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簡介：FASHIONRETAILINGINTHENEWECONOMYTHECASEOFSMESLISADONNELL,KARISEHUTCHINSONANDANDREAREIDDEPARTMENTOFBUSINESSRETAILANDFINANCIALSERVICES,UNIVERSITYOFULSTER,COLERAINE,UKABSTRACTPURPOSE–THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOIDENTIFYHOWSMALLTOMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESMEFASHIONRETAILERSCANACHIEVEATRUEUNDERSTANDINGOFCUSTOMERTRENDSTOCLOSETHENEEDSTOOFFERGAPINAHIGHLYDYNAMICSECTORDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–ASINGLECASESTUDYAPPROACHISADOPTEDINLIGHTOFTHELIMITEDRESEARCHINTHISAREADATACOLLECTIONINVOLVEDAMULTISTAGEANDMULTIMETHODSAPPROACHOVERASIXMONTHPERIODTOINCREASETHEVALIDITYOFFINDINGSANDTHETRIANGULATIONOFDATAFINDINGS–THEFINDINGSOFTHISPAPERHIGHLIGHT,FIRST,THENEEDFORFORMALCRMINTERVENTIONAND,SECOND,THEISSUESINVOLVEDINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFALOYALTYPROGRAMORIGINALITY/VALUE–INTHEABSENCEOFSPECIFICKNOWLEDGEINTHISAREA,AFRAMEWORKISDEVELOPEDTOADVANCEBOTHTHEORETICALANDPRACTICALUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWSMEFASHIONRETAILERSCANBUILDANDMANAGECLOSECUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPSINTHENEWECONOMYKEYWORDSCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMARKETING,FASHION,RETAILING,SMALLTOMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISES,SINGLECASESTUDY,CUSTOMERRELATIONSPAPERTYPERESEARCHPAPER1INTRODUCTIONITISWIDELYACCEPTEDINTHELITERATURETHATTHEKEYTORETAILINGISTOUNDERSTANDONE’SCUSTOMERSGREWALETAL,2009INATIMEOFUNPRECEDENTEDRETAILCHANGEANDTURBULENCEWERECUSTOMERSARECONSTANTLYADAPTINGTHEIRCONSUMPTIONBEHAVIOURSANDSANDFERRARO,2010,UNDERSTANDINGCUSTOMERNEEDSANDWANTSHASBECOMEAMATTEROFSURVIVALFORFASHIONRETAILERSOFALLSIZESWHILEINTHEORYFASHIONRETAILERSCANAPPLYAVARIETYOFMARKETINGTACTICSTOBUILDCLOSECUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPSEGMULTICHANNELINTEGRATION,SOCIALMEDIAINTERACTION,ANDLOYALTYPROGRAMS,LIMITEDISKNOWNABOUTTHERELEVANCEANDAPPLICATIONOFSUCHSTRATEGIESFORSMALLTOMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESSMESTHEFOCUSOFINVESTIGATIONINTHISPAPERISCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGCRMINTERVENTIONFORSMEFASHIONRETAILERSOPERATINGINTHE“NEWECONOMY”SPELLMAN,2011THISRESEARCHAGENDAREFLECTSTHESIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONOFTHEFASHIONSECTORTOTHEUKECONOMYANDTHEPRIORITYOFCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPSINTHEDAYTODAYOPERATIONSOFSMESWHICHTYPICALLYINVOLVEAFIGHTFORSURVIVALASHWORTHETAL,2006WHILETHECHALLENGESOFFASHIONBUYINGANDMERCHANDISINGAREGENERIC,IMPLEMENTATIONULTIMATELYDEPENDSONTHEORGANISATIONALCONTEXTOFTHEFIRMBRUCEANDHINES,2006ANDINTHECASEOFTHISPAPER,THESMEFASHIONRETAILERWHILELIMITEDRESOURCESINEVITABLYRESTRICTTHESCOPEOFMARKETINGPRACTICEINSMALLFIRMSO’DWYERETAL,2009,THEREISNOWINCREASINGEVIDENCEOFPROACTIVEANDFORMALISEDCRMIMPLEMENTATIONINSMESALSHAWIETAL,2011THISPAPERARGUESTHATTHEIDIOSYNCRASIESOFSMESDONOTMAKESMALLERFASHIONRETAILERSEXEMPTFROMTHECURRENTISSUEANDFULLTEXTARCHIVEOFTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATWWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/09590552HTMIJRDM40,12906RECEIVEDOCTOBER2011ACCEPTEDJUNE2012INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFRETAILDISTRIBUTIONMANAGEMENTVOL40NO12,2012PP906919QEMERALDGROUPPUBLISHINGLIMITED09590552DOI101108/09590551211274919INVIEWOFTHEFOCUSOFTHISPAPERONTHESMEFASHIONENTERPRISE,MOSTNOTABLEIN2011ISTHEOUTPERFORMANCEOFMULTIPLECHAINSANDLARGERRETAILERSINCOMPARISONTOSMALLERINDEPENDENTRETAILERSRETAILWEEK,2011INDEED,INTENSIFIEDCOMPETITIONASARESULTOFCONSUMERPOWERINTHEMARKETPLACEHASLEADTOTHECLOSUREOFASIGNIFICANTNUMBEROFSMALLERINDEPENDENTFASHIONRETAILERSUNABLETOCOPEWITHDIFFICULTECONOMICTRADINGCONDITIONSWHILEDIFFICULTIESANDCHALLENGESSEEMTOMARKTHISNEWECONOMY,THEREAREALSOOPPORTUNITIESFORGROWTH,UNSATISFIEDCUSTOMERDEMANDANDPOTENTIALSOURCESOFCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESPELLMAN,2011THISPAPERARGUESTHATSUCHOPPORTUNITIESAREAVAILABLETOLARGEANDSMALLFASHIONRETAILERSALIKEGIVENTHATCHANGEISNOLONGERANOPTIONBUTPREREQUISITEFORSURVIVAL,VERYLITTLEISUNDERSTOODABOUTHOWSMEFASHIONRETAILERSCANIMPLEMENTSTRATEGIESINRESPONSETOCHANGINGCONSUMERDEMANDS,ANDINPARTICULAR,HOWTHEYCANLEVERAGEMORELIMITEDRESOURCESTOCLOSETHECUSTOMERNEEDSTOOFFERGAP3REVIEWOFTHELITERATURE31CUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGINRETAILINGRETAILERSHAVETRADITIONALLYBEENTRANSACTIONORIENTATEDRATHERTHANRELATIONSHIPORIENTATEDMULHERN,1997BUT,INRECENTTIMES,ITISEVIDENTTHATCURRENTRETAILSTRATEGYHASMOVEDTOWARDSARELATIONALPERSPECTIVEWITHCUSTOMERSRATHERTHANPRODUCTSASTHECENTRALFOCUSSHETHETAL,2000THECLOSENESSOFTHERETAILINDUSTRYTOCONSUMERSINTUITIVELYSUGGESTSTHATTHENEARERTHERETAILERCANGETTOTHECUSTOMERTHEBETTERTHEYWILLBEABLETOPROVIDETHESERVICETHECUSTOMERSEEKSKENTANDOMAR,2003ITISTHEREFOREARGUEDTHATIFRETAILERSCANCOMBINEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEIRCUSTOMERSWITHTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEIRSUPPLIEROFFERINGSANDCOMPETITORS,THEYWILLBEABLETODEVELOPUNIQUEMERCHANDISECOMBINATIONSINTHEMARKETGRIFFITHETAL,2006BUILDINGUPONTHESTAGESOFRELATIONSHIPDEVELOPMENTBYLEVITT1983,KENTANDOMAR2003IDENTIFYFIVEFACTORSOFRMSUCCESSMOSTIMPORTANTINRETAILMANAGEMENTCOMMITMENT,TRUST,CUSTOMERORIENTATION/EMPATHY,EXPERIENCE/SATISFACTION,ANDCOMMUNICATIONTHESEVARIABLESAREEXPLAINEDINTABLEIASPRESENTEDINTABLEI,ITISOBVIOUSTHATRETAILERSCANAPPLYAVARIETYOFTACTICSAIMEDATDEMONSTRATINGTHEIRDEDICATIONTOCUSTOMERRETENTIONODEKERKENSCHRODERETAL,2003FORRETAILERS,APPLICATIONSOFCUSTOMERFOCUSEDRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGHAVEBEENFACILITATEDBYDEVELOPMENTSINDIRECTANDDATABASEMARKETING,EVIDENCEDBYTHEWIDESPREADUSEOFSTORELOYALTYCARDS,EGSAINSBURY’SNECTARCARD,TESCO’SCLUBCARD,DEBENHAMSBEAUTYCLUBCARD,SUPERDRUGBEAUTYCARDANDIKEAFAMILYCARDFROMARETAILER’SPERSPECTIVE,THELOYALTYCARDISTHEPRIMEINTERFACEBETWEENTHERETAILER’SDATABASEANDTHECUSTOMERNOORDHOFFETAL,2004ITALLOWSRETAILERSTOFORMCLOSERELATIONSHIPSBYMEASURINGCUSTOMERPURCHASESANDATTITUDESSOPANEN,1996,ANDUSESCUSTOMERRETENTION,ASOPPOSEDTOMARKETSHARE,ASAMEASUREOFSUCCESSCONWAYANDSWIFT,2000ITISTHEENHANCEMENTOFCUSTOMERKNOWLEDGEANDCUSTOMERLOYALTY,WHICHARETHEKEYBENEFITSOFLOYALTYPROGRAMSFORRETAILERSLEENHEERANDBIJMOLT,2008MOSTEVIDENTINTHEGROCERYRETAILSECTOR,THETHIRSTFORCUSTOMERKNOWLEDGEHASNOTONLYALLOWEDSUCHFIRMSTODEVELOPRELATIONSHIPSWITHCUSTOMERS,BUTTOACTUALLYSHAPECONSUMERPURCHASEBEHAVIOURMAURI,2003SUCHACTIVITYISLESSPREVALENTINTHEFASHIONRETAILSECTOR,WHICHISCHARACTERISEDBYSOCIALMEDIATYPESOFINTERVENTIONUSEDASAFACILITATINGFUNCTIONINAIDINGPRODUCTCHOICEINTHISCASE,ITISTHEEFFECTSOFAIJRDM40,12908

簡介：中文中文13萬字，萬字，8000英文單詞，英文單詞，45萬英文字符萬英文字符文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處TEKEA,TIMUROASSESSINGTHEENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTPOTENTIALSOFHVACSYSTEMSCONSIDERINGECONOMICANDENVIRONMENTALASPECTSATTHEHOSPITALSJRENEWABLESUSTAINABLEENERGYREVIEWS,2014,332224235考慮醫(yī)院的經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境因素，評估暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的能源效率提效率提升潛力升潛力AHMETTEKE,O?UZHANTIMUR摘要由于人均能源消費量和人口的增長，世界能源消耗正在顯著增加。由于能源需求的增加和現(xiàn)有化石燃料資源的枯竭，需要使用更有效的能源。研究表明，醫(yī)院占公用事業(yè)建筑行業(yè)總能耗的約6。供暖、通風(fēng)和空調(diào)系統(tǒng)是醫(yī)院電能消耗的主要部分。本文介紹了醫(yī)院空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的能效和節(jié)能潛力的研究論文和實踐研究。在以下幾節(jié)中，總結(jié)了對節(jié)能、節(jié)能和能源管理的研究論文、會議、電子書、手冊和公司報告等相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。與傳統(tǒng)的暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)相比，變型制冷劑流量VRF技術(shù)可以提高能源效率和節(jié)約成本。這一詳細(xì)的回顧也集中在一些項目的回收期，包括熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)、三聯(lián)、冷水機(jī)、新燃燒器、熱交換器和疏水閥系統(tǒng)的安裝。