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1、1外文翻譯外文翻譯原文ThestrategyofmultinationalenterprisesinthelightoftheriseofChina1.IntroductionThispaperexaminesthedevelopmentofstrategiesofmultinationalfirmsagainstthebackgroundoftheglobalisationofmarkets.Itisarguedthatmarkets

2、areintegratedgloballyatdifferentialspeedsthatthisprovidesopptunitiesfmultinationalfirmswhoarealsokeydriversintheprocessesofglobalisation.Locationownershipstrategiesareanalysedindetailtogetherwithpoliciesconcerningthecruc

3、ialroleofknowledgecreationmanagement.Theconceptof‘‘theglobalfacty’’isintroducedasanintegratedwk(oftencontrolledbyafocalfirm)thatcombinescefunctionsdistributedmanufacturingserviceoperationsmarketingwks.Thepaperthenexamine

4、stheriseofChinaasawldeconomicpower.ThechallengesfacingChinaaredelineatedwithparticularattentiontothechallengesfacingmultinationalfirmsinChina.ConstraintsonChinesegrowthareexamined—itmayseemstrangetoinvestigatesuchconstra

5、intswhenChinaisgrowingatanhisticallyunprecedentedratebutsevererestrictionsareappearingonitsfuturegrowthpotential.ThisthenleadsontothecrucialneedsoftheChineseeconomytotherolethatmultinationalfirmscanplayinthefuture.Thefin

6、alsectionexaminesstrategyinthecurrentChinesecontext.2.TheconflictofmarketswithnationalpoliciesintheglobaleconomyAsSideri(1997p.38)says‘‘Globalisationisessentiallyaprocessdrivenbyeconomicfces.Itsimmediatecausesare:thespat

7、ialreganisationofproductioninternationaltradetheintegrationoffinancialmarkets’’.Itisnottherefeunifmacrosseconomicspace—‘‘thesegmentationofthemanufacturingprocessintomultiplepartialoperationswhichcombinedwiththedevelopmen

8、tofcheaptransptationcommunicationwkshasbroughttheincreasingdivisionofproductionintoseparatestagescarriedoutindifferentlocations’’.Thestrategiesofmultinationalfirmsaretherefecrucialtothecausesconsequencesofglobalisation.W

9、ecanexamineglobalisationasaconflictbetweenmarketsmanagement(policies).Fig.1identifiesthreelevelsofmarkets—financialmarketsmarketsingoodsserviceslabourmarkets.Eachoftheseismovingatadifferentspeedtowards3globalisationmatte

10、rsthatitsinfluencespreadsbeyondasingleregion(e.g.EuropeNthAmerica).Meattentionhasbeenpaidtoverticalrelationships(thesupplychain).Thedifferentiationoflabourmarketsismostacutebetweenadvancedlessdevelopedcountrieswhicharety

11、picallynotpartofthesameregionalbloc.ThemanagersofMNEsareincreasinglyabletosegmenttheiractivitiestoseektheoptimallocationfincreasinglyspecialisedsliversofactivity.Thisabilitytoseparaterelocatestagesofproductionhasledtoabo

12、ominmanufacturinginChinaserviceactivities(e.g.callcentres)inIndia.MNEsarealsoincreasinglyabletocodinatetheseactivitiesbymeansofawidevarietyofmechanismsfromwhollyownedFDIthroughlicensingsubcontractingtomarketrelationships

13、.ThemepreciseuseoflocationownershipstrategiesbyMNEsistheveryessenceofincreasingglobalistion.Inparallelwiththegrowthoftheglobalisationofproductionglobalisationofconsumptionhasaccelerateditisperhapsthiswhichhasexcitedmosto

14、pposition.TheallegedglobalisationoftastesprovokesnationalisticprotectionistsentimentsishereanalysedintermsofthebalanceofstrategieswithinMNEsbetween‘‘local’’‘‘global’’pressuresonthefirm.Theprocessofglobalisationisthusnoto

15、nlyreganisingpoweratwldlevelbutalsoatnationalsubnationallevels(Alden1999DunningGraham2003PeckPike1999Yeung2003).Asdomesticfirmsmovepartoftheirproductiontoothercountriestechnologyknowledgecapitalbecomemeimptantthanlthetra

16、ditionalsourceofstatepowerthisredefinesthefunctionofthestate(Rosecrance1996Sideri1997).Thelossofsovereigntytosupranationalregionalinstitutionsismeacceptablethantointernationalinstitutionswhicharemeremote.TheEUisanexample

17、ofsuchregionalintegrationgovernance(Bress1990).SocialprogrammeswithintheEUareenfcingmajredistributionsofrevenuebetweentheindividualnations.Thenationstateasthepossessofthesenseofidentityisbeingreplacedbysubnationsinternal

18、regionsasgovernmentisdevolved.SubramanianLawrence(1999)foundthatnationallocationsremaineddistinctive.Policybarriersatthebdersdifferencesinlocalculturesintheirwidestsensenaturegeographycontributetodistinctiveness.Thistoge

19、therwiththeabilityofincumbentstokeepoutsidersatadisadvantage(Buckleyetal.2001)thefirstentrantbenefitsoflocalfirmsreinfcethedifferentiationofnationaleconomies.Internationalcompetitionremainsimperfectinternationalpricediff

20、erencespersistbecausearbitrageiscostly.Domesticmarketconditionslargelydeterminepriceswages.Multinationalfirmaffiliatesremainfirmlyembeddedintheirlocaleconomysuchlocalfirmsidentifycloselywiththenationalgovernment.Subraman

21、ianLawrence(1999)concludethatnationalbdersstillmatter.Bderscontinuetoengendertocoincidewithimptantdiscontinuitiesstemmingfromgovernmentpoliciesgeographysocietaldifferences.Theauthsstressinfmationdiscontinuitieswhichcoinc

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