Storage Tanks) to help communities revitalize properties by removing blight, satisfying the growing demand for land, help limit urban sprawl, foster ecologic habitat enhancements, enabl

44、e economic development, and maintain or improve quality of life;</p><p>　　Recycling, waste minimization, and energy recovery—EPA has requested $10.8 million in FY 2009 to support EPA’s strategy for reducing

45、waste generation and increasing recycling; and</p><p>　　Implementation of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct)—The EPAct contains provisions that affect federal and state UST programs and require that EPA a

46、nd the states strengthen tank release and prevention programs. EPA is requesting $35.1 million to provide assistance to states to help them meet their new responsibilities.</p><p>　　Goal 4—Healthy Communitie

47、s and Ecosystems</p><p>　　This goal involves protecting human health and the environment by identifying, assessing, and reducing the potential risks presented by the thousands of chemicals on which our socie

48、ty and economy have come to depend. Under Goal 4, EPA has created four annual performance goals:</p><p>　　Decrease chemical, organism, and pesticide risks to the public and</p><p>　　Environment;

49、 Promote community health by promoting the economic redevelopment of properties that have been impacted by wastes (e.g., brown fields);</p><p>　　Protect ecosystems by protecting and restoring coastal water q

50、uality, achieving no net loss of wetlands, and preserving watersheds; and</p><p>　　Enhance science and research.</p><p>　　Goal 5—Compliance and Environmental Stewardship</p><p>　　EP

51、A plans to protect human health and the environment by promoting compliance with environmental requirements, preventing pollution, and promoting environmental stewardship. Under Goal 5, EPA proposed $51.2 million to enha

52、nce capacity for sustainability through science and research. Sustainable approaches require: innovative design and production techniques that minimize or eliminate environmental liabilities; integrated management of air

53、, water, and land resources; and changes in the traditiona</p><p>　　Under Goal 5, EPA has four performance goals:</p><p>　　Improve compliance by maximizing compliance assistance, compliance ince

54、ntives, and enforcement;</p><p>　　Improve environmental performance through pollution prevention and innovation;</p><p>　　Build tribal capacity to assess the condition of their environment, and

55、implement environmental programs; and</p><p>　　Enhance science and research.</p><p>　　State and Tribal Assistance Grants</p><p>　　For FY 2009, EPA requested $1,057 million for numer

56、ous “categorical” state and tribal assistance grant programs, including the following:</p><p>　　State and local air quality management, radon, and tribal air quality management grants;</p><p>　　

57、Pesticide enforcement, toxic substance compliance, and sector program grants;</p><p>　　Pesticide program implementation grants;</p><p>　　Lead grants;</p><p>　　Pollution prevention g

58、rants;</p><p>　　Environmental information grants;</p><p>　　State and tribal UST programs;</p><p>　　Hazardous waste financial assistance grants;</p><p>　　Brown fields gr

59、ants;</p><p>　　Water pollution control (CWA Section 106) grants;</p><p>　　Wetlands grants;</p><p>　　Public water system supervision grants;</p><p>　　Tribal general assi

60、stance program grants;</p><p>　　Homeland security grants;</p><p>　　Underground injection control grants;</p><p>　　Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Act grants; and

61、</p><p>　　Nonpoint source program grants (CWA Section 319).</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　美國環(huán)保局2009年度的財政預算</p><p>　　在美國2009年度的總統(tǒng)預算中，給美國環(huán)保署提供了7.1億美元全權委托投資基金，以

62、支持一項旨在保護人類健康和環(huán)境的工程。這比環(huán)保署2008年制定的財政預算下降了1％。環(huán)保署的預算詳列于2008年2月發(fā)表的題為環(huán)保署2009年度財政預算案（環(huán)保局-205-S -08 -001）的刊物。</p><p>　　一、財政預算支持環(huán)保署的目標</p><p>　　美國環(huán)保署確定了五項長期的戰(zhàn)略目標，以確定本機構的規(guī)劃，預算編制，分析和問責程序。2009年的預算是為了實現(xiàn)以下目標：

63、</p><p>　　1、清潔空氣和全球氣候變化——保護和改善空氣，降低對人類健康和環(huán)境的風險，并通過提高企業(yè)的伙伴關系來改善溫室效應。</p><p>　　2、清潔和安全用水——確保飲用水安全，恢復和維護海洋、水域及其水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，以保護人類健康和經濟的發(fā)展，并為魚類、植物和野生動物提供健康的棲息地。</p><p>　　3、耕地保護和恢復——通過廢物管理和污染物

64、的清除，以及減少有害物質排放等措施保護和恢復耕地。</p><p>　　4、健康的社會和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)——采用全面合作的方法來保護和恢復人類社區(qū)的健康和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡。</p><p>　　5、遵守環(huán)境管理——通過改善環(huán)境性能來防止污染，促進環(huán)境管理，保護人類健康。積極鼓勵創(chuàng)新，通過政府對企業(yè)的激勵機制來促進環(huán)境保護。</p><p>　　二、2009年度的財政預算<

