簡介：1HOWTOBUILD020SHARINGECONOMYBUSINESSMODELSJMARTINCHAPTERⅠSHARINGOFECONOMICBUSINESSMODELSSHARINGECONOMYHASBEENWIDELYACCEPTEDBYSOCIETY,SUCHASVEHICLERENTAL,PRIVATEAPARTMENTS,TOURISMINDUSTRY,ETC,ANDITHASTAKENINITIALSHAPEINAPPLICATIONTHISISINSEPARABLEFROMTHEPRACTICALDRIVINGFACTORSOFTHESHARINGECONOMYFIRST,THESOCIALDEMANDELEMENTTHERISEOFSOCIALNETWORKSHASEFFECTIVELYPROMOTEDTHESATISFACTIONOFPEOPLESSOCIALNEEDSWHENSOCIALNEEDSREACHACERTAINLEVEL,PEOPLEBEGINTOREFLECTONTHERAPPROCHEMENTOFCOMMUNICATION,WHICHCANNOTONLYPROMOTEECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,BUTALSOSATISFYPEOPLESSOCIALNEEDS,ANDPROMOTETHEAPPLICATIONOFSHARINGECONOMYANDDEVELOPMENTSECOND,EXCESSIVECONSUMPTIONFACTORSMANYPEOPLEINREALLIFE,BECAUSEOFLACKOFPLANNING,BUYALARGENUMBEROFGOODS,RESULTINGINTHEOVERALLORPARTIALUSEOFTHEPRODUCTCANNOTBEFULLYUSED,INANIDLESTATEHOWTOCHANGETHEIDLESTATUSOFTHISRESOURCEHASBECOMEONEOFTHEDRIVINGFACTORSOFTHEBUSINESSMODELOFTHESHAREDECONOMYTHIRD,THEELEMENTSOFTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMOBILEINTERNETANDSMARTTERMINALS,ONTHEBASISOFTRADITIONALECOMMERCE,HASREEMERGEDMOREDIVERSIFIEDTRADINGMETHODS,SOTHATTHESHAREDECONOMYCANFORMACOMPLETECLOSEDLOOP,ANDTHEREAREVARIOUSMEANSATTHEENTRANCETOGUIDECUSTOMERSTODIVERT,SUCHASNCF,TWODIMENSIONALCODEANDELECTRONICPURSE,THESETECHNICALINNOVATIONSPROVIDEIMPORTANTTECHNICALSUPPORTFORTHEEFFECTIVEOPERATIONOF020MODECHAPTERⅡ020THEDEVELOPMENTOFSHAREDECONOMICANDBUSINESSMODELSSECTIONISTATUSANALYSISTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHE020MODELPRESENTSTHEFOLLOWINGFEATURESTHEFIRSTONLINEINDUSTRYISDEVELOPINGRAPIDLYWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTAND3ANDCOMMODITIESRECIRCULATIONISLOWMOSTOFTHEMARESTILLINASTATEOFDUSTARTICLE2THEINTEGRITYSYSTEMISNOTBALANCEDTHECORRESPONDINGGUARANTEEMECHANISMFORTHECREDITSYSTEMISSTILLNOTPERFECT,SUCHASWHETHERTHEDETAILEDDESCRIPTIONOFTHEGOODSISTRUE,HOWTHETRANSACTIONDISPUTESARERESOLVED,ANDHOWTHERIGHTSANDINTERESTSOFTHETWOPARTIESAREPROTECTED,WHICHMAKESITDIFFICULTFORTHESHAREDECONOMYTOHAVEAGOODEXTERNALDEVELOPMENTSPACEARTICLE3THEMOBILEADVANTAGEISNOTWELLMOBILIZEDFORTHESHARINGECONOMY,MANYPEOPLESTILLREMAINATTHEEXCHANGELEVEL,ANDTHEYMAINLYFOCUSONHIGHERVALUEPRODUCTSFORALARGENUMBEROFSMALLSIZEDPRODUCTS,THEOWNERSWOULDRATHERCHOOSETOSHAREWITHOUTSPENDINGTIMETHISISRELATEDTOTHEDEGREEOFINTEGRATIONOFECOMMERCEDEVELOPMENTIFYOUCANNOTBUILDA020PLATFORMCONNECTEDTOAMOBILETERMINAL,THISADVANTAGEWILLNOTBEAPPARENTCHAPTERⅢHOWTOBUILDASHAREDECONOMICBUSINESSMODELSECTION1ANALYSISOFINNOVATIONFACTORSARTICLE1ESTABLISHANEFFECTIVENETWORKITISUNREALISTICTORELYSOLELYONTHEENTITYSALESMODELTOACHIEVEECONOMICSHARINGONLYTHROUGHTHEHIGHLYDEVELOPEDINTERNETTECHNOLOGY,WECANBUILDA020PLATFORMTHATMEETSTHESHARINGECONOMYTHROUGHTHEDISSEMINATION,SHARING,ANDUNBOUNDEDNATUREOFTHENETWORK,WECANEFFECTIVELYLINKHUMANRESOURCESANDMATERIALSANDALLOWMOREANDMOREPEOPLETOPARTICIPATEINTHESHARINGECONOMYARTICLE2USEIDLECAPACITYEXCESSIVECONSUMPTIONLEADSTOALARGEAMOUNTOFIDLECAPACITYITSVALUEINTIME,SPACE,ANDFUNCTIONCANONLYBEMAXIMIZEDTHROUGHTHESHARINGECONOMYTOMAKEUSEOFTHEIDLEVALUEOFGOODSORFUNCTIONSASMUCHASPOSSIBLETOBETTERMEETTHENEEDSOFSOCIETYARTICLE3MININGSOCIALNEEDSANYECONOMICMODELISBASEDONPEOPLEPEOPLESBEHAVIORSSUCHASCONSUMPTION,USE,ANDCHOICEAREALLRELATEDTOTHEIRSOCIAL

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院院交通工程學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)汽車服務(wù)工程姓名名學(xué)號號外文出處外文出處MECHANICALELECTRICALENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY用外文寫附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評語外文資料與畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題有一定相關(guān)度，譯文翻譯得較通順、流暢，但專業(yè)性略欠缺，個別用詞不準(zhǔn)。具備了閱讀和翻譯一般專業(yè)科技文獻(xiàn)的能力。簽名2013年03月06日在共747件故障現(xiàn)象中，有278件的現(xiàn)象是離合器發(fā)抖，占總數(shù)的3610％，和236件離合器分離不徹底的現(xiàn)象，占總數(shù)的3065％以上，以上現(xiàn)象總共占總數(shù)的6675％，是主要的故障。離合器打滑，約115例，也是主要的故障，因此，這三種現(xiàn)象應(yīng)集中在離合器摩擦磨損的研究。13統(tǒng)計和分析在汽車有故障的離合器的現(xiàn)象中離合器故障的現(xiàn)象統(tǒng)計和分析在汽車有故障的離合器的現(xiàn)象中離合器故障的現(xiàn)象共629件是離合器發(fā)抖，離合器分離不徹底，離合器打滑這三種現(xiàn)象，離合器故障現(xiàn)象可以分為以下的主要條件和三個現(xiàn)象的總數(shù)的比例如表2所示。共629件是離合器發(fā)抖，離合器分離不徹底，離合器打滑這三種現(xiàn)象，有392件是異常磨損的現(xiàn)象，占總數(shù)的6232％。因此主要的現(xiàn)象，異常磨損是主要的研究方向。14統(tǒng)計和分析離合器故障的異常磨損現(xiàn)象統(tǒng)計和分析離合器故障的異常磨損現(xiàn)象在這個時候，磨損過程一般分為輕微的磨損，較小的磨損，時間較長，嚴(yán)重的磨損的正?，F(xiàn)象，所以正常磨損的離合器應(yīng)貫穿運行在第一階段和穩(wěn)定磨損階段。在“QC/T2592型汽車干摩擦式離合器總成技術(shù)條件”中，離合器的駕駛的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)里程是

簡介：一、外文原文原文一原文一PERFORMANCEEVALUATION,ECONOMICVALUEADDEDANDMANAGERIALBEHAVIOURFORTHEPASTTWODECADESMANYCOUNTRIESSTARTEDTRANSFORMINGTHEIRECONOMIESFROMTRADITIONALPROTECTEDONESTOTHOSEOFMORELIBERALIZED,GLOBALIZEDANDMARKETDRIVENTHISPERIODHASALSOSEENTHEECONOMIESBECOMINGMOREKNOWLEDGEORIENTEDANDHUMANRESOURCESSTARTEDASSUMINGMOREPROMINENCEINTHEGROWTHOFTHEECONOMIESANDBUSINESSESPOSINGAGREATERCHALLENGEFORCOMPANIESTOACQUIREANDRETAINTALENTEDWORKFORCEESPECIALLYATTHESTRATEGICMANAGERIALLEVELSTHEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYALSOSTARTEDWITNESSINGTHERAPIDRISEOFTHEAGENCYPROBLEMCONFLICTOFINTERESTBETWEENMANAGERSANDOWNERSSOITISVERYESSENTIALTOALIGNTHEINTERESTSOFTHEMANGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSORATLEASTREDUCETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMINTHISREGARDECONOMICVALUEADDEDHASBEENSEENASBETTERALTERNATIVETOTHESTOCKPRICEANDTRADITIONALPERFORMANCEMEASURESWHILESUCCESSFULEVASTORIESINTHEWESTAREQUITEENCOURAGING,CORPORATEINDIAISSLOWLYCATCHINGUPTHEEVAADOPTIONALTHOUGHNOTAPANACEA,EVABASEDCOMPENSATIONPLANSWILLDRIVEMANAGERSEMPLOYAFIRM’SASSETSMOREPRODUCTIVELYANDEVASHOULDHELPREDUCETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEINTERESTSOFTHEMANAGERSANDSHAREHOLDERS,IFNOTPERFECTLYALIGNTHEM1INTRODUCTIONFORTHEPASTTWODECADESMANYCOUNTRIESSTARTEDTRANSFORMINGTHEIRECONOMIESFROMTRADITIONALPROTECTEDONESTOTHOSEOFMORELIBERALIZED,GLOBALISEDANDMARKETDRIVENTHISPERIODHASALSOSEENTHEECONOMIESBECOMINGMOREKNOWLEDGEORIENTEDANDHUMANRESOURCESSTARTEDASSUMINGMOREPROMINENCEINTHEGROWTHOFTHEECONOMIESANDBUSINESSESBUTTHISHASALSOPOSEDAGREATERCHALLENGEFORCOMPANIESTOACQUIREANDRETAINTALENTEDWORKFORCEESPECIALLYATTHESTRATEGICMANAGERIALLEVELSTHEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYALSOSTARTEDWITNESSINGTHERAPIDRISEOFTHEAGENCYPROBLEMCONFLICTOFINTERESTBETWEENMANAGERSANDOWNERSTHEMANAGERS–INTHEIRANIDEALPERFORMANCEMEASURESHOULDENSURETHATTHEMANAGERSWOULDBEARALLTHECONSEQUENCESOFTHEIROWNACTIONS,BUTARENOTEXPOSEDTOTHEFLUCTUATIONSOVERWHICHTHEYHAVENOCONTROLINSEARCHOFSUCHAMETRIC–TRADITIONALLYCOMPANIESAREUSEDTOCAPTUREMANAGERIALPERFORMANCEANDREWARDTHEMTHROUGHTHEOPERATIONBASEDMEASURESLIKEPROFITS,EPS,ROCEANDROEHOWEVERTHESEMEASURESARENOTFREEFROMLIMITATIONSANAPPROPRIATEPERFORMANCEMEASURESHOULDASSESSHOWMANAGERIALACTIONSAFFECTTHEFIRMVALUEFORTHISTOHAPPENTHEPERFORMANCEMEASUREMUSTINCORPORATEATLEASTTHREETHINGSIRALA,2005ATHEAMOUNTOFCAPITALINVESTEDBTHERETURNEARNEDONTHECAPITALANDCCOSTOFCAPITALWACC–REFLECTINGTHERISKADJUSTEDREQUIREDRATEOFRETURNISTHEREANYMEASURETHATINCLUDESRETURNS,CAPITALEMPLOYEDANDTHECOSTOFCAPITALEMPLOYEDINITSCOMPUTATIONTHESTERNSTEWARTCOMPANY,ANEWYORKCITYBASEDCONSULTINGFIRMANSWERSTHISQUESTIONPOSITIVELYANDINTRODUCESITSECONOMICVALUEADDEDEVA3WHATISECONOMICVALUEADDEDEVAISTHEADJUSTEDNETOPERATINGTAXAFTERTAXANOPATFORAPERIODMINUSTHECAPITALCHARGETHERUPEECOSTOFCAPITALOFTHEINVESTMENTOVERTHATPERIODEVACANBEEXPRESSEDASEVAADJUSTEDNETOPERATINGPROFITAFTERTAXESANOPATCAPITALCOSTWHEREANOPATCAPITALEMPLOYEDCEROCEASROCEEBIT1T/CECAPITALCOSTWACCXCAPITALEMPLOYEDCETHUSEVACAPITALEMPLOYEDCEROCEWACCCAPITALEMPLOYEDEVAROCEWACCCAPITALEMPLOYEDCAPITALISGENERALLYMEASUREDBYBOOKVALUEWACCISTHEWEIGHTEDAVERAGEOFCOSTOFEQUITYGENERALLYMEASUREDBYCAPMANDCOSTOFDEBT