關(guān)鍵詞建筑節(jié)能,暖通空調(diào),醫(yī)院建立醫(yī)療保健設(shè)施1介紹以能源效率、節(jié)能潛力和能源管理為重點的研究表明，醫(yī)院占公用事業(yè)部門總能耗的6。1。公用建筑是大型的空間辦公室、商店、旅館、飯店、教育機(jī)構(gòu)和保健設(shè)施。HVAC系統(tǒng)是這類建筑中最大的能源消耗者。它占了建筑總能源成本的602。醫(yī)院的能量消耗分布可分為電能消耗類型。暖通空調(diào)特別是冷卻和通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)是電能消耗的主要部分。如果吸收式制冷機(jī)沒有使用，那么空調(diào)系統(tǒng)占總耗電量的70左右3。其中，冷卻器、冷凍水泵和冷卻塔的風(fēng)扇需要4394的電力3。使用節(jié)能的電動機(jī)和變速頻率驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)是降低總電能消耗的最佳和最有效的方法，尤其是在醫(yī)院的暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中。HVAC系統(tǒng)為醫(yī)院、機(jī)場、工業(yè)區(qū)和大型空間建筑的人員和場所提供空調(diào)冷卻、通風(fēng)、熱舒適和濕度控制。HVAC系統(tǒng)控制建筑物內(nèi)部的溫度、濕度和空氣質(zhì)量。它們通常用于大型寫字樓或氣候控制場所，如醫(yī)院、辦公室、酒店和政府大樓。本文采用水冷式冷水機(jī)組中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，而不是單個系統(tǒng)。中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)是一種空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，它利用一系列設(shè)備來分配冷卻介質(zhì)，從一個點例如機(jī)房到多個房間2。中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)由鍋爐的加熱單元組成，通風(fēng)裝置由風(fēng)扇組成，冷卻單元由冷水機(jī)組組成，如圖1所示4。加熱功能在寒冷氣候中普遍使用，冷卻功能通常用于溫暖和炎熱的氣候?？諝庹{(diào)節(jié)是指去除室內(nèi)空氣濕度。在中型或大型建筑物中，一般采用中央空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，但在諸如房屋等小型建筑物中，則更傾向于采用分流系統(tǒng)等直接膨脹系統(tǒng)。大多數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建議每小時20次空氣變化，以獲得50150個菌落形成單位CFU/M3的空氣。在測量之后，他們已經(jīng)確定了HVAC系統(tǒng)的問題，并給出了一些緩解這些問題的建議。他們建議在舊建筑中定期維修和密封可操作的窗戶。此外，管道的穿透和接頭應(yīng)該緊密密封。房間內(nèi)物體的布局對空調(diào)系統(tǒng)非常重要?？拷崞骰蝻L(fēng)機(jī)鼓風(fēng)機(jī)的物體應(yīng)移動自由空間。根據(jù)不同的調(diào)節(jié)空間，醫(yī)院應(yīng)劃分為不同的區(qū)域，不同的空氣處理單元AHUS應(yīng)適用于每個區(qū)域。最后，他們建議醫(yī)院應(yīng)該由官員控制。AHMADZADEHTALATAPEH和YAU研究了熱管換熱器HPHXS對位于馬來西亞、熱帶地區(qū)的醫(yī)院病房現(xiàn)有空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的影響?，F(xiàn)場工作研究表明，目前在馬來半島大學(xué)骨科病房工作的現(xiàn)有空調(diào)系統(tǒng)不能提供所需的空氣和室內(nèi)空氣到空間。因此，研究了通過加入HPHXS來改善空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的可能性。對空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中加入HPHXS的能耗、節(jié)能、送風(fēng)和室內(nèi)空氣的影響進(jìn)行了模擬，并與現(xiàn)有系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了比較。根據(jù)目前的研究工作，根據(jù)美國供暖、制冷和空調(diào)工程師協(xié)會ASHRAE的建議，該系統(tǒng)建議增加八行HPHXS，為病房空間提供方便和健康的空氣。整個一年的模擬結(jié)果表明，新系統(tǒng)通過在系統(tǒng)中使用八行HPHXS，可以節(jié)省455MWH的總量。該研究還表明，考慮到馬來西亞的制冷設(shè)備效率和電價，每年可以節(jié)省42,227美元，在空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中應(yīng)用八排HPHXS。此外，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過在交流系統(tǒng)中回收能量，八排HPHXS改造將在16年內(nèi)自行支付。KHODAKARAMI和NASROLLAHI7調(diào)查了在2012年之前發(fā)表的關(guān)于醫(yī)院熱舒適的文獻(xiàn)綜述。此外，他們還研究了熱舒適對健康的直接影響。他們認(rèn)為，作為醫(yī)院室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量參數(shù)的熱舒適影響了在這些環(huán)境中工作的醫(yī)務(wù)人員的工作條件、健康、安全和健康。雖然對醫(yī)院患者的熱舒適進(jìn)行了不同的研究，但也有必要研究熱舒適條件對醫(yī)院患者的質(zhì)量和治療數(shù)量的影響。熱舒適變量可以根據(jù)患者的不同情況、不同的人員活動、不同類型和設(shè)備的數(shù)量而變化。為了解決這個問題，最好的建議是根據(jù)不同的熱舒適要求，根據(jù)不同的溫度和空氣速度準(zhǔn)備不同的熱區(qū)。他們的研究最終得出結(jié)論，找到一些解決方案來調(diào)和醫(yī)院不同居住者所需要的不同的熱舒適條件是很重要的。根據(jù)他們的意見，他們的解決方案可以在任何時候被使用，而病人和看護(hù)人必須在一個房間里呆上很長一段時間。建筑物內(nèi)的風(fēng)量對人的生命很重要。KIM和AUGENBROE8評估了自適應(yīng)變風(fēng)量VAV操作在VAV的當(dāng)前實踐中被設(shè)置為恒定的風(fēng)量。自適應(yīng)VAV在打開門之前，暫時增加了音量偏移量，從而產(chǎn)生了更高的負(fù)壓差。CONGRADAC等9利用各種現(xiàn)有技術(shù)，開展了一項提高醫(yī)院能效的研究。CONGRADAC等9致力于建立一個精確計算房間/建筑能量需求的數(shù)學(xué)工具。節(jié)約能源的前提是準(zhǔn)確計算能源消耗，然后應(yīng)用不同的智能控制方法來節(jié)約能源，這應(yīng)該與專家建議的系統(tǒng)相結(jié)合，以獲得最高的效率。在DASCALAKI等10中進(jìn)行的研究0，監(jiān)測了希臘手術(shù)室的室內(nèi)情況，并使用數(shù)據(jù)來評估醫(yī)務(wù)人員對麻醉氣體和其他室內(nèi)化合物的暴露程度。在9家醫(yī)院的17

