簡介:,,ASSIGNMENT1,PLEASETELLMETHENAMESOFWESTERNPHILOSOPHERSASMANYASYOUCAN,,,人不能兩次踏入同一條河流,因為無論是這條河還是這個人都已經不同。赫拉克利特思想不是你要它來它便來,而是由它自己決定它的來去。叔本華我思故我在。笛卡爾給我物質,我就用它造出一個宇宙來??档氯祟惖纳?,并不能以時間長短來衡量,心中充滿愛時,剎那即永恒。尼采,DIFFERENCESINCHINESETHEOTHERISTOGETIT,,,PLATO’SIMPORTANTPOSITIONASAPHILOSOPHER,PLATOHELPEDTOLAYTHEFOUNDATIONSOFWESTERNPHILOSOPHYANDSCIENCEINHISSOCRATICDIALOGUESTHIRTYSIXDIALOGUESANDTHIRTEENLETTERSHAVEBEENASCRIBEDTOHIM,5PLATOSDIALOGUESHAVEBEENUSEDTOTEACHARANGEOFSUBJECTS,INCLUDINGPHILOSOPHY,LOGIC,ETHICS,RHETORIC,ANDMATHEMATICS,ON“PLATONICLOVE”,“當心靈摒絕肉體而向往著真理的時候,這時的思想才是最好的。而當靈魂被肉體的罪惡所感染時,人們追求真理的愿望就不會得到滿足。當人類沒有對肉欲的強烈需求時,心境是平和的人之所以是所謂的高等動物,是因為人的本性中,人性強于獸性,精神交流是美好的、是道德的?!?BEGINNINGWITHANATTRACTIONTOTHEBEAUTYOFONE’SBODY,ONEDEVELOPSANAPPRECIATIONOFTHEBEAUTYOFOTHERPEOPLEWHICHLEADSTOADEEPERATTACHMENTTOTHEBEAUTYOFCUSTOMS,LAWSANDSYSTEMSOFKNOWLEDGEANDCULMINATIONINTHEDISCOVERYOFTHEETERNALANDCHANGELESSIDEAOFBEAUTYITSELF,THEPRIMARYCONCEPTOFPLATONISMISTHETHEORYOFFORMSTHEONLYTRUEBEINGISFOUNDEDUPONTHEFORMS,THEETERNAL,UNCHANGEABLE,PERFECTTYPES,OFWHICHPARTICULAROBJECTSOFSENSEAREIMPERFECTCOPIESTHEMULTITUDEOFOBJECTSOFSENSE,BEINGINVOLVEDINPERPETUALCHANGE,ARETHEREBYDEPRIVEDOFALLGENUINEEXISTENCE,PLATONISMISTHEPHILOSOPHYOFPLATOORTHENAMEOFOTHERPHILOSOPHICALSYSTEMSCONSIDEREDCLOSELYDERIVEDFROMITTHEBELIEFTHATPHYSICALOBJECTSAREIMPERMANENTREPRESENTATIONSOFUNCHANGINGIDEAS,ANDTHATTHEIDEASALONEGIVETRUEKNOWLEDGEASTHEYAREKNOWNBYTHEMINDPLATONISMWASCONSIDEREDAUTHORITATIVEINTHEMIDDLEAGES,ANDMANYPLATONICNOTIONSARENOWPERMANENTELEMENTSOFCHRISTIANITYPLATONISMALSOINFLUENCEDBOTHEASTERNANDWESTERNMYSTICISM,FORINSTANCE,THEPROPERTYOFBEINGRED,ACCORDINGTOTHEPLATONISTVIEWOFPROPERTIES,THEPROPERTYOFREDNESSEXISTSINDEPENDENTLYOFANYREDTHINGTHEREAREREDBALLSANDREDHOUSESANDREDSHIRTS,ANDTHESEALLEXISTINTHEPHYSICALWORLDBUTPLATONISTSABOUTPROPERTIESBELIEVETHATINADDITIONTOTHESETHINGS,REDNESSTHEPROPERTYITSELFALSOEXISTS,ANDACCORDINGTOPLATONISTS,THISPROPERTYISANABSTRACTOBJECTORDINARYREDOBJECTSARESAIDTOEXEMPLIFYORINSTANTIATEREDNESS,QUOTATIONSFROMPLATO,HEWHOCANPROPERLYDEFINEANDDIVIDEISTOBECONSIDEREDAGODMATHEMATICSISLIKEDRAUGHTSCHECKERSINBEINGSUITABLEFORTHEYOUNG,NOTTOODIFFICULT,AMUSING,ANDWITHOUTPERILTOTHESTATEAWISEMANSPEAKSBECAUSEHEHASSOMETHINGTOSAYAFOOLBECAUSEHEHASTOSAYSOMETHINGASOCIETYWHEREPEOPLEWOULDBELEADBY“PHILOSOPHERKINGS”WHOWOULDSERVETHEIRFELLOWCITIZENSUNSELFISHLYBECAUSETHEYWOULDBETHEPEOPLEWITHTHEMOSTWISDOM,ARISTOTLE,,ARISTOTLE’SPHILOSOPHY,THEIDEAOF“MINDOVERMATTER”EGTHEIDEAOFCHAIRETERNALLYEXISTSBEFOREMANCREATESITLAYTHEFOUNDATIONOFDEDUCTIVESCIENCEGENERALPRINCIPLEALLMENAREMORTALCONNECTIONIAMAMANDEDUCTIONCONCLUSIONIAMMORTAL,,,,,古典時期希臘哲學蘇格拉底、柏拉圖、亞里士多德,,,晚期希臘哲學懷疑主義、新柏拉圖主義,,,教父哲學奧古斯丁“理性和信仰”,,現代哲學馬克思“辯證唯物主義”、非理性主義,經院哲學證明上帝的存在,,,文藝復興時期人的發(fā)現和世界的發(fā)現,,近代英國培根、笛卡爾“經驗論和唯理論”,,,近代法國啟蒙哲學伏爾泰、盧梭,近代德國古典哲學黑格爾“辯證法”,,,,早期希臘自然哲學自然由什么構成的,,,,西方哲學發(fā)展脈絡,ASSIGNMENT2,EXPLAINTHEFOLLOWINGTERMSTHEPATRISTICPHILOSOPHY(教父哲學)SCHOLASTICISM(經院哲學)RATIONALISM(唯理主義)EMPIRICISM(經驗主義)PANTHELISM(唯意志論)LIFEPHILOSOPHY(生命哲學)EXISTENTIALISM(存在主義哲學)NIHILISM(虛無主義),,,
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