簡介：華北科技學(xué)院2011屆本科畢業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯及原文屆本科畢業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯及原文文獻(xiàn)題目文獻(xiàn)題目MARKETINGSTRATEGYADJUSTMENTANDMARKETINGINNOVATIONINTHEEXPERIENCEECONOMYERA文獻(xiàn)作者文獻(xiàn)作者WUQINXUE發(fā)表時間發(fā)表時間200176資料出處資料出處圖書館外文期刊圖書館外文期刊外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)第267頁至第頁至第230頁學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名李培凱李培凱學(xué)號號200804024109院部部管理學(xué)院管理學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)工商管理工商管理班級級B081指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師趙恩超趙恩超2011年6月18日上升心理需求。因此企業(yè)應(yīng)該盡量靠近客戶，感知客戶心理需求，開展“關(guān)系營銷”來滿足客戶。心理需要，簡單來說就是迎合消費者的心理，比如說當(dāng)前社會追求品味、格調(diào)奢華等，針對這一現(xiàn)狀企業(yè)可以有針對的產(chǎn)品分為不同檔次。零售商業(yè)中一些聰明的商人們試圖改變消費者購物模式，讓消費者參加到一個有趣的活動。如在旅游活動，娛樂活動，或是探索、野營、峽谷漂流和沖浪中讓消費者在不知不覺中加深對企業(yè)的好感，從而培養(yǎng)顧客忠誠度。22使交互式概念成為營銷計劃的核心概念和指導(dǎo)方針目前，許多企業(yè)完全依靠廣告和降價來推銷產(chǎn)品，導(dǎo)致廣告投資費用增長迅速。然而據(jù)調(diào)查事實上只有20的廣告會有效果，而其余80被浪費了，因為廣告的效果畢竟有限，很多企業(yè)過分夸大廣告效果，而忽視了本身產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量導(dǎo)致過分包裝，使現(xiàn)代許多企業(yè)面臨尷尬狀況。企業(yè)高層對于廣告與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量選取那個側(cè)重點存在嚴(yán)重分歧，高層的不團(tuán)結(jié)境遇使企業(yè)發(fā)展非常艱難。其他完善行業(yè)集體造成自身價格戰(zhàn)，使企業(yè)更受到極大挑戰(zhàn)市場份額縮減，造成企業(yè)形象敗壞。而在體驗經(jīng)濟(jì)的期間，企業(yè)可以培養(yǎng)忠誠顧客，允許用戶體驗產(chǎn)品，確認(rèn)其價值，讓客戶自動接近產(chǎn)品。將重點應(yīng)該放在顧客信任被選用的產(chǎn)品上。交互模式不僅在企業(yè)和客戶之間，更是在客戶自己。讓事實說話讓“好感覺”的口碑傳播。23產(chǎn)品推廣策略和創(chuàng)造企業(yè)品牌形象如今，消費市場已進(jìn)入成熟時期。消費者需求脫節(jié)了“定性”階段很長一段時間，進(jìn)入一個更高的“品味”水平。因此營銷推廣商品促銷的關(guān)鍵不僅僅應(yīng)該是出售商品本身，而是專注于銷售推廣戰(zhàn)略概念，即創(chuàng)建一個品牌形象。強調(diào)經(jīng)驗，客戶會根據(jù)遺忘自己經(jīng)驗在人群中來努力采購、占有、使用商品，這將會形成一個良性循環(huán)。在激烈的市場競中，有一系列令人眼花繚亂的產(chǎn)品，商品越來越多的同質(zhì)性，純利潤追尋是不夠的讓消費者動心的，企業(yè)必須創(chuàng)造出有特色的產(chǎn)品。為了滿足消費者自我實現(xiàn)高層次品位的追求，將會導(dǎo)致更多的消費者追隨。因此，考慮到企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品特征和消費心理學(xué)人性觀的必然要求，在新時代提出征服“品味”消費者心的概念，并創(chuàng)建一個品牌形象，強調(diào)經(jīng)驗對企業(yè)來說至關(guān)重要。

簡介：中文中文2730字出處出處PROCEEDINGSOFTHE11THWSEASINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDMATHEMATICS,DALLAS,TEXAS,USA2007譯文中央污水處理廠廢水凈化和小型污水處理廠廢水凈中央污水處理廠廢水凈化和小型污水處理廠廢水凈化分散系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)比較化分散系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)比較JZORKO,DGORICANEC摘要摘要在本篇文章里提出了兩個關(guān)于投資的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析，一個是對綜合性的帶有成套的廢水回收系統(tǒng)的投資，另一個是單獨對不同構(gòu)成部分的分散系統(tǒng)的投資。凈現(xiàn)值NPV和資本成本CC的方法已經(jīng)用于比較建設(shè)帶有污水回收系統(tǒng)的中央污水處理廠和建設(shè)每一個處理部分都帶有自己的回收系統(tǒng)的分散廢水處理廠的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。兩個解決方案被選中其中一個來解決實際問題，比如減少生活中每一個施工方案中的特殊維護(hù)成本。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞廢水排水區(qū)回收系統(tǒng)成本價格凈現(xiàn)值資本成本11引言引言城市廢水在水環(huán)境污染中占有一個龐大的份額,同時也是影響飲用水源質(zhì)量的重要因素之一。要保證廢水的排放和治理部門以及環(huán)境保護(hù)規(guī)劃工作安排能夠順利實施，關(guān)鍵是，排放和凈化城市污水業(yè)務(wù)項目的具體實施斯洛文尼亞共和國政府決策NO35208/200122004年10月14日,其中就包含廢水回收系統(tǒng)建設(shè)和城市廢水處理廠建設(shè)的計劃開支。特定城市群的污水收集和處理系統(tǒng)項目計劃，最終必須在遵守規(guī)定的指令91/271/EEC下執(zhí)行。按照地方業(yè)務(wù)項目規(guī)定，要確保城市群提供污水收集系統(tǒng)至少到2017年，廢水排放和治理的主要準(zhǔn)則取決于1總負(fù)載來自于人口當(dāng)量（指的是某種工業(yè)廢水旳有機(jī)污染物總量，用相當(dāng)于生活污水污染量旳人口數(shù)表示）中的城市廢水2城市居民的廢水濃度為PE/公頃3確定敏感地區(qū)水的富營養(yǎng)化指標(biāo)或飲用水的來源。城市群是指一個地區(qū)，這個地區(qū)人口集中和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動充分集中，城市群為城市廢水收集、進(jìn)行城市污水處理的地方或最后的一個排放點。真空線的長度25620M25620M抽水站4個3個真空站2個2個2121財務(wù)計劃財務(wù)計劃預(yù)見到以下幾種融資的投資形勢歐盟基金凝聚力基金和結(jié)構(gòu)性基金環(huán)境保護(hù)稅，政府環(huán)境部門，市政預(yù)算。我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備投資的投資計劃，假設(shè)融資的項目從2008年到2017年呈現(xiàn)在圖2中。圖2項目1和項目2金融計劃33項目項目1和項目和項目2在選擇時間上的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析在選擇時間上的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析為了比較這兩個命名項目，凈現(xiàn)值NPV方法和資本成本CC方法已被選定來進(jìn)行長期、持續(xù)研究。3131凈現(xiàn)值凈現(xiàn)值NPVNPV建立一個項目或投資的價值，凈現(xiàn)值NPV指投資方案所產(chǎn)生得現(xiàn)金凈流量以資金成本為貼現(xiàn)率折現(xiàn)之后與原始投資額現(xiàn)值的差額。凈現(xiàn)值法就是按凈現(xiàn)值大小來評價方案優(yōu)劣的一種方法。凈現(xiàn)值大于零則方案可行，且凈現(xiàn)值越大，方案越優(yōu)，投資效益越定期投資支出年項目一項目二

簡介：外文資料翻譯英文原文1CURRENTDEVELOPMENTSINACCOUNTINGANDTHEDYNAMICSOFECONOMICCALCULATIONTHOMASCTAYLORBACKGROUNDTHEROLEOFACCOUNTINGASARTICULATEDINAUSTRIANECONOMICTHEORYISSECURELYFASTENEDTOTHETASKOFECONOMICCALCULATIONLUDWIGVONMISESDISTINGUISHESBETWEENPROSPECTIVEORANTICIPATIVECALCULATIONINVOLVINGTHE“PRECALCULATIONOFEXPECTEDCOSTSANDEXPECTEDPROCEEDS“RELATINGTOAPLANNEDCOURSEOFACTIONANDRETROSPECTIVECALCULATIONTHATESTABLISHESTHERESULTSOFPASTACTION,THE“ACCOUNTINGOFPROFITORLOSS“ANDHISDEVASTATINGARGUMENTTHATTHEINABILITYOFTHESOCIALISTPLANNERSTOCALCULATETHECOSTSOFALTERNATIVECOURSESOFACTIONRENDERSSOCIALISMIMPOSSIBLEANDESTABLISHESTHECRITICALROLEOFCOSTACCOUNTINGINBUSINESSDECISIONSUNDERCAPITALISMONEOFTHELONGSTANDINGDIFFICULTIESINCOSTACCOUNTINGHASBEENTHEALLOCATIONOF“INDIRECTCOSTS“TOVARIOUSOBJECTSSUCHASPRODUCTS,DEPARTMENTS,DIVISIONS,ETCFOREXAMPLE,TRADITIONALCOSTACCOUNTINGHASLONGDEPENDEDONPREDETERMINEDOVERHEADRATESINORDERTOAPPLYTHEINDIRECTCOSTOFMANUFACURINGTODIFFERENTPRODUCTSBYMEANSOFSOMEBASESUCHASDIRECTLABORCOSTORDIRECTLABORHOURSMISESWASWELLAWAREOFTHEPROBLEMOFASSIGNINGINDIRECTCOSTSFORPURPOSESOFDEPARTMENTALPROFITABILITYANALYSISTHEELABORATEMETHODSOFMODERNBOOKKEEPING,ACCOUNTANCY,ANDBUSINESSSTATISTICSPROVIDETHEENTERPRISERWITHAFAITHFULIMAGEOFALLHISOPERATIONSHEISINAPOSITIONTOLEARNHOWSUCCESSFULORUNSUCCESSFULEVERYONEOFHISTRANSACTIONSWASWITHTHEAIDOFTHESESTATEMENTSHECANCHECKTHEACTIVITIESOFALLDEPARTMENTSOFHISCONCERNNOMATTERHOWLARGEITMAYBETHEREIS,TOBESURE,SOMEAMOUNTOFDISCRETIONINDETERMININGTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFOVERHEADCOSTSBUTAPARTFROMTHIS,THEFIGURESPROVIDEAFAITHFULREFLECTIONOFALLTHATISGOINGONINEVERYBRANCHORDEPARTMENTTHEREMAINDEROFTHISARTICLEWILLDISCUSSMOREFULLYTHEPROBLEMOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONASWIDELYPRACTICEDTODAY,ANDEXPLAINHOWSOMELEADINGCOMPANIESAREIMPLEMENTINGFUNDAMENTALLYNEWAPPROACHESTOCOSTASSIGNMENTANDHOWTHESEAPPROACHESCREATEMOREEFFECTIVETOOLSFORENTREPRENEURIALDECISIONSTHEPROBLEMOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONTHEASSIGNMENTOFINDIRECTCOSTSTOPRODUCTS,DEPARTMENTS,ANDOTHERCOSTOBJECTSHASBEENALONGSTANDINGPROBLEMINCOSTACCOUNTINGINDIRECTCOSTSAREDISTINGUISHED外文資料翻譯英文原文3ACTIVITIESTHATCONSUMETHERESOURCESBYDETERMININGTHECOSTSOFDIFFERENTACTIVITIESASAFIRSTSTAGEINTHECOSTINGPROCESS,OBJECTSCANULTIMATELYBEASSIGNEDCOSTSACCORDINGTOTHEIRDEMANDSFORACTIVITIESSEPARATEPREDETERMINEDACTIVITYRATESARETHUSUSEDRATHERTHANTHEAMORPHOUSOVERHEADRATESOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONABCISFUNDAMENTALLYDIFFERENTFROMTRADITIONALCOSTINGBECAUSEITINSISTSUPONEXPLICITCAUSEANDEFFECTCONNECTIONSBETWEENTHEVARIOUSACTIVITIESANDCOSTSORCONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCESASAFIRSTSTAGEASSIGNINGCOSTSTOOBJECTSFOLLOWSINASECONDSTAGEINVOLVINGTHELINKAGEOFOBJECTSTOACTIVITIESTHROUGHTHEUSEOFACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERSANACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERIS“AQUANTITATIVEMEASUREOFTHEOUTPUTOFANACTIVITY“KAPLANANDCOOPER1998,P95TOILLUSTRATE,CONSIDERTHEACTIVITYOFSETTINGUPAMACHINETOPROCESSDIFFERENTBATCHESOFMATERIALSTHEACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERWOULDBESETUPSORSETUPHOURSASSUMETHATTOTALSETUPCOSTIS44,800FORASPECIFICPERIODOFPRODUCTIONIFTHEPROJECTEDTOTALNUMBEROFSETUPSIS70,THENANACTIVITYRATEOF640PERSETUPWOULDBEUSEDTOCOSTDIFFERENTPRODUCTSDEPENDINGONTHENUMBEROFSETUPSREQUIREDOBVIOUSLY,PRODUCTSMANUFACTUREDINSMALLLOTSIZESWILLBEASSIGNEDDISPROPORTIONATELYMOREOFTHESETUPCOSTTHANTHOSEPRODUCEDINLARGERUNSTOILLUSTRATEFURTHER,ASSUMETHAT1,000UNITSOFPRODUCTAAREPRODUCEDEACHPERIODREQUIRING30SETUPSTOACCOMMODATETHESMALLINDIVIDUALORDERSOFCUSTOMERSALSO,PRODUCTBISALARGEVOLUMEITEMINVOLVINGTHEPRODUCTIONANDSALEOF20,000UNITSANDONLY40SETUPSEACHPERIODAPPLYINGTHESETUPRATEOF640PERSETUP,PRODUCTAWOULDBEASSIGNED19,200ANDPRODUCTB25,600FORATOTALSETUPCOSTASSIGNEDOF44,800ABCNONETHELESSHASTODEALWITHTHEFACTTHATMOSTCOSTSOFBUSINESSOPERATIONSTODAYAREFIXEDINMANUFACTURING,OFTENTHEONLYPURELYVARIABLECOSTSRELATETODIRECTMATERIALSANDTOUTILITIESSUCHASELECTRICITYTHEISSUEISNOTUNIQUETOABC,FOREVENTRADITIONALOVERHEADALLOCATIONCANNOTAVOIDTHENECESSITYOFAPPLYINGFIXEDOVERHEADCOSTSTOPRODUCTSTHESOLUTIONREVOLVESAROUNDTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEAMOUNTOFCAPACITYASCRIBEDTOTHERESOURCESASSIGNEDTOEACHACTIVITYTOILLUSTRATE,ASSUMEENGINEERINGRESOURCESCOST280,000EACHPERIODANDHAVETHECAPACITYTOPRODUCE4,000ENGINEERINGCHANGEORDERSTHEACTIVITYDRIVEREACHPERIODTHEACTIVITYRATEOF70PERCHANGEORDERWOULDBEUSEDTOCHARGEDIFFERENTPRODUCTSLINESFORUSINGTHISENGINEERINGSERVICEIFDURINGTHEPERIODONLY3,800CHANGEORDERSWEREGENERATED,AFIVEPERCENTREDUCTIONINACTIVITYLEVELS,THEN14,000OFENGINEERINGCOSTSWOULDNOTBEASSIGNEDTOPRODUCTSBUTWOULDBEREPORTEDASANUNFAVORABLEVOLUMEVARIANCEANDWRITTENOFFTO

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）譯文題目禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究學(xué)生姓名張文娟學(xué)號2008105421專業(yè)電氣工程及自動化班級20081096指導(dǎo)教師楊力森評閱教師完成日期2012年1月12日禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究操作區(qū)時就需要很長一段時間。FAN和MCDONALD用了兩次拉姆達(dá)的迭代來解決有操作禁區(qū)區(qū)域的受限經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度問題。HOPFIELD神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)過去常單獨使用3和文獻(xiàn)4，以解決非凸經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度優(yōu)化問題。許多參數(shù)的調(diào)整必須為HOPFIELD網(wǎng)絡(luò)做出來，以確保其一致性和銜接到一個可行的解決方案中去。本文探討使用改良粒子群優(yōu)化技術(shù)5來解決一些有禁止作業(yè)區(qū)的單位的約束經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度問題。應(yīng)用“近”最好方案升級調(diào)查，該技術(shù)是一種并行人口為基礎(chǔ)的搜尋方法，每個迭代包括候選方案的全體人口。以雙方速度優(yōu)化的形式，以每個人在人口更新其內(nèi)部問題空間中的位置的方式，改良粒子群優(yōu)化技術(shù)被運用到原始的粒子群優(yōu)化算法中來。這是旨在阻止個人在問題限制區(qū)以外的可探尋地區(qū)活動，并降低這種算法導(dǎo)致的現(xiàn)今局部最小值的風(fēng)險。由于沒有梯度信息的擬議技術(shù)的利用，它可以應(yīng)用到一類非常廣泛的優(yōu)化問題中來，包括約束和限制優(yōu)化問題，仿真結(jié)果表明，無需梯度信息，該技術(shù)達(dá)到很好的精度，并且使用非常簡單的算術(shù)和邏輯運算而無需任何額外的調(diào)整參數(shù)。2．問題陳述．問題陳述考慮一些有禁止操作區(qū)單位的約束調(diào)度問題，應(yīng)儲備的數(shù)學(xué)公式如下在這里I所有在線機(jī)組指數(shù)；發(fā)電成本（元/時）；第I號機(jī)組產(chǎn)生的功率（單位兆瓦）；第I號機(jī)組的成本系數(shù)函數(shù)；所上線機(jī)組的全集。受以下限制（1）功率平衡在此傳輸損耗（兆瓦）；總負(fù)荷需求（兆瓦）；

簡介：大型公共建筑消防應(yīng)急照明電源設(shè)計技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)的研究摘要本文在實地調(diào)查近年新落成的一些大型公共建筑消防應(yīng)急照明電源設(shè)計存在無法滿足實際需要情況的基礎(chǔ)上，針對技術(shù)規(guī)范亟待完善的電源設(shè)計的重要問題，提出了修改建議，提高應(yīng)急照明的可靠性，改善人員逃生條件，以適應(yīng)“以人為本”“生命至上”的社會發(fā)展趨勢，減少火災(zāi)事故中的人員傷亡。關(guān)鍵詞消防；應(yīng)急照明電；源蓄電；池分散供電引言近年，各地新落成了不少大型公共建筑，尤其是大型體育、文化場館等，這些建筑都是人群高度集中的開放場所，一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)和斷電等事故，容易發(fā)生疏散混亂、相互踩踏造成傷亡事故，提高應(yīng)急疏散照明的可靠性，具有極其重要的意義。但由于一些技術(shù)規(guī)范未能及時修改和統(tǒng)一，設(shè)計時依據(jù)不同，設(shè)計思想有很大差別，無法滿足實際需要，需加以完善。本文對應(yīng)急照明技術(shù)規(guī)范在實踐中遇到的問題，作個簡要分析，以引起從業(yè)者的足夠重視。應(yīng)急照明在火災(zāi)和突發(fā)緊急事故中有著重要的作用，確保消防應(yīng)急照明系統(tǒng)安全可靠的工作意義重大。消防應(yīng)急燈具有三大功能消防應(yīng)急工作照明燈組成的消防工作照明系統(tǒng)，滿足正常工作照度要求；由消防應(yīng)急疏散照明燈組成的消防疏散功能系統(tǒng)，供人員疏散時提供必須的照度而設(shè)置；由低位消防應(yīng)急疏散照明和疏散指示及其他標(biāo)志形式組成的應(yīng)急疏散標(biāo)識功能系統(tǒng)，為人員疏散提供明確引導(dǎo)方向及途徑。1有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范1民用建筑電器設(shè)計規(guī)范GJ162008第3191條“一級負(fù)荷應(yīng)由兩個電源供電，當(dāng)一個電源發(fā)生故障時，另一個電源應(yīng)不致同時受到損壞。一級負(fù)荷容量較大或有高壓用電設(shè)備時應(yīng)采用兩路高壓電源。如一級負(fù)荷容量不大時，應(yīng)優(yōu)先采用從電力系統(tǒng)或臨近單位取得第二低壓電源，亦可采用應(yīng)急發(fā)電機(jī)組，如一級負(fù)荷僅為照明或電話站負(fù)荷時，宜采用蓄電池組作為備用電源”；2建筑設(shè)計防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1012條火災(zāi)事故照明和疏散照明指示標(biāo)志可采用蓄電池作備用電源，但連續(xù)供電時間不應(yīng)少于20MIN；3建筑設(shè)計防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1013條消防用電設(shè)備應(yīng)采用單獨的供電回路，并當(dāng)發(fā)生火災(zāi)切斷生產(chǎn)、生活用電時，應(yīng)能保證消防用電，其配電設(shè)備應(yīng)有明顯標(biāo)志；4建筑設(shè)計防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1028條“其疏散走道和疏散門，均宜設(shè)置燈光疏散指示標(biāo)志”；5火災(zāi)自動報警系統(tǒng)設(shè)計規(guī)范GB5011698第6318條“消防控制室在確認(rèn)火災(zāi)后，應(yīng)能切斷有關(guān)部位的非消防電源，并接通警報裝置及火災(zāi)應(yīng)急照明燈和疏散標(biāo)志燈”；要，完全可以做到萬無一失。而且也認(rèn)為以發(fā)電機(jī)作備用電源的應(yīng)急照明供電方式比自帶蓄電池的應(yīng)急燈要高級，要可靠。但從上面的分析中得知，發(fā)生火災(zāi)時，這種傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計已經(jīng)無法滿足應(yīng)急照明的需要?！睉?yīng)急照明”，也叫“事故照明”，其實質(zhì)就是“事故照明”，要充分考慮到發(fā)生火災(zāi)時的具體情況，而不僅僅是非火災(zāi)突然斷電時的情況。而且，從大量的實際火災(zāi)案例看，由于應(yīng)急照明的缺位造成人員踩踏造成的致死致傷的人員數(shù)量之多，足以引起我們對火災(zāi)中應(yīng)急照明的重要性進(jìn)行重新認(rèn)識。在實踐中，近年落成的一些大型公用建筑，屢屢出現(xiàn)這樣的事情建筑消防報建時，按照傳統(tǒng)雙回路應(yīng)急電源設(shè)計規(guī)范進(jìn)行設(shè)計，用發(fā)電機(jī)組作應(yīng)急電源，圖紙可以順利通過政府消防主管部門的審核，也能順利通過建筑消防驗收；但在投入使用時，負(fù)責(zé)消防日常監(jiān)督管理的政府區(qū)域消防管理單位，卻對應(yīng)急照明提出異議，要求在安全出口、疏散通道上、消防設(shè)備房等重要區(qū)域，安裝自帶蓄電池供電的雙頭應(yīng)急照明燈或筒燈，滿足實際需要，對所謂雙回路供電保證應(yīng)急照明說法不屑一顧。發(fā)生這種情況的原因主要是一些設(shè)計單位沒有充分考慮到實際需要，缺乏實踐經(jīng)驗，加上一些建設(shè)單位也認(rèn)為，應(yīng)急照明燈影響美觀，無法與日漸高檔的裝修標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相適應(yīng)，沒有必要。另外國家規(guī)定應(yīng)急照明燈具的使用范圍也偏小，相關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范沒有把應(yīng)急照明采用自帶蓄電池方式和備用發(fā)電機(jī)方式兩者之間的級別差異明確表述，存在不明確的情況，設(shè)計人員認(rèn)識不深刻，無法滿足大型公共建筑的消防安全需要。在這個問題上，負(fù)責(zé)消防日常監(jiān)督管理的政府區(qū)域消防管理單位人員，顯然具有更豐富的工作經(jīng)驗，更了解火災(zāi)發(fā)生時，供電線路和設(shè)備的損壞情況，以及應(yīng)急照明的正常工作對于救生和救災(zāi)的重要性，這樣的要求應(yīng)該說是完全正確的。所以，在一些大型公用建筑上，就會看到這種無奈的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)竣工投入使用的高檔建筑，在疏散通道、疏散樓梯、安全出口、電梯廳、消防設(shè)備房、大型功能房等重要區(qū)域，以線槽或線管明敷的方式，加裝了必要的自帶蓄電池的雙頭應(yīng)急照明燈，外觀上與其它暗敷的電氣線路很不協(xié)調(diào)。這種事后的改進(jìn)，既不美觀，也由于重新施工造成經(jīng)濟(jì)上的損失和浪費。而且，視管理單位和設(shè)計單位的認(rèn)識和重視程度不同，對待這個問題的態(tài)度也有很大區(qū)別。設(shè)計單位往往認(rèn)為設(shè)計依據(jù)充分，大型公共建筑往往又是綜合性的，并非功能單一的建筑，在歸類上有分歧，因此拒絕變更改進(jìn)，造成一些大型公共建筑此項改造工作困難重重，留下了明顯的消防安全隱患。再加上假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品在使用領(lǐng)域占比例較大。在現(xiàn)實場所發(fā)現(xiàn)很多應(yīng)急照明設(shè)施為不合格產(chǎn)品，特別是應(yīng)急照明燈具、疏散指示標(biāo)志、不合格產(chǎn)品在使用中占很大的比例，給人員安全疏散和滅火救援留下了很大隱患。以光致型發(fā)光標(biāo)識牌代替疏散指標(biāo)。光致型發(fā)光標(biāo)識牌是一種稀土材料制成的蓄光型標(biāo)志牌。目前技術(shù)水準(zhǔn)下，在日光或日光燈類光源照射10H以上的

