簡(jiǎn)介:5200英文單詞,英文單詞,29萬(wàn)英文字符,中文萬(wàn)英文字符,中文8700字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處IDAY,TALITGREGULATIONONMIGRANTWORKERS’EMPLOYMENTINTHEISRAELICONSTRUCTIONSECTORJINTERNATIONALMIGRATION,2015,536111–124REGULATIONONMIGRANTWORKERS’EMPLOYMENTINTHEISRAELICONSTRUCTIONSECTORYORAMIDAANDGALTALITABSTRACTTHISARTICLEDEALSWITHAREFORMINTHEREGULATIONONEMPLOYMENTOFMIGRANTWORKERSWHICHWASIMPLEMENTEDINTHEISRAELICONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYFROM2005THISCORPORATIONSBASEDARRANGEMENTREPLACEDARESTRICTIVEEMPLOYMENTARRANGEMENTWHICHTIEDTHEEMPLOYEETOASPECIFICEMPLOYERTHENEWREGULATIONOFWORKCONDITIONSANDWAGES,COUPLEDWITHASIGNIFICANTREDUCTIONINTHENUMBEROFWORKPERMITSISSUEDTOCONSTRUCTION,HASIMPROVEDWORKCONDITIONSANDWAGESPAIDTOMIGRANTWORKERS,ANDMADETHEIREMPLOYMENTLESSATTRACTIVETOEMPLOYERSTHEREFORMALSOINCLUDEDELEMENTSDESIGNEDTOREDUCETHEILLEGALEMPLOYMENTPHENOMENONANDTOENCOURAGEMIGRANTWORKERSTOLEAVETHECOUNTRYATTHEENDOFTHEIRCONTRACTSHOWEVER,THENEWARRANGEMENTSTILLRESTRICTEDTHEMOBILITYOFMIGRANTWORKERSTOSOMEEXTENTANDHADNEGATIVECONSEQUENCESSUCHASASIGNIFICANTRISEINTHEBROKERFEESDEMANDEDOFWORKERSINTRODUCTIONREGULATIONISATTHEHEARTOFGOVERNMENTALACTIVITYINDESIGNING,IMPLEMENTINGANDEVALUATINGPUBLICPOLICYITSCOMPONENTSINCLUDESEVERALDEFINITIONSANDTYPES,SOMEOFWHICHEXPANDANDSOMEOFWHICHREDUCEITSMOSTCOMMONDENOMINATORISTHATTHESTATEHASASYSTEMOFRESTRICTIONSANDALLOWANCESONONEHAND,ANDAUTHORITYTOENFORCETHEMONTHEOTHER,TOSAFEGUARDPUBLICINTERESTREGULATIONISIMPLEMENTEDUSINGAVARIETYOFTOOLSATTHEGOVERNMENT’SDISPOSAL,SUCHASLAWS,MODULATION,STANDARDIZATIONANDSUPERVISION,WHICHPERMITONEBEHAVIOURORFORBIDANOTHERARBELGANZ,2003BLACK2002GOODSHIPETAL,2004HOODETAL,1999LEVIFAUR2011MAY,2007REGULATIONISJUSTIFIEDFROMANORMATIVESTANDPOINTMANYOFTHERATIONALESFORREGULATIONCANBEDESCRIBEDEITHERASINSTANCESOFMARKETFAILURESECONOMICREGULATIONORASWAYSTOENSURETHEDISSEMINATIONOFJUSTICESOCIALREGULATIONINTHESECASESGOVERNMENTREGULATIONCANBEJUSTIFIED,BECAUSEOTHERWISETHEUNCONTROLLEDMARKETWILLFAILTOPRODUCEBEHAVIOURORRESULTSINACCORDANCEWITHPUBLICINTERESTARBELGANZ,2003BALDWINANDCAVE,1999ONEAREAWHEREGOVERNMENTREGULATIONISCONSIDEREDNECESSARYISTHATOFMIGRANTWORKERS’EMPLOYMENT,FORTWOMAINREASONSFIRST,ITOFTENHASSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSONTHELABOURMARKETINTHEHOSTCOUNTRYBORJAS,2006SECOND,ITAFFECTSTHESOCIOECONOMICCOMPOSITIONOFTHEHOSTCOUNTRYANDTHREATENSITSETHNONATIONALHOMOGENEITYCANETTINISIMANDPEDAHZUR,2003THUS,CHANGESINMACROECONOMICAND/ORPOLITICALCONDITIONSMAYLEADTOCHANGESINGOVERNMENTREGULATIONONTHEEMPLOYMENTOFMIGRANTWORKERSOECD,2013THISARTICLEEXAMINESTHEIMPACTOFREGULATORYCHANGESONTHEEMPLOYMENTOFMIGRANTWORKERSINTHECONSTRUCTIONSECTORINISRAELITSMAINPURPOSEISTOAUGMENTTHEKNOWLEDGEACCUMULATEDINTHEEMPLOYMENTOFMIGRANTWORKERS,BYPRESENTINGACASESTUDYOFREFORMSINMIGRANTWORKEREMPLOYMENT,WHICHWEREIMPLEMENTEDINTHEISRAELICONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYFROM2005ONWARDSTOEXAMINETHEEFFECTSOFTHESEREGULATORYCHANGESONTHEEMPLOYMENTCONDITIONSOFMIGRANTWORKERSINTHECONSTRUCTIONSECTOR,ACOMPARISONWILLBEMADEBETWEENTHEFINDINGSOFTHECURRENTSTUDYOF2005–2008AFTERTHEREGULATORYCHANGEOFTHECORPORATIONS’ARRANGEMENTANDTHECONTINUEDINVESTMENTINLOWPRODUCTIVITYACTIVITIESSUSTAINABLEONLYWITHLOWCOSTMIGRANTWORKERS,ORASAMEANSOFENCOURAGINGEMPLOYERSTOHIRELOCALLOWSKILLEDWORKERSSINGAPORE’SLEVYSYSTEMSTANDSOUTINASIAFORITSCOMPLEXITY,ANDFORTHERELATIVELYSTEEPLEVELOFEMPLOYERFEESSINGAPOREAPPLIESA“DEPENDENCYCEILING”TOEMPLOYERSACCORDINGTOTHESECTOR,THESKILLLEVELOFTHEWORKER,ANDTHEPROPORTIONOFTHEWORKFORCECOMPRISINGMIGRANTWORKERSTHELEVYCANREACH350PERMONTHFORUNSKILLEDWORKERSINSERVICES,REPRESENTINGATLEAST25OFSALARYCOSTS,ANDISEVENHIGHERFORCONSTRUCTIONWORKERSCHINESETAIPEIIMPOSESAMONTHLY“EMPLOYMENTSTABILITYFEE”O(jiān)F70–80ASALEVYONMIGRANTWORKERS,WHICHREPRESENTSABOUT15OFHABITUALWAGES,ANDALSOIMPOSESACEILINGONTHEPERCENTAGEOFMIGRANTWORKERSINEMPLOYERS’WORKFORCESTHECEILINGVARIESACCORDINGTOTHEINDUSTRY,FROM10TO35MALAYSIAALSOIMPOSESAFOREIGNWORKERMONTHLYLEVY,WHICHRANGESFROM10FORDOMESTICANDAGRICULTURALWORKERSTO35FORMANUFACTURING,CONSTRUCTIONANDTOURISMAND50FOROTHERSERVICESOECD,2012RESEARCHOFTENUSESAQUANTITATIVEAPPROACHTOREPRESENTWORKMIGRANTS’DECISIONMAKINGPROCESSTHESESTUDIESCONSIDERTHEECONOMICINVESTMENTINVOLVEDINMIGRATIONKHWAJA,2002,THESOCIALNETWORKSANDCAPITALINBOTHTHEPLACEOFRESIDENCEANDTHEPLACEOFDESTINATIONALBERTSANDHAZEN,2005HAUG,2008,ANDTHEVALUEOFIMMOBILITYFISCHER,MARTINANDSTRAUBHAAR,1997ASIMPORTANTFACTORSINEXPLAININGAMIGRANT’SDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSREGARDINGLENGTHOFSTAYINTHEDESTINATIONCOUNTRY,EXTENDINGTHEPERIODOFSTAYINTHEHOSTCOUNTRYISUSUALLYFINANCIALLYWORTHWHILETOMIGRANTWORKERSDUSTMANNANDKIRCHKAMP,2002RECEIVINGPERMANENTSTATUSORCITIZENSHIPALSOGENERALLYIMPROVESWAGESANDEMPLOYMENTCONDITIONSEUWALS,DAGEVOS,GIJSBERTS,ANDROODENBURG,2010IMMIGRANTSWORKINGONTEMPORARYVISASUSUALLYEXPERIENCESUBSTANTIALWAGEGAINSUPONRECEIVINGPERMANENTRESIDENTSTATUSTHEANNUALWAGEGAINASSOCIATEDWITHANEMPLOYMENTBASEDGREENCARDWASALMOST12,000INTHENEWIMMIGRANTSURVEYMUKHOPADHYAYANDOXBORROW,2012ANOTHERSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATGETTINGAGREENCARDRAISEDWORKERS’WAGESBY18–25PERCENTGASSKANDILOV,2007BOTHSTUDIESATTRIBUTETHEWAGEGAINSTOENHANCEDJOBMOBILITYTHEISRAELIEXPERIENCEATTHEENDOF2013INISRAELAPPROXIMATELY100,000MIGRANTWORKERSENTEREDWITHWORKPERMITSCBS,2014THEBULKOFLEGALLYRECRUITEDMIGRANTWORKERSWERECONCENTRATEDINTHREEMAINSECTORSCONSTRUCTION,MAINLYFROMCHINA,BUTALSOFROMROMANIAANDBULGARIAAGRICULTURE,MAINLYFROMTHAILANDANDNURSINGCARE,MAINLYFROMTHEPHILIPPINES,BUTALSOFROMSRILANKA,INDIAANDBULGARIAKEMPANDRAIJMAN,2014THETRENDTOWARDEMPLOYINGFOREIGNWORKERSGAINEDCONSIDERABLEMOMENTUMINISRAELSTARTINGINTHEEARLY1990STHEPALESTINIANUPRISINGINJUDEA,SAMARIAANDGAZA–AREASTHATHADSUPPLIEDTHEMAJORITYOFWORKERSINISRAEL’SCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY–CREATEDAMANPOWERSHORTAGEINTHESECTORTHISSHORTAGEWORSENEDDURINGTHEGREATWAVEOFIMMIGRATIONFROMTHEFORMERSOVIETUNION,WHENQUICKHOUSINGSOLUTIONSWERENEEDEDFORTHENEWIMMIGRANTSONEMAJORREASONWHYTHESTATEOFISRAELHADOPPOSEDTHEHIRINGOFFOREIGNWORKERSUNTILTHEEARLY1990SWASTHEFEARTHATSOMEOFTHEMWOULDNOTLEAVETHECOUNTRYAFTERTHEIRPERMITPERIODSEXPIRED,ANDWOULDSETTLEINISRAELPERMANENTLY,DEMANDINGOFFICIALSTATUSANDRECOGNITION,ANDTHEREBYTHREATENINGTHEJEWISHCHARACTEROFTHESTATETHISCONCERNWASBASEDONINTERNATIONALEXPERIENCE,PARTICULARLYTHEEXPERIENCEOFWESTERNEUROPEANOTHERIMPORTANTREASONWASTHECONCERNTHATTHESEWORKERS,WHOWEREWILLINGTOACCEPTRELATIVELYLOWWAGES,WOULDSUPPLANTLOCALUNSKILLEDWORKERS,EVENINOCCUPATIONSWHERENOMANPOWERSHORTAGEEXISTED–LEADINGTOARISEIN
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簡(jiǎn)介:REGULATIONONMIGRANTWORKERS’EMPLOYMENTINTHEISRAELICONSTRUCTIONSECTORYORAMIDAANDGALTALITABSTRACTTHISARTICLEDEALSWITHAREFORMINTHEREGULATIONONEMPLOYMENTOFMIGRANTWORKERSWHICHWASIMPLEMENTEDINTHEISRAELICONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYFROM2005THISCORPORATIONSBASEDARRANGEMENTREPLACEDARESTRICTIVEEMPLOYMENTARRANGEMENTWHICHTIEDTHEEMPLOYEETOASPECIFICEMPLOYERTHENEWREGULATIONOFWORKCONDITIONSANDWAGES,COUPLEDWITHASIGNIFICANTREDUCTIONINTHENUMBEROFWORKPERMITSISSUEDTOCONSTRUCTION,HASIMPROVEDWORKCONDITIONSANDWAGESPAIDTOMIGRANTWORKERS,ANDMADETHEIREMPLOYMENTLESSATTRACTIVETOEMPLOYERSTHEREFORMALSOINCLUDEDELEMENTSDESIGNEDTOREDUCETHEILLEGALEMPLOYMENTPHENOMENONANDTOENCOURAGEMIGRANTWORKERSTOLEAVETHECOUNTRYATTHEENDOFTHEIRCONTRACTSHOWEVER,THENEWARRANGEMENTSTILLRESTRICTEDTHEMOBILITYOFMIGRANTWORKERSTOSOMEEXTENTANDHADNEGATIVECONSEQUENCESSUCHASASIGNIFICANTRISEINTHEBROKERFEESDEMANDEDOFWORKERSINTRODUCTIONREGULATIONISATTHEHEARTOFGOVERNMENTALACTIVITYINDESIGNING,IMPLEMENTINGANDEVALUATINGPUBLICPOLICYITSCOMPONENTSINCLUDESEVERALDEFINITIONSANDTYPES,SOMEOFWHICHEXPANDANDSOMEOFWHICHREDUCEITSMOSTCOMMONDENOMINATORISTHATTHESTATEHASASYSTEMOFRESTRICTIONSANDALLOWANCESONONEHAND,ANDAUTHORITYTOENFORCETHEMONTHEOTHER,TOSAFEGUARDPUBLICINTERESTREGULATIONISIMPLEMENTEDUSINGAVARIETYOFTOOLSATTHEGOVERNMENT’SDISPOSAL,SUCHASLAWS,MODULATION,STANDARDIZATIONANDSUPERVISION,WHICHPERMITONEBEHAVIOURORFORBIDANOTHERARBELGANZ,2003BLACK2002GOODSHIPETAL,2004HOODETAL,1999LEVIFAUR2011MAY,2007REGULATIONISJUSTIFIEDFROMANORMATIVESTANDPOINTMANYOFTHERATIONALESFORREGULATIONCANBEDESCRIBEDEITHERASINSTANCESOFMARKETFAILURESECONOMICREGULATIONORASWAYSTOENSURETHEDISSEMINATIONOFJUSTICESOCIALREGULATIONINTHESECASESGOVERNMENTREGULATIONCANBEJUSTIFIED,BECAUSEOTHERWISETHEUNCONTROLLEDMARKETWILLFAILTOPRODUCEBEHAVIOURORRESULTSINACCORDANCEWITHPUBLICINTERESTARBELGANZ,2003BALDWINANDCAVE,1999ONEAREAWHEREGOVERNMENTREGULATIONISCONSIDEREDNECESSARYISTHATOFMIGRANTWORKERS’EMPLOYMENT,FORTWOMAINREASONSFIRST,ITOFTENHASSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSONTHELABOURMARKETINTHEHOSTCOUNTRYBORJAS,2006SECOND,ITAFFECTSTHESOCIOECONOMICCOMPOSITIONOFTHEHOSTCOUNTRYANDTHREATENSITSETHNONATIONALHOMOGENEITYCANETTINISIMANDPEDAHZUR,2003THUS,CHANGESINMACROECONOMICAND/ORPOLITICALCONDITIONSMAYLEADTOCHANGESINGOVERNMENTREGULATIONONTHEEMPLOYMENTOFMIGRANTWORKERSOECD,2013THISARTICLEEXAMINESTHEIMPACTOFREGULATORYCHANGESONTHEEMPLOYMENTOFMIGRANTWORKERSINTHECONSTRUCTIONSECTORINISRAELITSMAINPURPOSEISTOAUGMENTTHEKNOWLEDGEACCUMULATEDINTHETELAVIVUNIVERSITYDOI101111/IMIG12194?2015THEAUTHORSINTERNATIONALMIGRATION?2015IOMINTERNATIONALMIGRATIONVOL5362015ISSN00207985PUBLISHEDBYJOHNWILEYHAUG,2008,ANDTHEVALUEOFIMMOBILITYFISCHER,MARTINANDSTRAUBHAAR,1997ASIMPORTANTFACTORSINEXPLAININGAMIGRANT’SDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSREGARDINGLENGTHOFSTAYINTHEDESTINATIONCOUNTRY,EXTENDINGTHEPERIODOFSTAYINTHEHOSTCOUNTRYISUSUALLYFINANCIALLYWORTHWHILETOMIGRANTWORKERSDUSTMANNANDKIRCHKAMP,2002RECEIVINGPERMANENTSTATUSORCITIZENSHIPALSOGENERALLYIMPROVESWAGESANDEMPLOYMENTCONDITIONSEUWALS,DAGEVOS,GIJSBERTS,ANDROODENBURG,2010IMMIGRANTSWORKINGONTEMPORARYVISASUSUALLYEXPERIENCESUBSTANTIALWAGEGAINSUPONRECEIVINGPERMANENTRESIDENTSTATUSTHEANNUALWAGEGAINASSOCIATEDWITHANEMPLOYMENTBASEDGREENCARDWASALMOST12,000INTHENEWIMMIGRANTSURVEYMUKHOPADHYAYANDOXBORROW,2012ANOTHERSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATGETTINGAGREENCARDRAISEDWORKERS’WAGESBY18–25PERCENTGASSKANDILOV,2007BOTHSTUDIESATTRIBUTETHEWAGEGAINSTOENHANCEDJOBMOBILITYTHEISRAELIEXPERIENCEATTHEENDOF2013INISRAELAPPROXIMATELY100,000MIGRANTWORKERSENTEREDWITHWORKPERMITSCBS,2014THEBULKOFLEGALLYRECRUITEDMIGRANTWORKERSWERECONCENTRATEDINTHREEMAINSECTORSCONSTRUCTION,MAINLYFROMCHINA,BUTALSOFROMROMANIAANDBULGARIAAGRICULTURE,MAINLYFROMTHAILANDANDNURSINGCARE,MAINLYFROMTHEPHILIPPINES,BUTALSOFROMSRILANKA,INDIAANDBULGARIAKEMPANDRAIJMAN,2014THETRENDTOWARDEMPLOYINGFOREIGNWORKERSGAINEDCONSIDERABLEMOMENTUMINISRAELSTARTINGINTHEEARLY1990STHEPALESTINIANUPRISINGINJUDEA,SAMARIAANDGAZA–AREASTHATHADSUPPLIEDTHEMAJORITYOFWORKERSINISRAEL’SCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY–CREATEDAMANPOWERSHORTAGEINTHESECTORTHISSHORTAGEWORSENEDDURINGTHEGREATWAVEOFIMMIGRATIONFROMTHEFORMERSOVIETUNION,WHENQUICKHOUSINGSOLUTIONSWERENEEDEDFORTHENEWIMMIGRANTSONEMAJORREASONWHYTHESTATEOFISRAELHADOPPOSEDTHEHIRINGOFFOREIGNWORKERSUNTILTHEEARLY1990SWASTHEFEARTHATSOMEOFTHEMWOULDNOTLEAVETHECOUNTRYAFTERTHEIRPERMITPERIODSEXPIRED,ANDWOULDSETTLEINISRAELPERMANENTLY,DEMANDINGOFFICIALSTATUSANDRECOGNITION,ANDTHEREBYTHREATENINGTHEJEWISHCHARACTEROFTHESTATETHISCONCERNWASBASEDONINTERNATIONALEXPERIENCE,PARTICULARLYTHEEXPERIENCEOFWESTERNEUROPEANOTHERIMPORTANTREASONWASTHECONCERNTHATTHESEWORKERS,WHOWEREWILLINGTOACCEPTRELATIVELYLOWWAGES,WOULDSUPPLANTLOCALUNSKILLEDEMPLOYMENTREGULATIONOFMIGRANTWORKERSINTHEISRAELICONSTRUCTIONSECTOR113?2015THEAUTHORSINTERNATIONALMIGRATION?2015IOM
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