65、;/p><p>　　美國環(huán)保署2009財政年度的預算總額為7.143億美元。具體資金分配于該機構的五個分目標，如下所示：</p><p>　　目標1—占總預算的13.1%（939萬美元）；</p><p>　　目標2—占總預算的36.1%（2581萬美元）；</p><p>　　目標3—占總預算的23.6%（1691萬美元）；</p>

66、<p>　　目標4—占總預算的16.7%（1191萬美元）；</p><p>　　目標5—占總預算的10.5%（751萬美元）；</p><p>　　表1給出了美國環(huán)保署2008年制定的預算和總統(tǒng)的2009年財政預算的比較和總結。</p><p><b>　　三、彈性預算要求</b></p><p>　　美

67、國環(huán)保署2009年度的彈性預算要求資金為71億美元。這筆錢將被用于經營方案、信托基和基礎設施融資三個方面。</p><p><b>　　（一）經營方案</b></p><p>　　經營方案主要是指最熟悉的環(huán)境方案，包括根據《資源保護和恢復法案》和《綜合環(huán)境反應，補償與責任法案》，以及該機構計劃的清新的空氣、 水質、 食品安全、 污染預防、 毒物和農藥控制、 全球環(huán)境措

68、施、 社區(qū)權利，而花費于科學研究和技術發(fā)展的資金。此外，國土安全是美國環(huán)保署的重要任務之一。此經營方案2009年度的財政預算為43億美元。</p><p><b>　?。ǘ┬磐谢?lt;/b></p><p>　　信托基金的提供是為了補救超級基金現(xiàn)場和地下儲油罐的泄露。這一預算類別還包括美國環(huán)保監(jiān)察和超級執(zhí)法活動的款項，以環(huán)保署管理和支援活動。</p>&

69、lt;p>　　此外，這個類別還包括轉移到其他聯(lián)邦政府機構的不在環(huán)保署服務范圍內的款項。這些聯(lián)邦機構包括美國海岸防衛(wèi)隊，美國國家海洋和大氣管理局，內政部，美國聯(lián)邦應急管理署，職業(yè)安全和健康管理局。2009財政年度，美國環(huán)保署的的需求為13億美元。</p><p><b>　　（三）基礎設施融資</b></p><p>　　基礎設施融資主要用于國家、地方的政府實體和

70、聯(lián)邦機構撥款資助各種飲用水、廢水、空氣和棕色領域的環(huán)保項目。環(huán)保署2009財政年度用于該項目的基礎設施融資預算為1565萬美元。其中，約1413萬美元將支持環(huán)保署的目標2——清潔和安全用水；104萬美元支持目標4——健康的社會和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；49萬美元支持目標1——清潔空氣和全球氣候變化；這些資源將被用于幫助美國環(huán)保署實現(xiàn)其2009年的目標，其中包括：</p><p>　　1、確保90%的人口由社區(qū)飲用水系統(tǒng)喝到符合

71、健康標準的飲用水。</p><p>　　2、根據2009年年底107計劃下棕色領域的評估贈款，再利用這些生產能力，這將帶來超過1260次撥款。</p><p><b>　　四、目標中的目標</b></p><p>　　美國環(huán)保署把戰(zhàn)略目標和2009年度的業(yè)績目標分為五個小目標，環(huán)保署的預算主要是為了實現(xiàn)這些小目標。以下各段詳細說明五個小目標。&

72、lt;/p><p>　　目標1——清潔空氣和全球氣候變化</p><p>　　2009年度財政預算的目標1是通過為所有美國人提供健康的室內和戶外空氣，保護臭氧層，盡量減少輻射風險，減少溫室氣強度，提高科學研究水平等來實現(xiàn)的。美國環(huán)保署認為，空氣污染和氣候變化帶來的健康威脅是美國面臨的最大環(huán)境風險。該機構進行清潔空氣計劃的關鍵是解決顆粒物、臭氧、酸雨、空氣有毒物質、室內空氣、輻射、平流層臭氧損耗

73、等的威脅。</p><p>　　根據目標1，環(huán)保局已確定了以下六個戰(zhàn)略目標：</p><p><b>　　1、健康室外空氣；</b></p><p><b>　　2、健康室內空氣；</b></p><p><b>　　3、保護臭氧層；</b></p><p&

74、gt;　　4、保護公眾和不必要輻射照射量；</p><p>　　5、減少溫室氣體強度；</p><p>　　6、加強科學和研究。</p><p>　　目標2—清潔和安全用水</p><p>　　此前頒布的清潔水法案（CWA）和安全飲用水法案在30年以前，大多數的水源的改善非常有限或者根本沒有改善。很多水域污水橫流，而且很多水體已經不能進行游泳