簡介：PROCEEDINGSWORLDGEOTHERMALCONGRESS2010BALI,INDONESIA,2529APRIL20101THERMOECONOMICOPTIMIZATIONOFGEOTHERMALFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSMEHDIZEYGHAMIENDOFPOONAKEBAKHTARIBLVD,SHAHRKEGHODS,POBOX14665/517TEHRAN\IRANMZEYGHAMINRIACIRKEYWORDSTHERMOECONOMICMODELING,SINGLEFLASH,DOUBLESFLASH,OPTIMIZATIONABSTRACTFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSARERELATIVELYACOMMONMETHODUSEDTOCONVERTTHEGEOTHERMALENERGYINTOELECTRICITYWHENPRODUCTIONWELLSPRODUCEAMIXTUREOFSTEAMANDLIQUIDINAGEOTHERMALSYSTEMINCOMPARISONTOTHESINGLEFLASHSYSTEM,THEDOUBLEFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTGENERATESMOREPOWERFROMGEOTHERMALFLUIDATTHESAMECONDITIONSHOWEVER,ELECTRICITYGENERATIONCOSTSAREHIGHERFORDOUBLEFLASHPLANTSATHERMOECONOMICOPTIMIZATIONMODELISPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERASTHEGENERATIONCOSTSOFSINGLEANDDOUBLEFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSBYCONSIDERINGTHEPRESSURESINTHESEPARATORANDFLASHVESSELONLYINADOUBLEFLASHPLANTASTHEINDEPENDENTVARIABLESINTHEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONANDUSINGNUMERICALSEARCHMETHODSGOLDENRATIOANDNELDERMEAD,THEMINIMUMPOWERGENERATIONCOSTWASCALCULATEDATDIFFERENTGEOFLUIDCONDITIONSFOREITHERSINGLEORDOUBLEFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSTHEANALYSISWASCARRIEDOUTFORPLANTSIZESFROM5TO150MWTHEECONOMYOFSCALEWASTAKENINTOACCOUNTFORINVESTMENTCOSTSANDOPERATIONMAINTENANCECOSTSTHERESULTSFORMINIMUMGENERATIONCOSTANDNETPOWEROUTPUTUSINGSINGLEANDDOUBLEFLASHGEOTHERMALPOWERPLANTSISPRESENTEDFORDIFFERENTGEOFLUIDTEMPERATURESANDFLOWRATES1INTRODUCTIONGEOTHERMALENERGYISTHENATURALHEATENERGYWITHINTHEEARTHTHISENERGYCANBERECOVEREDINSPECIFICAREASINHOTWATERORSTEAMHYDROTHERMALSYSTEMSARENATURALGEOTHERMALSOURCESINWHICHWATERISHEATEDINCONTACTWITHHOTROCKSBENEATHLAYERSOFTHEEARTHSSURFACEANDTURNSTOSTEAMVAPORDOMINATEDSYSTEMSORHOTWATERLIQUIDDOMINATEDSYSTEMSELWAKIL,1985INHYDROTHERMALSYSTEMS,ITISPOSSIBLETOEXTRACTTHEHOTGEOTHERMALFLUIDBYDRILLINGWELLSTOSUITABLEDEPTHSINPROPERPLACESTHEFLOWCOULDEITHERBENATURALFLOWUNDERITSOWNPRESSUREORPUMPEDTOTHESURFACEINLIQUIDDOMINATEDSYSTEMS,PRESSUREDROPINTHEWELLTURNSSOMELIQUIDSINTOVAPOR,WHICHRESULTSINALOWQUALITY,TWOPHASEMIXTUREATTHEWELLHEADUSINGFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSISONEOFTHECOMMONWAYSTOCONVERTTHEEXTRACTEDHEATTOMECHANICALPOWERANDELECTRICITYSINGLEFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSAREOFTENTHEFIRSTPOWERPLANTSINSTALLEDATNEWLYDEVELOPEDLIQUIDDOMINATEDGEOTHERMALFIELDSDIPIPPO2007THETERM“SINGLEFLASH”INDICATESTHATGEOTHERMALFLUIDUNDERGOESONEFLASHINGPROCESSINTHESYSTEMFLASHINGISAPROCESSOFLOWERINGTHEGEOFLUIDPRESSUREBELOWTHESATURATIONPRESSURECORRESPONDINGTOTHEFLUIDTEMPERATURETOTRANSFORMPRESSURIZEDLIQUIDTOAMIXTUREOFLIQUIDANDVAPORDIPIPPO2007INORDERTOACHIEVEAFLUIDMIXTUREWITHHIGHERQUALITYANDSTEAMFLOWINTHETURBINEINASINGLEFLASHPOWERPLANT,THEGEOTHERMALFLUIDISSUBJECTEDTOACONSTANTENTHALPYTHROTTLINGPROCESSAFTERTHESEPARATIONOFLIQUIDANDVAPORPHASESINASEPARATOR,THEVAPORISUSEDTODRIVEASTEAMTURBINEANDGENERATEMECHANICALPOWERTHELIQUIDPORTIONOFTHEFLOWISREINJECTEDTOTHESOURCEVIAINJECTIONWELLSDUETOHIGHTEMPERATUREANDRELATIVELYLOWQUALITYINTHESEPARATOR,THEEXITINGBRINEHASAHIGHFLOWRATEANDWORKINGPOTENTIALCOMPAREDTOTHESTEAMUSEDTODRIVETHETURBINEELWAKIL,1985INORDERTOUSETHISWASTEDENERGYINADOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANT,THELIQUIDEXITINGTHESEPARATORISRUNTHROUGHASECONDFLASHINGPROCESSFLASHVESSELANDSEPARATORTHERESULTINGLOWPRESSURESTEAMISSENTTOALOWERSTAGEOFTHETURBINEORANOTHERSTEAMTURBINEATTHESAMEGEOTHERMALFLUIDCONDITIONS,ADOUBLEFLASHSTEAMPLANTCANPRODUCE1525MOREPOWEROUTPUTTHANASINGLEFLASHSTEAMPLANTHOWEVER,THEPLANTISMORECOMPLEX,MORECOSTLY,ANDREQUIRESMOREMAINTENANCEDIPIPPO2007FLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSACCOUNTFORASIGNIFICANTSHAREOFALLGEOTHERMALPOWERPLANTSINTHEWORLDACCORDINGTOTHEAVAILABLEDATAPRESENTEDBYDIPIPPO2007,APPROXIMATELY32OFGEOTHERMALPLANTSINTHEWORLDHAVEASINGLEFLASHDESIGN,ANDAPPROXIMATELY14HAVEADOUBLEFLASHDESIGNINASINGLEFLASHPOWERPLANT,SEPARATORPRESSUREHASASIGNIFICANTEFFECTONTHEAMOUNTOFPOWERGENERATEDFROMEXTRACTEDGEOTHERMALFLUIDANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHECYCLEFORSPECIFICFLUIDCONDITIONSATTHEWELLHEAD,HIGHERSEPARATORPRESSURESRESULTINGFROMHIGHERFLASHINGPRESSURERESULTINHIGHERPRESSURESTEAMLEAVINGTHESEPARATORTHEREFORE,STEAMATTHETURBINEINLETWOULDHAVEHIGHERWORKINGPOTENTIALHOWEVER,BYREDUCINGTHEFLASHINGPRESSUREANDTHEDEPENDENTSEPARATORPRESSUREINCREASESTHEMIXTUREQUALITYINTHESEPARATOR,WHICHRESULTSINHIGHERSTEAMFLOWRATESATTHETURBINEINLETHOWEVER,THESPECIFICAVAILABLEENERGYEXERGYOFTHESTEAMFLOWWOULDDECLINETHUS,SEPARATORPRESSUREISAKEYDESIGNPARAMETERINSINGLEFLASHPOWERPLANTSANDHASAMAJORINFLUENCEONPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEMPERFORMANCEINDOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANTS,THEFLASHINGPRESSURESHOULDALSOBECONSIDEREDASANIMPORTANTDESIGNPARAMETERFOREVALUATIONOFFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTS,DESIGNPARAMETERSSHOULDBESELECTEDPRECISELYTOACHIEVETHEMAXIMUMPOWERGENERATIONATTHELOWESTGENERATIONCOSTTHEAIMOFTHEPRESENTWORKISTOINTRODUCEATHERMOECONOMICMODELFORGEOTHERMALFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSOPTIMIZATIONOFDESIGNPARAMETERSFORSINGLEANDDOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANTSBASEDONTHISMODELMAKESITPOSSIBLETOCOMPAREUTILIZATIONOFTHESEPLANTSINSIMILARCONDITIONSTOACHIEVETHISGOAL,NETPOWEROUTPUTFROMFLASHSTEAMPOWERPLANTSWASCALCULATEDATDIFFERENTGEOFLUIDTEMPERATURESBYUSINGTHERMODYNAMICEQUILIBRIUMSANDCYCLESPECIFICATIONSAFTERCONSIDERINGECONOMICFACTORS,THETHERMOECONOMICOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONWASDEFINEDASTHEGENERATIONCOSTOFTHEPLANTTHEN,THEAPPROPRIATEDESIGNVARIABLEVALUESTHATMINIMIZEDTHEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONWERECALCULATEDBYMEANSOFANUMERICALZEYGHAMI322DOUBLEFLASHSYSTEMASCHEMATICOFADOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANTANDITSTSDIAGRAMAREGIVENINFIGURES3AND4,RESPECTIVELYINADOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANT,BRINEFLOWSFROMTHESEPARATOR4TOAFLASHVESSEL,WHICHISASECONDARYLOWPRESSURESEPARATORINTHEFLASHVESSEL5,SATURATEDLIQUIDISREFLASHEDATLOWERPRESSURE,ANDTHESTEAMPORTIONOFTHEFLOWISADMITTEDTOALOWERSTAGEOFTHETURBINEREMAININGLIQUIDFROMTHEFLASHVESSEL7ISREINJECTEDINTOTHEGROUNDTHERESTOFTHECYCLEISTHESAMEASASINGLEFLASHPOWERPLANTTHEEXITINGBRINEFROMTHEPLANTHASLOWERAVAILABLEENERGY,RESULTINGINREDUCEDLOSSESINTHEENERGYCONVERSIONPROCESSUSINGTHERMODYNAMICEQUILIBRIUMSANDTHECONSERVATIONLAWSOFMASSANDENERGY,DIPIPPO2007HASDECLAREDTHECALCULATIONMETHODFORTHEANALYSISOFFLUIDCHARACTERISTICSINDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHEPLANTTHISSUBJECTWONTBEDISCUSSEDFURTHERINTHISPAPERCONSIDERINGFLUIDCONDITIONSATDIFFERENTPOINTSOFTHESYSTEMASKNOWNPARAMETERS,ITISPOSSIBLETOCALCULATETHEPERFORMANCECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPLANTFIGURE3SIMPLIFIEDSCHEMATICFLOWDIAGRAMFORADOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANTFIGURE4TEMPERATUREENTROPYDIAGRAMFORADOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANTASSUMING5PARASITICPOWERREQUIREMENTS,THEGROSSPOWERFROMSTEAMTURBINEANDTHENETGENERATEDPOWERFROMTHEPLANTBYAREGIVENINEQUATIONS5AND6NOTETHEDSUBSCRIPTDENOTESADOUBLEFLASHSYSTEM1099833DDDDDDDTHHMHHMW??5950DTDNETWW6THEUTILIZATIONFACTORFORADOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANTISEXPRESSEDINEQUATION7DINDNETDEWUF7111000SSTHHMEDDDDIN???8SIMILARTOTHESINGLEFLASHSYSTEM,ITISASSUMEDTHATTHEFLUIDCONDITIONSATTHEWELLHEADARETHOSEOFASATURATEDLIQUID,ANDTHECONDENSINGPRESSUREISCONSIDEREDTOBECONSTANTAT123KPATHEREFORE,THEONLYREMAININGDESIGNVARIABLESARETHESEPARATORPRESSUREANDTHEFLASHVESSELPRESSURE2THERMOECONOMICOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONINORDERTOCOMPARETHEUTILIZATIONOFSINGLEANDDOUBLEFLASHPOWERPLANTSTOGENERATEPOWERFROMAGEOTHERMALFIELD,THETHERMODYNAMICOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONHASBEENESTABLISHEDTOBETHEGENERATIONCOSTOFTHEPLANTTHEGENERATIONCOSTFUNCTIONISTHETOTALANNUALCOSTOFTHEPLANTDIVIDEDBYTHEMEANANNUALENERGYOUTPUTOFTHEPOWERPLANTTHEAIMOFTHEOPTIMIZATIONPROCEDUREISTOMINIMIZETHEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONFOREACHSYSTEMTHEGENERATIONCOSTISGIVENINEQUATION9HWCGFNETTOT9WHERENETWANDHARETHEMEANANNUALOUTPUTOFTHEPLANTANDTHEPLANTWORKINGHOURSEACHYEARTOTCISTHETOTALANNUALIZEDCOSTOFTHEPLANT,WHICHINCLUDESTHEAMORTIZEDINVESTMENTCOSTANDANNUALOPERATIONMAINTENANCECOSTS,ASSHOWNINEQUATION10MOATOTCCC10FORCALCULATINGPOWERGENERATIONCOST,THEECONOMYOFSCALEWASCONSIDEREDIELARGERPRODUCTIONCAPACITIESARELESSEXPENSIVEPERKWTHANSMALLERONESBASEDONTHEWORKOFSANYAL2005,THESPECIFICOMCOSTSFORGEOTHERMALPOWERPLANTSAPPROXIMATELYRANGEFROM20US￠/KWHFORA5MWPLANTTO14US￠/KWHFORA150MWPLANTASSUMINGANEXPONENTIALDECLINEINSPECIFICOMCOSTMOCINUS￠/KWHWITHPLANTCAPACITYPINMW,WEHAVE50025002??PMOEC11ANDTHEANNUALOMCOSTISHWCCNETMOMO12BASEDONINFORMATIONPRESENTEDBYENTHINGHANDMCVEIGH2003,THESPECIFICINVESTMENTCOSTFORSTEAMFLASH

簡介：發(fā)展中國家能源與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的因果關(guān)系發(fā)展中國家能源與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的因果關(guān)系基于坦桑尼亞和尼日利亞的案例研究基于坦桑尼亞和尼日利亞的案例研究摘要能源在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的確切作用是一個尚有爭議的辯論?，F(xiàn)有的實證研究產(chǎn)生了不同的結(jié)果一些人認(rèn)為能源和其他生產(chǎn)要素之間是互補性關(guān)系，而其他人表示，能源可以替代其他生產(chǎn)要素。通常情況下，這些研究主要集中在發(fā)達(dá)國家，有一種解釋是供給約束和價格剛性使任何因素?fù)Q成研究在發(fā)展中國家毫無意義。雖然這種技術(shù)是有用的實證分析，因為沒有機(jī)制的存在表明變量之間的因果方向。但是，這限制了范圍的政策分析。需要確定，在發(fā)展的能源消費和收入增長之間的因果方向發(fā)展中國家是壓倒性的。除了從能源在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的作用提供了進(jìn)一步的深入了解，提供政策分析，更清楚地了解能源供給約束對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長可能帶來的影響。本文探討的因果關(guān)系的方向之間的能源消費與經(jīng)濟(jì)增長（以本地生產(chǎn)總值及本地居民生產(chǎn)總值）以尼日利亞和譚坦桑尼亞為例。結(jié)果顯示了能源和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長之間的因果關(guān)系。其含義是，除非緩解能源供應(yīng)的限制，否則對這些國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和發(fā)展將仍然是難以捉摸的。由于相似的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征和相同的能量為其他發(fā)展中國家提供見解，我們的研究結(jié)果支持認(rèn)為，能源在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中起著關(guān)鍵的作用。關(guān)鍵詞能源，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，因果關(guān)系由于日益認(rèn)識到能源的重要性，國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要確定能源和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長之間的關(guān)系。這已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致許多人質(zhì)疑傳統(tǒng)的新古典生產(chǎn)函數(shù)分析，其中土地，勞動力和資本被確認(rèn)為生產(chǎn)的主要因素。這種分析一直延伸到包括能量變量。然而，能源的影響基準(zhǔn)的幅度對經(jīng)濟(jì)的作用引起了宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的激烈辯論。因此，他們已經(jīng)作出努力來發(fā)現(xiàn)能源和其他生產(chǎn)要素之間的確切關(guān)系，判斷是否能量補充或替代其他生產(chǎn)要素。這些知識將顯著影響能源政策的制定，除非解決能源在經(jīng)濟(jì)增長中的作用和意義還不明朗。首先出現(xiàn)的是宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的解釋是在197374和1978年至1979年成品油價格上調(diào)對全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的“供給沖擊”達(dá)成共識。RASCHE和TATOM（1977）探討了能源價格高企對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長可能產(chǎn)生的不利影響，通過指定一個新的類型的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)。此功能包括一個能量除了確定常規(guī)的變量的變量以上。他們能夠與美國的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，不僅有能源價格上漲產(chǎn)生潛在的國民生產(chǎn)總值下降的趨勢，但已經(jīng)有很多實際的輸出能力在任何時間，在美國經(jīng)濟(jì)史。奧肯（1974年，1975年），另一方面，駁斥了這種說法，理由是能源構(gòu)成，與其他生產(chǎn)投入相比，只是一個相對“較小的成本份額”總產(chǎn)出。在這種情況下，能源價格變動對經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響相對較小，尤其是考慮到帳戶提供其他替代的可能性生產(chǎn)因素。隱式，已被認(rèn)為是完美的要素替代能源。2陸巨大的能量赤字，這被證明是非常難以彌合的。在商業(yè)能源部門，短缺比比皆是。這里的主要因素，由于這些國家的凈能源進(jìn)口國之一，是財政上的限制。政策的兩難中心圓一個事實，即能源投入生產(chǎn)部門的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動中是非常重要的農(nóng)業(yè)，特別是工業(yè)部門。與此同時，出口收匯幾乎足以影響能源進(jìn)口?？倐鶆?wù)服務(wù)的89％和79％的石油進(jìn)口分別與一些國家如貝寧和坦桑尼亞的例子加強了這些國家面臨的能源困境。商業(yè)能源短缺的交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)癱瘓，破壞商業(yè)和工業(yè)能力，導(dǎo)致不理想的國內(nèi)家電消費，這對產(chǎn)出，就業(yè)，收入和消費帶來的束縛。很明顯，從這個討論中，非洲不能住如此巨大的能量赤字，同時實現(xiàn)有意義的成長和發(fā)展。鑒于這一事實，需要龐大的投資，以擴(kuò)大非洲的能源約能力。世界銀行估計，這將每年花費US28億美元的投資，必須持續(xù)超過10年的時間內(nèi)，以便在非洲的能源供應(yīng)能力（世界銀行，1988年）每年5％的溫和擴(kuò)張。這些經(jīng)濟(jì)體的不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)，例如出口收入的變異規(guī)則產(chǎn)生如此巨大的金額從內(nèi)部人士透露的可能性。因此，多邊和單邊的組織可以發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用，調(diào)動了大量的投資需要刺激撒哈拉以南的能源部門。發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家是不利于基本經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)和目標(biāo)的充分就業(yè)，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長，低廉的價格和更高的生活水平，這是世界各國政府的優(yōu)先級之間的差距越來越大。目前，這種巨大的差距征收卷上的世界貿(mào)易和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的影響已成為一個主要的主要制約因素。因此，存在于發(fā)達(dá)國家，以協(xié)助將這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)，以提高他們有效地參與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的繁榮和可持續(xù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)援助受助人的部分。在這方面，與能源投資的好處是相互的。顯然，能源和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長之間的關(guān)系是互補的。努力在SUBSAHARAN非洲國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)代化，必須采取長期的能源問題。在這方面，隨之而來的能源需求增長戰(zhàn)略必須進(jìn)行驗證。否則，當(dāng)前和未來的增長前景將受到能源短缺。

簡介：MTHUS,IT’SPARAMOUNTTOADJUSTTRADITIONALMARKETINGSTRATEGIESANDINCLUDEEXPERIENCEMARKETING21ESTABLISHMARKETINGIDEASOFMEETINGDEMANDSANDINCREASECUSTOMEREXPERIENCEACCORDINGTOMASLOWSNEEDHIERARCHYTHEORY,WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEECONOMYANDCONSUMERS’INCREASINGLYENHANCEDPURCHASINGPOWER,ONCETHEPHYSIOLOGICALNEEDSAREMET,PERSONALNEEDSWILLRISETOPSYCHOLOGICALNEEDSTHEREFORE,THEENTERPRISESHOULDTRYTOGETCLOSETOCUSTOMERS,FEELCUSTOMERS’PSYCHOLOGICALNEEDSANDFEELINGS,ANDCARRYOUT“RELATIONSHIPMARKETING“TOMEETCUSTOMERS’PSYCHOLOGICALNEEDSINRETAILBUSINESS,SOMESMARTBUSINESSMENARETRYINGTOCHANGECONSUMERSHOPPINGINTOANINTERESTINGACTIVITYINTHETOURISMINDUSTRY,SOMERECREATIONALACTIVITIESLIKEEXPLORING,CAMPING,CANYONRAFTING,ANDAIRSURFINGAREEXTREMELYPOPULARALLOFTHESEUNDOUBTEDLYPRESENTTOPEOPLETHECHARMANDVALUEOF“EXPERIENCE”22MAKINGINTERACTIVECONCEPTSBECOMETHECORECONCEPTSANDGUIDELINESOFMARKETINGPLANNINGCURRENTLY,MANYENTERPRISESCOMPLETELYDEPENDONADVERTISINGANDPRICEREDUCTIONTOPROMOTEPRODUCTS,CAUSINGTHEADVERTISINGINVESTMENTTOGROWEXPONENTIALLYBUTINFACTONLY20OFADVERTISINGHASANEFFECT,WHILETHEREMAINING80ISWASTEDBECAUSEOFTHEHIGHLEVELFRAGMENTATIONOFMEDIATHECURRENTMDUETOMANYRESTRICTIONS,ITHASN’TENTEREDTHEBIGDEVELOPMENTSTAGEYETWITHOUTCERTAINATTEMPTSANDEXPERIENCES,PERFORMINGEXPERIENCEMARKETINGINTHECURRENTSITUATIONCANBEHARDTOSHOWSUBSTANTIALPROFITSTHEREFORE,THEENTERPRISESHOULDGIVEUPSHORTTERMSPECULATIVECONSCIOUSNESSANDEMPLOYEXPERIENCEMARKETINGASASTRATEGYMAKEITBIGGERANDBETTERASLONGASWEMAKETHEDECISIONTOENDEAVOR,OTHERWISEWECANSIMPLYCHOOSENOTTOSTART322?ORGANIZATIONPLATFORMWHENACOMPANYISEQUIPPEDWITHTHESTRATEGICTHINKINGOFEXPERIENCEMARKETING,THEREISSTILLANEEDTOOFFERAGOODORGANIZATIONPLATFORMTOREALIZEEXPERIENCEMARKETING,WHICHREQUIRESTHECOMPANYTOMAKEADJUSTMENTSTOTHEORIGINALORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTUREANDPERSONNEL,SOASTOANSWERREADILYTOECONOMICOFFERINGS,THEPROCESSCANALSOBETHE“EXPERIENCE”O(jiān)FVALUECARRIERPRODUCTMARKETINGCOMPANIESGENERALLYDIVIDEACCORDINGTOFUNCTIONALDEPARTMENTS,SUCHASBRANDMANAGER,DEVELOPMENTPERSONNEL,REARSERVICEPERSONNEL,ETCSERVICEMARKETINGCOMPANIESGENERALLYDIVIDEFUNCTIONALDEPARTMENTSACCORDINGTOTHECONTACTWITHCUSTOMERS,FORINSTANCE,APLANNINGCORPORATIONWILLHAVEACLIENTMANAGER,PLANNING,ADVERTISING,ANDTRAININGDEPARTMENTSHOWEVER,THEFORMOFEXPERIENCEMARKETINGENTERPRISEISCOMPARATIVELYFLEXIBLE,WHICHISMAINLYBECAUSEOFTHEINVISIBILITYANDUNIQUENESSOFEXPERIENCEBUTNOMATTERHOWTODESIGNORGANIZATION,ONEPREMISEISITMUSTBEFAVORABLEFORTHEINTERACTIONWITHCUSTOMERS,FORBRINGINGTHECUSTOMERS’INITIATIVEINTOFULLPLAY,FORTHEFORMATIONOFCUSTOMERS’NICEEXPERIENCE323?INTERNALTRAININGENTERPRISEPROVIDESCUSTOMERSWITHEXPERIENCE,THECONTACTPOINTISEMPLOYEESENTERPRISESTOAGREATEXTENTRELYONEMPLOYEESINSTANTCREATIONANDTRANSMISSIONDURINGEXPERIENCEEMPLOYEES’PERFORMANCEHASAGREAT,DIRECTINFLUENCEONTHEOVERALLEXPERIENCEOFCUSTOMERSNOMATTERHOWCLEARTHEEXPERIENCESUBJECTIS,ORHOWPERFECTTHEEXPERIENCEDESIGNIS,ITCANBEGREATLYINFLUENCEDOREVENWHOLLYDESTROYEDMERELYBECAUSEOFONEINADVERTENCEORPRETERMISSIONOFEMPLOYEESINTERNALTRAININGISTOMAKETHEENTERPRISESTAFFFULLYINTEGRATEDINTOTHEENTERPRISE,REACHHIGHENTERPRISELOYALTYANDSATISFACTIONBEFOREPROVIDINGCUSTOMERSWITHSATISFACTORYSERVICEANDEXPERIENCE,BEPROTAGONISTTOGETHERWITHCUSTOMERSDURINGTHETIMEOFEXPERIENCEMEANWHILE,THROUGHTRAININGSTAFF’SBEHAVIORS,ENABLETHEMTOBEHAVEONTHEBASISOFESTABLISHEDREQUIREMENTSWHENCREATINGEXPERIENCEFORCUSTOMERS33GUIDEDBYEXPERIENCE,DESIGN,PRODUCEPRODUCTSANDSERVICESTHEPURPOSEOFEXPERIENCEMARKETINGISTOEXPERIENCE,TOLEAVEADEEPIMPRESSIONANDMEMORIESTOCONSUMERS,SODURINGOPERATION,SHOULDBASEONDISCOVERINGANDMASTERINGCUSTOMERS’EXPERIENCE,INTEGRATEEXPERIENCEINTOPRODUCTSANDSERVICES,PUTMORECONSIDERATIONONTHEGAINOFCONSUMERS,MOREEMPHASISONTHEINTERACTIONWITHCONSUMERSANDTHEMASTEROFCONSUMERS’PSYCHOLOGYONLYINTHISWAYTHEDESIGNEDEXPERIENCEPROCESSCANBESUCCESSFUL34EXPERIENCENEEDSTOHAVEA“THEME”EXPERIENCENEEDSTOBEGIVENATHEME,ASTHEMAINIDEAOFAPASSAGE,THEMAINMELODYOFASONG,THEEXPERIENCEDESIGNWHICHISKNOCKEDTOGETHERWITHOUTATHEMEISCONSIDEREDTOUGHTOLEAVECUSTOMERSDEEPIMPRESSION,CANEVENCAUSEBACKFIREDNEGATIVEEXPERIENCETHEMEDETERMINATIONANDPRODUCTIONEXPERIENCEPROCESSAREOFTENINTERTWINEDINNOCERTAINORDERANENTERPRISESHOULDCAREFULLYSELECTTHETHEMEANDMAKEITTHEGUIDINGPRINCIPLEOFEXPERIENCEDESIGNANDTRANSMISSION,COMBINEPRODUCTSANDSERVICESWITHEVERYELEMENTANDDETAIL,ANENTERPRISESALLMARKETING

簡介：中文4480字本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）文）外文翻譯外文翻譯題目姓名專業(yè)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師二○一三年五月二○一三年五月POLICYMAKERSABOUTTHEHIGHRISKOFOPENINGUPTHECAPITALACCOUNTWITHOUTASOUNDFINANCIALSYSTEMINPLACEACAUTIOUSAPPROACHTOCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONHASGAINEDEVENGREATERCREDIBILITYINTHEAFTERMATHOFTHEASIANFINANCIALTURMOIL,THECHINESEAUTHORITIESINTENSIFIEDTHEIREFFORTSTOREFORMANDSTRENGTHENTHEFINANCIALSECTORINNOVEMBER2001,CHINACONCLUDEDITSACCESSIONTOTHEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONWTOASTHERESULTOFTHENEGOTIATIONS,CHINAHASAGREEDTOOPENDOMESTICFINANCIALMARKETSSUBSTANTIALLYTOFOREIGNINVESTMENTWHILEDETAILEDANALYSISISSTILLNEEDEDTOASSESSTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHOSECOMMITMENTSFORTHECURRENTCAPITALCONTROLREGIME,PRESSUREFORCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONWILLCERTAINLYINCREASECHINAHASMOVEDTOTHELASTFRONTIEROFITSFOREIGNEXCHANGEREFORMPREVIOUSREFORMSHAVEGENERALLYFOCUSEDONGRADUALLIBERALIZATIONOFTHECURRENTACCOUNTANDINWARDDIRECTINVESTMENT,AIMEDATSTRENGTHENINGTHEREALSECTORANDEXPORTCAPACITYOFTHEECONOMY,WHEREASTHENEXTPHASEOFCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONTENDSTOBECLOSELYRELATEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEDOMESTICFINANCIALSECTORCHINAISFACEDWITHAFORMIDABLETASKOFSHAPINGITSFINANCIALSECTORINAWAYTHATWOULDSUSTAINCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTWOFOLDFIRST,ITWILLDESCRIBETHEPROCESSOFCHINA’SFOREIGNEXCHANGEREFORMSASTHEYUNFOLDEDSINCE1979SECOND,THEPAPERWILLEXAMINEMAJORPOLICYCHANGESANDASSESSTHEIRIMPACTONTHEECONOMYTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSSECTION2BRIEFLYDESCRIBESTHEPREREFORMFOREIGNTRADEANDEXCHANGEREGIMESTOSERVEASASTARTINGPOINTFORTHEPAPERSECTION3DISCUSSESTHE1979EXTERNALREFORMANDTHEADOPTIONOFTHEINTERNALSETTLEMENTRATEISRFROM1981TO1984SECTION4FOCUSESONTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEFOREIGNEXCHANGESWAPMARKETAFTERTHEMID1980SUNTIL1993SECTION5DESCRIBESTHEMARKETORIENTEDEXCHANGEREFORMIN1994ANDADDITIONALMEASURESTAKENTOACHIEVERMBCURRENTACCOUNTCONVERTIBILITYINLATE1996SECTION6DESCRIBESTHEPOLICYCHANGESBEFOREANDAFTERTHEASIANFINANCIALCRISISANDPOINTSOUTTHECONSTRAINTSOFTHEFINANCIALSECTORFORCHINA’SCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONANDSECTION7PROVIDESASUMMARYANDSOMECONCLUDINGREMARKS

簡介：ECONOMICCOMPARISONOFWASTEWATERCLEANINGFORCENTRALWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTANDDECENTRALISEDSYSTEMWITHSMALLERWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTSJZORKO,DGORICANECFACULTYOFCHEMISTRYANDCHEMICALENGINEERINGUNIVERSITYOFMARINERSMETANOVAUL17,2000MARIBORSLOVENIAABSTRACTINPRESENTEDPAPERTWOECONOMICANALYSISOFINVESTMENTSFORINTEGRATEDWASTEWATERCOLLECTIONANDTREATMENTINSELECTEDAREAAREPRESENTEDTHEMETHODSOFNETPRESENTVALUENPVANDCAPITALISEDCOSTSCCHAVEBEENUSEDTOCOMPAREECONOMICEFFICIENCYOFCONSTRUCTIONCENTRALWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTWITHCOLLECTINGSYSTEMANDCONSTRUCTIONOFDECENTRALISEDWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTSWITHBELONGINGCOLLECTINGSYSTEMFOREACHSETTLEMENTSEPARATELYTWOPOSSIBLESOLUTIONSHAVEBEENSELECTEDTOCOVERTHEEXTRAORDINARYMAINTENANCECOSTSINTHELIFETIMEOFEACHCONSTRUCTIONSOLUTIONKEYWORDSWASTEWATER,CATCHMENTAREA,COLLECTINGSYSTEM,COSTPRICE,NETPRESENTVALUE,CAPITALISEDCOST1INTRODUCTIONURBANWASTEWATERREPRESENTSALARGESHAREATPOLLUTIONOFWATERENVIRONMENT,WHICHALSOINFLUENCESTHEQUALITYOFDRINKINGWATERSOURCESTHEKEYTOARRANGEMATTERSONDEPARTMENTOFDISCHARGEANDTREATMENTOFWASTEWATERANDTOTHEACHIEVEMENTSOFOBJECTIVESUNDERTHENATIONALENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONPROGRAMMEISTHEIMPLEMENTINGACTENTITLEDOPERATIONALPROGRAMMEFORTHEDISCHARGEANDTREATMENTOFURBANWASTEWATERGOVERNMENTOFTHEREPUBLICOFSLOVENIADECISIONNO35208/20012OF14OCTOBER2004,WHICHCONTAINSCOST’SSCHEDULEFORTHECONSTRUCTIONOFCOLLECTINGSYSTEMSANDURBANWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTS1,8THEOPERATIONALPROGRAMMEFORSPECIFICAGGLOMERATIONSAREDOWNTHEDEADLINESBYWHICHTHEURBANWASTEWATERCOLLECTINGANDTREATMENTSYSTEMMUSTBEINPLACEINCOMPLIANCEWITHTHEPROVISIONSOFDIRECTIVE91/271/EECINACCORDANCEWITHOPERATIONALPROGRAMMEMUNICIPALSHALLENSURETHATAGGLOMERATIONSAREPROVIDEDWITHCOLLECTINGSYSTEMFORURBANWASTEWATERATLEASTBYTHEYEAR2017THEMAINCRITERIASFORDISCHARGEANDTREATMENTOFWASTEWATERDEPENDSON1TOTALLOADARISEFROMURBANWASTEWATERINPE,2CONCENTRATIONOFRESIDENTSARISEFROMURBANWASTEWATERINPE/HECTARE,3DETERMINATIONOFSENSITIVEAREASOFEUTROPHICATIONORSOURCESOFDRINKINGWATER2,8AGGLOMERATIONSMEANSANAREAWHERETHEPOPULATIONAND/ORECONOMICACTIVITIESARESUFFICIENTLYCONCENTRATEDFORURBANWASTEWATERTOBECOLLECTEDORCONDUCTEDTOANURBANWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTORTOAFINALDISCHARGEPOINT3,82DETERMINATIONOFCATCHMENTAREATHEBASICOFFEASIBILITYSTUDYFORDISCHARGEANDURBANWASTEWATERTREATMENTINMUNICIPALSLOVENSKABISTRICAAREALSOAGGLOMERATIONSINMUNICIPALWESELECTEDAREASAROUNDSETTLEMENTPRAGERSKOASAPRIORITY,WHEREAMUNICIPALWASTELANDFILLANDTHESETTLEMENTSWITHOUTREGULATEDSEWAGESYSTEMISLOCATEDTHEAGGLOMERATIONSOFTHISAREASAREREPRESENTEDINFIGURE1FIG1AGGLOMERATIONSOFSELECTEDAREAPRAGERSKO,ZGORNJAPOLSKAVA,SPODNJAPOLSKAVA,?RE?NJEVEC,VRHLOGA2PROCEEDINGSOFTHE11THWSEASINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDMATHEMATICS,DALLAS,TEXAS,USA,MARCH2224,200757MUSTBEDEPOSITEDINAFUNDATTHEDATEOFPURCHASEATTHESTIPULATEDINTERESTRATETOPROVIDEALLPAYMENTSFORPERPETUALSERVICE633PRESUMPTIONSOFECONOMICANALYSISTHEPRESUMPTIONSOFECONOMICANALYSISAREPRESUMEDECONOMICPARAMETERSOFINVESTMENTARETHESAMEFORBOTHINVESTMENTS,INVESTMENTISFINANCEDWITHNONRETURNABLESOURCESFROMEUFUNDSTHEDEPRECIATIONCOSTSARENOTINCLUDEDINTHEOPERATIVECOSTS,LIFESPANOFASSETN50YEARS,DISCOUNTRATER8,PLANNEDREVENUESAREBASEDONCALCULATIONOFPRICEOFPUBLICUTILITYSERVICEWHICHINCLUDEONLYCOSTPRICEOFSERVICEOPERATINGCOSTSANDDOESNOTINCLUDECOSTOFINVESTMENTINVESTMENTISTREATMENTLIKEANATIONALASSETSANDASSUCHSHOULDBENONPROFITABLEPRICEOFPUBLICUTILITYSERVICEANDCOSTPRICEARECALCULATEDONTHEBASEOFREGULATIONSONPRICINGOFMUNICIPALUTILITYSERVICEOFFICIALGAZETTEOFRSNO45/2005,NO45/20067,8FIG3ANNUALOPERATINGCOSTSCOSTPRICEFORPROJECT1ANDPROJECT2SOURCESFOREXTRAORDINARYMAINTENANCEINEXPECTEDPERIODCOULDBEGRANTSORREGULARBUSINESSSOURCESINCASEOFFINANCINGPROJECTFROMREGULARBUSINESSTHEREVENUESHOULDBEHIGHEROVERACOSTPRICEINOURSIMULATIONWEWEREINCREASINGTHECOSTPRICEFORBOTHPROJECTSUNTILTHEFIRSTPROJECTREACHEDNPVVALUEZERO,WEPLANNEDEXTRAORDINARYMAINTENANCEEACHTENYEARSRCRFALBBCCNU?/,0024CONCLUSION11/,,?NRNURRFA3THERESULTSLEADSPROJECT1TOBEMOREOPTIMALFROMECONOMICALPOINTOFVIEWPROJECT1ISSHOWINGHIGHERINVESTMENTCOSTSANDANNUALOPERATINGCOSTSFORCONSTRUCTIONOFCOLLECTINGSYSTEMOVERPROJECT2,WHILETHETOTALINVESTMENTCOSTSANDRELATEDANNUALOPERATINGCOSTSFORSELECTEDPERIODFORPROJECT1ARELOWERASFORPROJECT22000000,004000000,006000000,008000000,0010000000,0012000000,0014000000,0016000000,00EUR123INVESTMENTCOSTSTOTAL1,INVESTMENTCOSTSCOLLECTINGSYSTEM2,INVESTMENTSCOSTSWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANT3INVESTMENTCOSTSFORPROJECT1ANDPROJECT2PROJECT1PROJECT2FIG4INVESTMENTCOSTSFORPROJECT1ANDPROJECT2CUMULATIVECOSTSOFINVESTMENTANDRELATEDOPERATIVECOSTSFORPROJECT2ASSUMINGSEVERALWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANTSAREMUCHHIGHERTHANFORPROJECT1FIGURE3ANDFIGURE4100000,00200000,00300000,00400000,00500000,00600000,00700000,00EUR123OPERATINGCOSTSTOTAL1,OPERATINGCOSTSCOLLETCTINGSYSTEM2,OPERATINGCOSTSWASTEWATERTREATMENTPLANT3ANNUALOPERATINGCOSTSPROJECT1PROJECT2CAPITALISEDCOSTSCALCULATIONFORBOTHPROJECTSISPRESENTEDINFIGURE51000300050007000900011000130001500017000190001000EUR1CAPITALISEDCOSTSFORPROJECT1INPROJECT2PROJECT1PROJECT2FIG5CAPITALISEDCOSTSFORPROJECT1ANDPROJECT2PROCEEDINGSOFTHE11THWSEASINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDMATHEMATICS,DALLAS,TEXAS,USA,MARCH2224,200759

簡介：PESBUSINESSREVIEWVOL01NO01JANUARY2006PERFORMANCEEVALUATION,ECONOMICVALUEADDEDANDMANAGERIALBEHAVIOURLOKANANDHAREDDYIRALA1DRRAGHUNATHAREDDY2ABSTRACTFORTHEPASTTWODECADESMANYCOUNTRIESSTARTEDTRANSFORMINGTHEIRECONOMIESFROMTRADITIONALPROTECTEDONESTOTHOSEOFMORELIBERALIZED,GLOBALIZEDANDMARKETDRIVENTHISPERIODHASALSOSEENTHEECONOMIESBECOMINGMOREKNOWLEDGEORIENTEDANDHUMANRESOURCESSTARTEDASSUMINGMOREPROMINENCEINTHEGROWTHOFTHEECONOMIESANDBUSINESSESPOSINGAGREATERCHALLENGEFORCOMPANIESTOACQUIREANDRETAINTALENTEDWORKFORCEESPECIALLYATTHESTRATEGICMANAGERIALLEVELSTHEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYALSOSTARTEDWITNESSINGTHERAPIDRISEOFTHEAGENCYPROBLEMCONFLICTOFINTERESTBETWEENMANAGERSANDOWNERSSOITISVERYESSENTIALTOALIGNTHEINTERESTSOFTHEMANGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSORATLEASTREDUCETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMINTHISREGARDECONOMICVALUEADDEDHASBEENSEENASBETTERALTERNATIVETOTHESTOCKPRICEANDTRADITIONALPERFORMANCEMEASURESWHILESUCCESSFULEVASTORIESINTHEWESTAREQUITEENCOURAGING,CORPORATEINDIAISSLOWLYCATCHINGUPTHEEVAADOPTIONALTHOUGHNOTAPANACEA,EVABASEDCOMPENSATIONPLANSWILLDRIVEMANAGERSEMPLOYAFIRM’SASSETSMOREPRODUCTIVELYANDEVASHOULDHELPREDUCETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEINTERESTSOFTHEMANAGERSANDSHAREHOLDERS,IFNOTPERFECTLYALIGNTHEMKEYWORDSEVA,MANAGERIALBEHAVIOUR,PERFORMANCEJELCLASSIFICATIONG00,J33,L21,M40,M521INTRODUCTIONFORTHEPASTTWODECADESMANYCOUNTRIESSTARTEDTRANSFORMINGTHEIRECONOMIESFROMTRADITIONALPROTECTEDONESTOTHOSEOFMORELIBERALIZED,GLOBALISEDANDMARKETDRIVENTHISPERIODHASALSOSEENTHEECONOMIESBECOMINGMOREKNOWLEDGEORIENTEDANDHUMANRESOURCESSTARTEDASSUMINGMOREPROMINENCEINTHEGROWTHOFTHEECONOMIESANDBUSINESSESBUTTHISHASALSOPOSEDAGREATERCHALLENGEFORCOMPANIESTOACQUIREANDRETAINTALENTEDWORKFORCEESPECIALLYATTHESTRATEGICMANAGERIALLEVELSTHEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYALSOSTARTEDWITNESSINGTHERAPIDRISEOFTHEAGENCYPROBLEMCONFLICTOFINTERESTBETWEENMANAGERSANDOWNERSTHEMANAGERS–INTHEIRROLEASTHEAGENTS–AREEXPECTEDTOACTINTHEBESTINTERESTSOFTHESHAREHOLDERSPRINCIPALSMANAGERSWILLACTINSHAREHOLDERS’INTERESTSONLYIFTHEYHAVERIGHTINCENTIVESSOITISVERYESSENTIALTOALIGNTHEINTERESTSOFTHEMANGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSORATLEASTREDUCETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEM1ASSOCIATEPROFESSORDIRECTORADMINISTRATION,DHRUVACOLLEGEOFMANAGEMENT,HYDERABADHECANBEREACHEDATREDDYIRALAGMAILCOM2ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR,SCHOOLOFMANAGEMENTSTUDIES,JNTU,HYDERABADHECANBEREACHEDATDRREDDY5YAHOOCOMLOKANANDHAREDDYIRALADRRAGHUNATHAREDDYPAGE1OF7PESBUSINESSREVIEWVOL01NO01JANUARY20063WHATISECONOMICVALUEADDEDECONOMICVALUEADDEDEVAPROVIDESTHERUPEEVALUECREATEDFORINVESTORSINAGIVENTIMEPERIODBYWEIGHINGTHEPROFITGENERATEDBYADECISIONAGAINSTTHEVALUEOFTHECAPITALEMPLOYEDTOGENERATETHATPROFITEVAISTHEADJUSTEDNETOPERATINGTAXAFTERTAXANOPATFORAPERIODMINUSTHECAPITALCHARGETHERUPEECOSTOFCAPITALOFTHEINVESTMENTOVERTHATPERIODEVACANBEEXPRESSEDASEVAADJUSTEDNETOPERATINGPROFITAFTERTAXESANOPATCAPITALCOSTWHEREANOPAT3CAPITALEMPLOYEDCEXROCEASROCEEBIT1T/CECAPITALCOSTWACCXCAPITALEMPLOYEDCETHUSEVACAPITALEMPLOYEDCEXROCEWACCXCAPITALEMPLOYEDEVAROCEWACCCAPITALEMPLOYEDCAPITALISGENERALLYMEASUREDBYBOOKVALUEWACCISTHEWEIGHTEDAVERAGEOFCOSTOFEQUITYGENERALLYMEASUREDBYCAPMANDCOSTOFDEBT4EVAASAPERFORMANCEMEASUREIFMANAGERSARETOLDTHATTHEIRPERFORMANCEISMEASUREDBYEVAANDCOMPENSATIONISLIKEDTOTHAT,THEYWOULDTRYTOIMPROVEEVABYDOINGONEORMOREOFTHEFOLLOWINGAIMPROVERETURNSWITHTHEEXISTINGCAPITALBEMPLOYCAPITALPRODUCTIVELYCREDUCETHECAPITALCOSTWHENMANAGERSDOONEORMOREOFTHEABOVETHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMINCREASESSOIMPROVINGEVATHEORETICALLYIMPROVESTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMANDHENCEISAGOODMEASUREOFMANAGERIALPERFORMANCEWHETHERTHEYARECONTEMPLATINGENTERINGNEWMARKETS,SETTINGPRODUCTPRICES,ADDINGNEWSERVICELINES,ORMAKINGANACQUISITION,MANAGERSNEEDAWAYTOVALUETHEALTERNATIVESANDCHOOSETHEONESTHATWILLPRODUCEHIGHESTVALUETOTHEFIRMCASHFLOWANALYSISCANHELPTHEMTODOTHAT,BUTEVACANHELPTHEMMOREBHALLA,20045EVAANDTHEMARKETVALUEADDEDMVAASNOTEDEARLIER,THEMAJORATTRACTIONWITHEVAISTHATITISLINKEDTOTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMANDHENCECAPABLEOFSIGNALINGTHEVALUECREATIONOROTHERWISEOFIT3ANOPATISDERIVEDBYADDINGBACKTOTHEREPORTEDNETOPERATINGPROFITTHENONCASHITEMSSUCHASAMORTIZATIONOFGOODWILLINCREASEINBADDEBTRESERVE,INCREASEINCAPITALIZEDRDCOSTSETCTOFACILITATEQUICKUNDERSTANDING,ITSSIMPLESTFORMISUSEDLOKANANDHAREDDYIRALADRRAGHUNATHAREDDYPAGE3OF7

簡介：RESEARCHONINTELLIGENTONLINEINSULATIONMONITORINGDEVICEOFSHIP’SACPOWERGRIDCHENGXIANGXINMARITIMECOLLEGEOFSHANDONGJIAOTONGUNIVERSITYWEIHAI,CHINACHENGXIANGXINSOHUCOMWUSHUOMARITIMECOLLEGEOFSHANDONGJIAOTONGUNIVERSITYWEIHAI,CHINAWUSHUO84163COMABSTRACTTHEINSULATIONMONITORINGOFSHIPPOWERSYSTEMISANIMPORTANTMEASURETOREMOVEFAULTSANDHIDDENTROUBLESITSCONDITIONCONCERNSTHESECURITYOFPOWERSYSTEMANDOPERATIONSAFETYOFSHIPSCONVENTIONALSHIPPOWERSYSTEMINSULATIONMONITORINGISHARDTOACCURATELYMONITORTHEINSULATIONRESISTANCEDECREASINGORPRECISELYLOCATETHEGROUNDINGBRANCHITTAKESMUCHTIMEANDENERGYTORULEOUTTHEINSULATIONFAILURETHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHEINTELLIGENTONLINEINSULATIONMONITORINGDEVICEBASEDONZEROSEQUENCECURRENTDETECTINGMETHOD,DUALFREQUENCYINJECTIONMETHODANDSCMCONTROL,ITCANACCURATELYANDEFFICIENTLYMONITORTHESHIPPOWERGRIDANDGUARANTEETHEOPERATIONSAFETYOFSHIPSKEYWORDSSHIPPOWERGRIDSHORTCIRCUITINSULATIONRESISTANCEINSULATIONMONITORING?INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSHIPBUILDINGTECHNOLOGYANDTHEINCREASINGTONNAGEOFSHIP,THEMODERNSHIPPOWERSYSTEMCAPACITYHASBEENCONTINUALLYGROWINGACCORDINGLY,ITSDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKSTRUCTUREHASBECOMEMORECOMPLEXANDTHEPOWERGRIDSHAVEBECOMEMORECOMPLEXANDINTENSIVEUNDERTHEHARSHCONDITIONOFHIGHTEMPERATURE,VIBRATION,SHOCK,OILMIST,HUMIDITY,SALTSPRAY,FUNGUS1,THESHIPPOWERGRIDHASBROUGHTALOTOFINFLUENCESTOTHESHIP’SELECTRICALINSULATIONPROPERTIES,WHICHRESULTSINHIGHINCIDENCEOFPOWERSYSTEMINSULATIONFAILURE,THUSFREQUENTLYLEADSTOTERRIBLEACCIDENTS,ASMINORASELECTRICALEQUIPMENTMALFUNCTIONORDAMAGE,ASMAJORASFIRE,COLLISIONANDSINKINGDISASTERLIMITEDBYTECHNICALMEANS,ITHASBEENDIFFICULTTOMONITORTHESTATEOFCOMPLEXBRANCHINSULATIONONCETHEMONITORFAILUREHAPPENS,THEREISNOOTHERWAYTOFINDOUTINSULATIONFAILUREPOINTSEXCEPTMANUALOPERATION,WHICHNOTONLYAFFECTSOPERATIONBYSUPPLYINTERRUPTIONS,BUTALSOHURTSCREWPHYSICALANDMENTALHEALTHBECAUSEOFHIGHLABORINTENSITYTHUS,THESHIP’SPOWERSYSTEMINSULATIONREALTIMEMONITORINGHASTHEEXTREMELYVITALSIGNIFICANCETOTHESECURITYANDCONTINUITYOFPOWERSUPPLYSYSTEMⅡBRIEFINTRODUCTIONSOFTHESHIPPOWERGRIDTHEREARETWOTYPESOFSHIPPOWERGRID,ACPOWERGRIDANDDCPOWERGRIDTHEDCPOWERGRIDISSELDOMUSED,THUSWILLNOTBEANALYZEDINTHISPAPERTHREEPHASEACMAINLYUSEDINTHEPOWERSYSTEMONSHIPHASTHEFOLLOWINGTHREEFORMS1ACTHREEPHASETHREEWIREINSULATEDSYSTEMTHREEPHASETHREEWIRESYSTEM2ACTHREEPHASEFOURWIRESYSTEMWITHNEUTRALEARTHEDTHREEPHASEFOURWIRESYSTEM3THREEWIRESYSTEMWITHNEUTRALGROUNDINGUSINGTHEHULLASTHENEUTRALWIRELOOPWHATTHESHIPPOWERSYSTEMREGULARLYUSESISACTHREEPHASEINSULATEDSYSTEM2ONEOFTHEGREATADVANTAGESOFTHISSYSTEMISTHATWHENSHORTCIRCUITCURRENTTOEARTHOCCURSONONEPHASEITWILLNOTCAUSEPOWEROUTAGE,THUSENSURESTHECONTINUITYANDRELIABILITYOFSHIPPOWERSUPPLYⅢINTELLIGENTINSULATIONMONITORINGDEVICEANADVANCEDINTELLIGENTONLINEINSULATIONMONITORINGANDWARNINGDEVICETHATCANMONITORTHEINSULATIONANDLOCATETHEFAULTYBRANCHISINSTALLEDINASHIPPOWERSYSTEMITSHIGHMEASUREMENTACCURACY,ACCURATEPOSITIONINGANDHIGHAUTOMATIONDETERMINESITSDOMESTICLEADINGLEVELTHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSAREASFOLLOW2010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONINTELLIGENTSYSTEMDESIGNANDENGINEERINGAPPLICATION9780769542126/102600?2010IEEEDOI101109/ISDEA2010175219UNKNOWNVARIABLESOFRESISTANCERANDCAPACITANCEC,TWOEQUATIONSMUSTBEPROVIDEDTOOBTAINTHEVALUESOFRANDCDUALFREQUENCYINJECTIONMETHODCANMEASURETHEVALUESOFVOLTAGEUABANDCURRENTI0BYINJECTINGTWODIFFERENTFREQUENCYSIGNALSINTOPOWERGRID,ANDTHENTWOEQUATIONSCANBEOBTAINEDTOSOLVETHEVALUEOFRANDCACCORDINGTOFIG1BTHEEQUATIONSCANBELISTEDASTHEFOLLOWINGI1UAB1/RJ2ΠF1CUAB11I2UAB2/RJ2ΠF2CUAB22INTHEFORMULARBRANCHINSULATIONRESISTANCEVALUECEQUIVALENTDISTRIBUTEDCAPACITANCEVALUEOFTHEBRANCHF1,F2FREQUENCYVALUEOFTHETWOLOWFREQUENCYSIGNALSI1RESULTINGEARTHLEAKAGECURRENTBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF1I2RESULTINGEARTHLEAKAGECURRENTBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF2UAB1RESULTINGVOLTAGEDROPOFTHEINSULATIONRESISTANCEBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF1UAB2RESULTINGVOLTAGEDROPOFTHEINSULATIONRESISTANCEBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF2INSULATIONRESISTANCEVALUESCANBEOBTAINEDBY1AND2KF2/F1INTHEFORMULAUAB1MAMPLITUDEOFUAB1UAB2MAMPLITUDEOFUAB2I1MAMPLITUDEOFI1I2MAMPLITUDEOFI2ACCORDINGTOMEASURINGTHEVOLTAGEVALUESOFUAB1,UAB2ANDTHEEARTHLEAKAGECURRENTOFEVERYLOADEDBRANCHI1,I2,WHICHAREALLCORRESPONDINGTOTHEFREQUENCIESINJECTEDINTOTHEPOWERGRIDF1,F2,THEINSULATIONRESISTANCEOFEVERYLOADEDBRANCHAGAINSTEARTHCANBEOBTAINEDTHROUGH3THUSTHEINSULATIONFAULTBRANCHCANBEDISTINGUISHEDDIGITALFILTERINGMETHODISALSOUSEDTOELIMINATETHEEFFECTOFPOWERFREQUENCYINUAB1,UAB2ANDI1,I2ⅤSYSTEMCONFIGURATIONS4ACCORDINGTOTHEPRINCIPLEMENTIONEDABOVE,THEHARDWAREBLOCKDIAGRAMOFMONITORINGDEVICEISDESIGNED,SEEFIG2WHENTHEZEROSEQUENCECURRENTDETECTINGMETHODISUSED,MULTIPLEXERCONTROLLEDBYSINGLECHIPMICYOCOSCMSYSTEMCOLLECTSTHEPOWERFREQUENCYLEAKAGECURRENTDATAOFEVERYBRANCH,AFTERCOMPARISONWITHTHEPRESETVALUE,THEFAULTBRANCHISDISTINGUISHEDWHENTHEDUALFREQUENCYINJECTIONMETHODISUSED,SCMSYSTEMGIVESINSTRUCTIONTOTHESINEWAVECODERTHESINEWAVECODERWILLGENERATEALOWFREQUENCYSINEWAVESIGNALF1BYD/ACONVERTING,POWERAMPLIFYINGANDTRANSFORMER’SISOLATEDBOOSTING,THESIGNALISINJECTEDINTOTHEPOWERGRIDBOTHMULTIPLEXERANDA/DCONVERTERARECONTROLLEDBYSCMSYSTEMFIRSTTHEPOWERGRIDVOLTAGETOEARTHTRANSFORMEDBYVOLTAGEMEASUREMENTUNITISCOLLECTED,THELEAKAGECURRENTAFTERAMPLIFYINGOFEVERYBRANCHALSOISCOLLECTEDONEBYONE,ANDTHENTHELEAKAGECURRENTIF1OFEVERYBRANCHCORRESPONDINGTOTHELOWFREQUENCYF1ANDVOLTAGEUF1ISOBTAINEDBYDIGITALFILTERINGINTHESAME212222212211ABMABMMABMMABMUUKRKIUIU???????（3）AMPLIFIERMULTIPLEXERAMPLIFIERVOLTAGEMEASURINGPOWERGRIDSCMSYSTEMMULTIPLEXERA/DCONVERTERSINEWAVECODEROPTIONSWITCHD/ACONVERTERTRANSFORMERISOLATINGPOWERAMPLIFIERPOWERGRIDBRANCHSENSOROFPOWERGRIDAMPLIFIERMULTIPLEXERAMPLIFIERVOLTAGEMEASURINGPOWERGRIDSCMSYSTEMMULTIPLEXERA/DCONVERTERSINEWAVECODEROPTIONSWITCHD/ACONVERTERTRANSFORMERISOLATINGPOWERAMPLIFIERPOWERGRIDBRANCHSENSOROFPOWERGRIDFIGURE2HARDWAREBLOCKDIAGRAMOFMONITORINGDEVICE221