75、、垂釣等娛樂活動。要保護飲用水源，就要建立飲用水監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，從根本上確保飲用水的安全。如今，超過50個工業(yè)類別的排污已經被監(jiān)管，通過實施“最佳管理辦法”來減少污染物的排放。</p><p>　　除了上述目標，目標2還保護美國基礎水利設施免受恐怖分子的威脅。在2009年度，美國環(huán)保署還將繼續(xù)與水利部門安全系統(tǒng)合作，制定和開展有關國土安全的國家基礎設施保護活動。</p><p>　　近三年的業(yè)績

76、目標，已分配于預算，</p><p><b>　　1、保護人類健；</b></p><p><b>　　2、保護水質；</b></p><p>　　3、加強科學和研究。</p><p>　　目標3—耕地保護和恢復</p><p>　　不受控制的危險和無毒廢物從土地到空氣、 地

77、下水、 地表水，或沉積物可能會導致飲用水的污染、 慢性或急性疾病的傳播和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的損害。早目標3下，該機構已確定三個年度業(yè)績目標：</p><p><b>　　1、保護土地；</b></p><p><b>　　2、恢復土地；</b></p><p>　　3、加強科學和研究。</p><p>　　該

78、機構在資源保護和回收法，也就是環(huán)境法（即超級基金）的利用中，為民航局，作協(xié)提供權威， 1990年通過的油污染法案為清理不受控制的或廢棄的危險廢物場所，防止有害物質泄漏和排放提供了法律保障。</p><p>　　美國環(huán)保署在目標3下確定了三個主題，也就是2009財政年度的土地方案：</p><p>　　1、復興——美國環(huán)保署為他的凈化方案要求了91840萬美元，以幫助社區(qū)復興，滿足日益增長的

79、經濟對土地的需求，限制城市的擴張，以促進生態(tài)棲息地的增加，并使經濟發(fā)展，改善生活質量。</p><p>　　2、減少廢物產生，增加能量回收——美國環(huán)保署已在2009財政年度預算支出1080萬美元，以支持減少廢物的產生和增加能量的回收戰(zhàn)略。</p><p>　　3、實施——2005年頒布的能源政策法案，該法案中的某些條款會影響聯(lián)邦各州的計劃，并要求環(huán)保署和各國加強釋放和預防計劃。環(huán)保局要求3

80、510萬美元的預算，幫助他們向各國履行其新的責任。</p><p>　　目標4—健康的社會和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　這個目標包括保護人類健康和環(huán)境鑒定與評估，提出我們依賴的成千上萬的化學藥品所存在的潛在風險。根據目標4，美國環(huán)保署已創(chuàng)建了四個年度績效目標：</p><p>　　1、減少化學和農藥對生物體和公眾的風險；</p><p>　

81、　2、通過經濟重建來促進社區(qū)衛(wèi)生；</p><p>　　3、通過保護生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和恢復沿海水質，實現(xiàn)濕地的保護和水域的維護；</p><p>　　4、加強科學和研究。</p><p>　　目標5—遵守環(huán)境管理</p><p>　　美國環(huán)保署提出遵守環(huán)境管理，防止污染，保護人類健康的計劃。根據目標5，環(huán)保局要求了5120萬美元的預算，以加強科學和研

82、究能力來保持環(huán)境的可持續(xù)性?？沙掷m(xù)性的要求是指：創(chuàng)新的設計和生產技術，最大限度地減少或消除環(huán)境責任，綜合空氣、水和土地資源的管理，以及傳統(tǒng)方法的改變。美國環(huán)保署致力于推動環(huán)境可持續(xù)發(fā)展，為實現(xiàn)社會經濟的迅猛發(fā)展，同時為長期保護自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和生活健康。</p><p>　　根據目標5，環(huán)保局有以下四個工作目標：</p><p>　　1、通過法律的獎懲性，最大限度地提高法律的遵從性，</

83、p><p>　　2、通過污染防治和創(chuàng)新來改善環(huán)境績效，</p><p>　　3、建立部落能力，評估其環(huán)境條件，并實施環(huán)境方案，</p><p>　　4、加強科學和研究。</p><p>　　五、州和部落的援助款</p><p>　　2009年度，美國環(huán)保署要求10.57億美元的預算，來實現(xiàn)州和部落的援助贈款方案，主要包括以

84、下方案：</p><p>　　1、國家和地方的空氣質量管理，即州和部落的空氣質量管理撥款；</p><p>　　2、農藥和有毒物質的環(huán)境執(zhí)法，以及部門方案撥款；</p><p>　　3、農藥計劃實施撥款；</p><p><b>　　4、鉛的撥款；</b></p><p><b>　　5

85、、污染防治撥款；</b></p><p><b>　　6、環(huán)境信息撥款；</b></p><p>　　7、州和部落的地下儲油罐方案撥款；</p><p>　　8、危險廢物的財政援助撥款</p><p>　　9、棕色領域的撥款；</p><p>　　10、水污染防治的撥款</p&g

86、t;<p><b>　　11、濕地撥款；</b></p><p>　　12、公共供水系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)督撥款；</p><p>　　13、部落一般援助計劃撥款；</p><p><b>　　14、國土安全撥；</b></p><p>　　15、地下注入控制撥款；</p><p