簡介：5600英文單詞，英文單詞，3萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文9600字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處DONNELLL,HUTCHINSONK,REIDAFASHIONRETAILINGINTHENEWECONOMYTHECASEOFSMESJINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFRETAILAND,SECOND,THEISSUESINVOLVEDINTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFALOYALTYPROGRAMORIGINALITY/VALUE–INTHEABSENCEOFSPECIFICKNOWLEDGEINTHISAREA,AFRAMEWORKISDEVELOPEDTOADVANCEBOTHTHEORETICALANDPRACTICALUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWSMEFASHIONRETAILERSCANBUILDANDMANAGECLOSECUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPSINTHENEWECONOMYKEYWORDSCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMARKETING,FASHION,RETAILING,SMALLTOMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISES,SINGLECASESTUDY,CUSTOMERRELATIONS1INTRODUCTIONITISWIDELYACCEPTEDINTHELITERATURETHATTHEKEYTORETAILINGISTOUNDERSTANDONE’SCUSTOMERSGREWALETAL,2009INATIMEOFUNPRECEDENTEDRETAILCHANGEANDTURBULENCEWERECUSTOMERSARECONSTANTLYADAPTINGTHEIRCONSUMPTIONBEHAVIOURSANDSANDFERRARO,2010,UNDERSTANDINGCUSTOMERNEEDSANDWANTSHASBECOMEAMATTEROFSURVIVALFORFASHIONRETAILERSOFALLSIZESWHILEINTHEORYFASHIONRETAILERSCANAPPLYAVARIETYOFMARKETINGTACTICSTOBUILDCLOSECUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPSEGMULTICHANNELINTEGRATION,SOCIALMEDIAINTERACTION,ANDLOYALTYPROGRAMS,LIMITEDISKNOWNABOUTTHERELEVANCEANDAPPLICATIONOFSUCHSTRATEGIESFORSMALLTOMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESSMESTHEFOCUSOFINVESTIGATIONINTHISPAPERISCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGCRMINTERVENTIONFORSMEFASHIONRETAILERSOPERATINGINTHE“NEWECONOMY”SPELLMAN,2011THISRESEARCHAGENDAREFLECTSTHESIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONOFTHEFASHIONSECTORTOTHEUKECONOMYANDTHEPRIORITYOFCUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPSINTHEDAYTODAYOPERATIONSOFSMESWHICHTYPICALLYINVOLVEAFIGHTFORSURVIVALASHWORTHETAL,2006WHILETHECHALLENGESOFFASHIONBUYINGANDMERCHANDISINGAREGENERIC,IMPLEMENTATIONULTIMATELYDEPENDSONTHEORGANISATIONALCONTEXTOFTHEFIRMBRUCEANDHINES,2006ANDINTHECASEOFTHISPAPER,THESMEFASHIONRETAILERWHILELIMITEDRESOURCESINEVITABLYRESTRICTTHESCOPEOFMARKETINGPRACTICEINSMALLFIRMSO’DWYERETAL,2009,THEREISNOWINCREASINGEVIDENCEOFPROACTIVEANDFORMALISEDCRMIMPLEMENTATIONINSMESALSHAWIETAL,2011THISPAPERARGUESTHATTHEIDIOSYNCRASIESOFSMESDONOTMAKESMALLERFASHIONRETAILERSEXEMPTFROMIMPLEMENTINGMOREFORMALSTRATEGICCRMTOOLSTOCLOSETHENEEDSTOOFFERGAPINTHEMARKETPLACEFAVAROETAL,2009HOWEVER,THEQUESTIONOFHOWFASHIONSMERETAILERSIMPLEMENTANDMANAGEFORMALCRMINTERVENTIONREMAINSANUNANSWEREDPRIORITYINTHELITERATURETHEAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOEXPLORETHECRMINTERVENTIONOFANSMEFASHIONRETAILERBASEDINCHANGEISNOLONGERANOPTIONBUTPREREQUISITEFORSURVIVAL,VERYLITTLEISUNDERSTOODABOUTHOWSMEFASHIONRETAILERSCANIMPLEMENTSTRATEGIESINRESPONSETOCHANGINGCONSUMERDEMANDS,ANDINPARTICULAR,HOWTHEYCANLEVERAGEMORELIMITEDRESOURCESTOCLOSETHECUSTOMERNEEDSTOOFFERGAP3REVIEWOFTHELITERATURE31CUSTOMERRELATIONSHIPMARKETINGINRETAILINGRETAILERSHAVETRADITIONALLYBEENTRANSACTIONORIENTATEDRATHERTHANRELATIONSHIPORIENTATEDMULHERN,1997BUT,INRECENTTIMES,ITISEVIDENTTHATCURRENTRETAILSTRATEGYHASMOVEDTOWARDSARELATIONALPERSPECTIVEWITHCUSTOMERSRATHERTHANPRODUCTSASTHECENTRALFOCUSSHETHETAL,2000THECLOSENESSOFTHERETAILINDUSTRYTOCONSUMERSINTUITIVELYSUGGESTSTHATTHENEARERTHERETAILERCANGETTOTHECUSTOMERTHEBETTERTHEYWILLBEABLETOPROVIDETHESERVICETHECUSTOMERSEEKSKENTANDOMAR,2003ITISTHEREFOREARGUEDTHATIFRETAILERSCANCOMBINEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEIRCUSTOMERSWITHTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEIRSUPPLIEROFFERINGSANDCOMPETITORS,THEYWILLBEABLETODEVELOPUNIQUEMERCHANDISECOMBINATIONSINTHEMARKETGRIFFITHETAL,2006BUILDINGUPONTHESTAGESOFRELATIONSHIPDEVELOPMENTBYLEVITT1983,KENTANDOMAR2003IDENTIFYFIVEFACTORSOFRMSUCCESSMOSTIMPORTANTINRETAILMANAGEMENTCOMMITMENT,TRUST,CUSTOMERORIENTATION/EMPATHY,EXPERIENCE/SATISFACTION,ANDCOMMUNICATIONTHESEVARIABLESAREEXPLAINEDINTABLEIVARIABLEIMPORTANCECOMMITMENTDEFINEDASTHEINTENTIONTOCONTINUEACOURSEOFACTIONORACTIVITY,ORTHEDESIRETOMAINTAINARELATIONSHIPTHISISOFTENINDICATEDBYANONGOING“INVESTMENT”INTOACTIVITIES,WHICHAREEXPECTEDTOMAINTAINTHERELATIONSHIPCOMMITMENTISLIKELYTOBESTRONGERWHENLEVELSOFSATISFACTIONAREHIGH,WHENTHEQUALITYOFALTERNATIVESISPERCEIVEDTOBEPOOR,ANDWHENTHEINVESTMENTSIZEISLARGETRUSTRELATIONSHIPSINRETAILINGMUSTBEBASEDONMUTUALTRUSTTRUSTHASTHEPOTENTIALTOINFLUENCETHEDEVELOPMENTOFCUSTOMERORIENTATIONANDCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONAHIGHLEVELOFTRUSTISLIKELYTOENGENDERAMOREPOSITIVEATTITUDE,WHICHINTURNISLIKELYTOINCREASETHELEVELOFCUSTOMERORIENTATION/EMPATHYLOWTRUSTCANHAVETHEOPPOSITEEFFECTCUSTOMERORIENTATION/EMPATHYTHISFACTORLINKSWITHTHECONCEPTOFSOCIALBONDINGEMPATHYMEANSTHEABILITYTOSEEASITUATIONFROMSOMEONEELSE’SPOINTOFVIEWINTHEINITIALSTAGESOFRETAILRELATIONSHIPDEVELOPMENT,THEONUSISMOREONTHERETAILERTOEMPATHIZEWITHTHECUSTOMER,BUTASTHERELATIONSHIPDEVELOPSMUTUALEMPATHYBECOMESINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTCUSTOMERORIENTATIONTHEREFOREMEANSADOPTINGACOLLABORATIVESTRATEGYTORETAILOPERATIONEXPERIENCE/SATISFACTIONTHEDECISIONTOCONTINUEINARELATIONSHIPCANBESEENASDEPENDENTONTHELEVELOFCONGRUITYBETWEENRELATIONSHIPEXPECTATIONSANDPERFORMANCESOFARNEGATIVEEXPERIENCEMAYHINDERTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENRETAILERANDTHECUSTOMER,ANDMAYEVENLEADTOCUSTOMERDEFECTIONCUSTOMERSTENDTOBESTREMEMBERTHELASTEXPERIENCE,SOTHATONEPOSITIVEEXPERIENCEMAYBESUFFICIENTTOALTERPERCEPTIONSOFMORETHANONEPRECEDINGNEGATIVEEXPERIENCE,ANDVICEVERSACOMMUNICATIONTHISISAVITALCOMPONENTINTHEESTABLISHMENTOFRETAILMARKETINGRELATIONSHIPS,YETITISAVARIABLETHATISOFTENA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簡介：5100英文單詞英文單詞,29萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文8400字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處MYSZKOWSKAMTHEIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESTRADEINGLOBALECONOMYJEKONOMIAXXIWIEKU,2014442845THEIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESTRADEINGLOBALECONOMYMAGDALENAMYSZKOWSKASUMMARYTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISARTICLEISTOPRESENTTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTENDENCIESINTHEINTERNATIONALSERVICESTRADEGEOGRAPHICALANDMATERIALDYNAMICSANDSTRUCTUREOFINTERNATIONALSERVICETRANSFERSWEREANALYSEDONTHEBASISOFTHEAVAILABLESTATISTICALDATATHEGROWINGROLEOFSERVICESTRADEINMATUREECONOMIESANDGROWINGIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESEXPORTOFTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWEREPRESENTEDTHEAUTHORALSOPRESENTEDTHEPIVOTALROLEOFSERVICESINTHEONGOINGTRANSFORMATIONOFINTERNATIONALTRADEANDINVESTMENTMODEL,CHARACTERIZEDBYTHEDELOCALIZATIONOFSERVICEFUNCTIONSANDTHEPARTICIPATIONOFSERVICESINTHEGLOBALVALUECHAINSTHEATTENTIONWASALSODRAWNTOTHENEEDOFMEASURINGTRADE,INCLUDINGSERVICESTRADE,THROUGHTHECRITERIAOFVALUEADDEDATEVERYSTAGEOFPRODUCTIONKEYWORDSINTERNATIONALTRADEINSERVICES,COMMERCIALSERVICES,OFFSHORINGOFSERVICES,VALUEADDED,GLOBALVALUECHAINS1INTRODUCTIONGLOBALECONOMYHASBEENCHANGINGATANUNPRECEDENTEDPACEANDSERVICESHAVEBEENINTHECENTREOFTHISTRANSFORMATIONGLOBALIZATIONWOULDNOTHAVEBEENPOSSIBLEWITHOUTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGIESGLOBALMANUFACTURINGNETWORKSCOULDNOTHAVEBEENCREATEDWITHOUTEFFICIENTANDSOLIDTRANSPORTATIONANDLOGISTICSERVICESSERVICESCONSTITUTETHEVERYBASEOFEACHSTAGEOFPRODUCTION,FROMRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT,THROUGHDESIGN,ENGINEERING,FINANCING,TRANSPORT,DISTRIBUTIONTOMARKETINGSERVICESCONTRIBUTETOTHEOCCURRENCEOFVALUEADDEDANDINNOVATIONSIMILARLYTOTHEGOODSTRADE,ASFARASSERVICESTRADEISCONCERNED,THECLEARDIVISIONINTOEXPORTERSANDIMPORTERSFADEDAWAYLONGTIMEAGOTHISCHARACTERISTICNOLONGEROPERATESNOWADAYS,THEPRODUCTIONOFSERVICESREPEATEDLYTAKESPLACEINIMPORTINGCOUNTRIES,WHILEFOREIGNSERVICESUPPLIERSGENERATELOCALEMPLOYMENTANDINCOMEFORMANYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESSERVICESCONSTITUTEOVER70OFGDP,WHILEFORMANYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESTHISSHAREINCREASEDTO50WITHALLPROBABILITY,THISTRENDWILLCONTINUEINTHEFUTUREASCOMPANIESTRYTOINTRODUCEHIGHERVALUETOTHEIRPRODUCTSANDSERVICESMOVINGUPONTHEVALUECHAINISNECESSARYTOMAINTAINPROFITABILITY,ANDSERVICESARETHEKEYTOMOVETOITSUPPERLEVELSTHEARTICLE’SOBJECTIVEISTOPRESENTTHEMOSTUPTODATEANDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTENDENCIESOCCURRINGINTHEINTERNATIONALSERVICESTRADETHEANALYSISHASBEENLIMITEDTOTHREEMETHODSOFPROVIDINGSERVICES1CROSSBORDERTRADE–SERVICESSUPPLIEDFROMTHETERRITORYOFONECOUNTRYINTOTHETERRITORYOFANOTHER,2CONSUMPTIONABROAD–SERVICESSUPPLIEDINTHETERRITORYOFONECOUNTRYTOTHECONSUMERSOFANOTHER,3MOVEMENTOFNATURALPERSONS–SERVICESSUPPLIEDBYNATIONALSOFONECOUNTRYINTHETERRITORYOFANOTHERCOMMERCIALPRESENCEINTHEFORMOFDIRECTFOREIGNINVESTMENTSISNOTINCLUDEDINTHEHEREBYRESEARCH,DUETOTHEFACTTHATTHISSERVICESTRADEMODELISNOTREGISTEREDINTHEBALANCEOFPAYMENTSONTHECURRENTACCOUNTAHANDBOOK2008,PP572SERVICESASTHEBASISFORTHEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPROCESSESOCCURRINGINTHECONTEMPORARYWORLDECONOMYTRIGGEREDCHANGESWHICHEMBRACEDINCREASINGIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESINNATIONALECONOMIESANDINTHEINTERNATIONALTRADETOALARGEEXTENTSTEMSFROMTHEINCREASEINPRODUCTIONOFINDIRECTSERVICESEXPENSIVEANDKNOWLEDGEDEMANDINGINDIRECTSTAGESOFCOMPANIES’ACTIVITIESAREMOREANDMOREOFTENPASSEDONTOSPECIALIZEDMANUFACTURERSTHISPHENOMENONHASRESULTEDINTHEEMERGENCEOFNEWEXPORTSERVICESECTORS,WHICHOFFERAGREATPOTENTIALFORTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES6SERVICIZATIONOFECONOMICPROCESSESWHICHHASBEENONGOINGFORHALFOFTHE20THCENTURYHASTURNEDSERVICESINTOTHEMOSTIMPORTANTECONOMICSECTORINTHEMAJORITYOFCOUNTRIESANDTHEMOSTDYNAMICALLYDEVELOPINGTRADECOMPONENTK?OSI?SKI2002,P13THATCAUSEDTHECOMMENCEMENTOFTHEPOSTINDUSTRIALERA,INWHICHSERVICESSECTORPLAYSAPREDOMINANTROLE3SERVICESASTHEBASISFORTHEECONOMICDEVELOPMENTIN2011,VALUEOFTHEWORLDSERVICESEXPORTINCREASEDBY11TO417BILLIONUSD,TRANSCENDINGTHELEVELBEFORETHECRISIS385BILLIONUSDIN2008OVERALL,THESHAREOFSERVICESINTHETRADEONTHEBASISOFTHEBALANCEOFPAYMENTWASATTHELEVELOF18,6,WHICHCONSTITUTESTHELOWESTVALUESINCE1990WTO2012B,PP19,22DISAGGREGATIONOFPRODUCTS’VALUEHELPSTOILLUSTRATETHEIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESINTHEWORLDTRADEACCORDINGTOWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONSPECIALISTS,SERVICESCONSTITUTEAPPROXIMATELY507OFTHEWORLDTRADEMEASUREDONTHEBASISOFVALUEADDEDTHISISTWICEASMUCHASWHATISASCRIBEDTOTHEMBYTHEOFFICIALSTATISTICSFRANCOIS,MANCHIN,TOMBERGER2013,P1ANNUALGROWTHRATESOFSERVICESEXPORTNOTEDIN2011VARIEDSIGNIFICANTLYBETWEENPARTICULARCOUNTRIESANDWORLDREGIONSTHECOMMONWEALTHOFINDEPENDENTSTATESCISWASTHEMOSTDYNAMICREGION,WITHTHEGROWTHRATEOFSERVICESEXPORTATTHELEVELOF19,WHEREASSOUTHANDCENTRALAMERICAWASRIGHTBEHINDITWITHTHEGROWTHOF13EUROPESHOWEDSIGNSOFRECOVERYWITHTHEANNUALGROWTHATTHELEVELOF11REVERSELY,ASIANECONOMICSHALVEDITSGROWTHRATE,MAINLYDUETOTHESLOWERDEVELOPMENTOFTRANSPORTATIONANDOTHERCOMMERCIALSERVICESSERVICESEXPORTOFTHENORTHAMERICAINCREASEDBY9,WHILEAFRICANEXPORTDIDNOTDEVELOPINTHEAFTERMATHOFTHESOCALLED“ARABSPRING”8,WHICHSTARTEDATTHEENDOF2010IN2011,THEUNITEDSTATESREMAINEDTHEMAJORSERVICEECONOMY,WITHTHEVALUEOFTRADEINSERVICESOFOVER976BILLIONUSD,REACHINGANEXPORTSURPLUSOF186BILLIONUSDTHEUNITEDKINGDOM,CLASSIFIEDONTHETHIRDPOSITION,ALSOOBTAINEDAPOSITIVETRADEBALANCE,WITH103BILLIONGERMANY–THES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簡介：LIQUIDITYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYANALYSISOFNASDAQFIRMSDENNISYCHUNG?,KARELHRAZDILFACULTYOFBUSINESSADMINISTRATION,SIMONFRASERUNIVERSITY,BURNABY,BC,V5A1S6,CANADAARTICLEINFOABSTRACTARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED13MAY2010ACCEPTED3JUNE2010AVAILABLEONLINE17SEPTEMBER2010WEANALYZEALLNASDAQFIRMSWITHRESPECTTOTHEIRSHORTHORIZONRETURNPREDICTABILITY,WHICHCHORDIAETAL2008FORMULATEASANINVERSEINDICATOROFMARKETEFFICIENCYOURRESULTSCONFIRMTHATINCREASEDLIQUIDITYENHANCESMARKETEFFICIENCY,ANDSHOWTHATTHISEFFECTISAMPLIFIEDDURINGPERIODSWITHNEWINFORMATIONAFTERCONTROLLINGFORLIQUIDITYANDINFORMATIONEFFECTS,WEFINDTHATNASDAQFIRMSEXPERIENCEANIMPROVEMENTINMARKETEFFICIENCYONLYFROMTHESIXTEENTHTOTHEDECIMALTICKSIZEREGIMESWEFURTHERDEMONSTRATETHATINFERENCESOFMARKETEFFICIENCYARENOTUNIFORMACROSSTHEDIFFERENTPORTFOLIOSFORMEDONTHEBASISOFTRADINGFREQUENCY,VOLUMEANDMARKETCAPITALIZATION?2010ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDJELCLASSIFICATIONG10G14KEYWORDSLIQUIDITYRETURNPREDICTABILITYMARKETEFFICIENCYNASDAQ1INTRODUCTIONCHORDIA,ROLL,ANDSUBRAHMANYAM2008,HEREAFTERREFERREDTOASCRSEXAMINEMARKETEFFICIENCYACROSSTHREETICKSIZEREGIMESANDDOCUMENTASUBSTANTIALDECLINEINSHORTHORIZONRETURNPREDICTABILITYFORASAMPLEOFNEWYORKSTOCKEXCHANGENYSECOMPANIESTHEARGUMENTISTHATTHESHORTHORIZONPREDICTABILITYOFSTOCKRETURNSFROMPASTORDERFLOWSISANINVERSEINDICATOROFMARKETEFFICIENCYANDCRSPROVIDECOMPELLINGEVIDENCETHATTHEMARKETISBECOMINGMOREEFFICIENTASTHETICKSIZEDECREASES1ONEIMPORTANTIMPLICATIONOFTHECRSSTUDYISTHATTHEIRAPPROACHPROVIDESAFEASIBLEBASISFORESTIMATINGTHEDEGREEOFINFORMATIONALEFFICIENCYINAMARKETRESEARCHUTILIZINGTHISAPPROACHINCONNECTIONWITHNYSEFIRMSISALSOBEGINNINGTOAPPEARINTHELITERATUREEG,AKTAS,DEBODT,VISALTANACHOTIFAX17787824920EMAILADDRESSESDYCHUNGSFUCADYCHUNG,KAREL_HRAZDILSFUCAKHRAZDIL1CRSANALYZEAPERIODOFTHREETICKSIZEREGIMESBETWEEN1993AND2002INWHICHTHENYSECHANGEDITSMINIMUMTICKSIZEFROM1/8TO1/16ONJUNE24,1997,ANDFURTHERTO001ONJANUARY29,200110440283/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JGFJ201009004CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTGLOBALFINANCEJOURNALJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/GFJEFFICIENCYLIQUIDITY,INTHISCASE,ISPOSITIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHMARKETEFFICIENCYSECOND,IFMARKETMAKERSFAILTOUTILIZETHEINFORMATIONINORDERFLOWSANDELIMINATERETURNPREDICTABILITY,THENOTHERMARKETPARTICIPANTSHAVEINCENTIVESTOGATHERNEWINFORMATIONABOUTORDERFLOWSANDTRADEONSUCHINFORMATIONWHILETHEINCREASEDADVERSESELECTIONFACEDBYMARKETMAKERSLOWERSLIQUIDITY,MARKETISMOREEFFICIENTASMOREINFORMATIONISINCORPORATEDINPRICESLIQUIDITY,INTHISCASE,ISNEGATIVELYASSOCIATEDWITHMARKETEFFICIENCYUSINGSHORTHORIZONRETURNSANDLAGGEDORDERIMBALANCEMEASURESON193NYSEFIRMSTHELARGEST500FIRMSONTHENYSEWITHDAILYTRADINGTHROUGHOUTTHESAMPLEPERIOD,CRSSHOWTHATRETURNPREDICTABILITYDROPPEDSUBSTANTIALLYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYINCREASEDOVERTHETHREETICKSIZEREGIMESOFIMPROVEDLIQUIDITY2THEPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENLIQUIDITYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYSUPPORTSTHEIRFIRSTHYPOTHESISANDCONCLUSIONTHATHIGHERLIQUIDITYFACILITATESARBITRAGETRADINGWHICHREDUCESRETURNPREDICTABILITYANDENHANCESMARKETEFFICIENCYCRSPERFORMADDITIONALANALYSISUSINGRETURNVARIANCERATIOSANDRETURNAUTOCORRELATIONSANDPROVIDEEVIDENCESUGGESTINGTHATNEWINFORMATIONISMOREEFFECTIVELYINCORPORATEDINTOPRICESDURINGMORELIQUIDREGIMESCRSCONCLUDETHAT“INCREASESINLIQUIDITYFACILITATEEFFICIENCYVIATWODISTINCTCHANNELSFIRST,RETURNPREDICTABILITYFROMORDERFLOWSISDIMINISHEDDURINGPERIODSOFHIGHLIQUIDITYBECAUSEARBITRAGEURSAREBETTERABLETOASSISTSPECIALISTSINABSORBINGORDERFLOWSDURINGSUCHPERIODSSECOND,AREDUCTIONINTHEMINIMUMPRICECHANGEALLOWSFORTHECOLLECTIONOFMOREINFORMATIONTHAT,INTURN,INCREASESINFORMATIONALEFFICIENCYBYALLOWINGPRICESTOREFLECTMOREINFORMATIONABOUTFUNDAMENTALS”P266WITHNEWINFORMATIONINTRODUCEDTOTHEMARKET,ITISLIKELYTHATTHEDYNAMICINTHELIQUIDITYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYRELATIONWILLALSOCHANGEWEADDRESSTHISISSUEEMPIRICALLYINOURSTUDYWEIDENTIFYPERIODSOFINCREASEDADVERSESELECTIONASINDICATIONSOFNEWINFORMATIONINTHEMARKETANDPRESENTEVIDENCETHATHIGHADVERSESELECTIONINTERACTSPOSITIVELYWITHLIQUIDITYTOPRODUCESIGNIFICANTLYSTRONGERPOSITIVEEFFECTONMARKETEFFICIENCYWEFURTHERFINDTHATIMPROVEDLIQUIDITYANDNEWINFORMATIONBOTHCONTRIBUTETOENHANCEMARKETEFFICIENCY,WHICHSTRENGTHENSCONCLUSIONSBYCRSANDVALIDATESTHEUSEFULNESSOFRETURNPREDICTABILITYASANINDICATOROFMARKETEFFICIENCYFORFUTURERESEARCHDESIGNSCRSACKNOWLEDGETHEISSUEOFINFREQUENTTRADINGWHENTHEYDECIDEONTHEAPPROPRIATELENGTHOFTHEINTRADAYINTERVALOVERWHICHRETURNSANDORDERFLOWSAREMEASURED3FURTHERMORE,CRSCIRCUMVENTTHEINFREQUENTTRADINGISSUEBYEXCLUDINGMEDIUMANDSMALLSTOCKSFROMTHEIRSTUDYANDREQUIRINGALLFIRMSINTHEIRFINALSAMPLETOHAVETRADEDEVERYDAYTHROUGHOUTTHEIRSAMPLEPERIODFOROURSTUDY,WEINCLUDEALLNASDAQFIRMSANDWEEXAMINEHOWTRADINGFREQUENCYIMPACTSTHERELATIONBETWEENLIQUIDITYANDMARKETEFFICIENCYANDWHETHERORDERFLOWINFORMATIONISUSEFULINASSESSINGRETURNPREDICTABILITYWHENORDERFLOWANDTRADINGINFORMATIONISAVAILABLEFROMONEFIVEMINUTEINTERVALTOTHENEXT22INSTITUTIONALDETAILSTHEDIFFERENCESINTHEEXCHANGECHARACTERISTICS,SUCHASTRADINGRULES,TREATMENTOFLIMITORDERS,OROPENINGPRICESETTINGMECHANISMSARGUABLYPLAYAROLEINTHEEXTENTTOWHICHLIQUIDITYISRELATEDTOMARKETEFFICIENCY4FORINSTAN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簡介：SEEDISCUSSIONS,STATS,ANDAUTHORPROFILESFORTHISPUBLICATIONATHTTPS//WWWRESEARCHGATENET/PUBLICATION/270873237DOESECONOMICGLOBALIZATIONAFFECTREGIONALINEQUALITYACROSSCOUNTRYANALYSISARTICLEINWORLDDEVELOPMENTDECEMBER2013DOI101016/JWORLDDEV201307002CITATIONS42READS5552AUTHORS,INCLUDINGSOMEOFTHEAUTHORSOFTHISPUBLICATIONAREALSOWORKINGONTHESERELATEDPROJECTSHOWDOREGIONALINSTITUTIONSAFFECTECONOMICDEVELOPMENTVIEWPROJECTANDRéSRODRíGUEZPOSETHELONDONSCHOOLOFECONOMICSANDPOLITICALSCIENCE311PUBLICATIONS8,802CITATIONSSEEPROFILEALLCONTENTFOLLOWINGTHISPAGEWASUPLOADEDBYANDRéSRODRíGUEZPOSEON07SEPTEMBER2017THEUSERHASREQUESTEDENHANCEMENTOFTHEDOWNLOADEDFILE2ECONOMICGLOBALIZATIONANDSPATIALINEQUALITYINTHELITERATUREALTHOUGHGLOBALIZATIONANDSPATIALINEQUALITIESONTHEIROWNHAVEATTRACTEDCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONINRECENTYEARS,THEIRRELATIONSHIPHAS,SOMEWHATSURPRISINGLY,BEENOVERLOOKEDBYTHESCHOLARLYLITERATUREBRU¨LHART,2011RODRI′GUEZPOSE,2012THISCONTRASTSWITHTHELARGEINTERESTACCORDEDOVERTHELASTTWODECADESTOTHEIMPACTOFECONOMICINTEGRATIONONGROWTHEG,ALCALA′ALESINA,SPOLAORE,FRANKELDREHERMILANOVIC,2005AWADE,2004THESITUATION,HOWEVER,HASBEGUNTOCHANGERECENTLY,COINCIDINGWITHTHERESURGENCEOFINTERESTINECONOMICGEOGRAPHYANDWITHTHEIMPROVEMENTSINTHEAVAILABILITYANDQUALITYOFREGIONALDATAFROMATHEORETICALPERSPECTIVE,THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESOCALLED“NEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHY”NEGHASPLAYEDACRUCIALROLEINPUSHINGFORWARDTHEEARLYINTERESTOFSOMENEOCLASSICALSTUDIESEG,HENDERSON,1982RAUCH,1991ONTHEANALYSISOFTHECONSEQUENCESOFRISINGTRADEASTRADEWITHTHERESTOFTHEWORLDBECAMELESSCOSTLYONTHESPATIALDISTRIBUTIONOFECONOMICACTIVITYWITHINACOUNTRYWHILEEARLYURBANSYSTEMSMODELSWEREBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONOFPERFECTLYCOMPETITIVEMARKETSWITHEXOGENOUSSCALEECONOMIESATTHEREGIONALLEVEL,ANDLACKEDAWELFARERELEVANTDIMENSIONOFSPATIALINEQUALITYBRU¨LHART,2011,THEEMERGENCEOFTHENEGSCHOOLHASALLOWEDFORMONOPOLISTICALLYCOMPETITIVEMARKETSANDENDOGENOUSREGIONALSCALEECONOMIES1WITHINTHISFRAMEWORK,THENEGHASCONCEPTUALIZEDTHEEFFECTOFECONOMICINTEGRATIONONTHESPATIALDISTRIBUTIONOFINCOMEINTERMSOFCHANGESINCROSSBORDERACCESSTOMARKETSTHATAFFECTTHEINTERACTIONSBETWEENAGGLOMERATIONANDDISPERSIONFORCESTHENEGHASPROVIDEDAFRAMEWORKFORDETERMININGTHEDYNAMICSOFTHELOCATIONOFECONOMICACTIVITYACROSSREGIONSWITHINACOUNTRY,WHICHHASLEDTOTHEPUBLICATIONBEGINNINGWITHTHESEMINALPAPERBYKRUGMAN1991OFNUMEROUSTHEORETICALMODELSCONCERNEDWITHTHESPATIALIMPLICATIONSOFTRADEINTEGRATIONOVERTHELAST20YEARSTHESEMODELSTENDTOEMPLOYDIFFERENTSETSOFASSUMPTIONSANDFUNCTIONALFORMS,WHICHHASRESULTED,HOWEVER,INCONTRADICTORYANDAMBIGUOUSCONCLUSIONSWHILESOMEOFTHEPROPOSEDMODELSEG,ALONSOVILLAR,2001BEHRENS,GAIGNE,OTTAVIANO,KRUGMANMONFORTPALUZIE,2001POINTTOWARDALINKBETWEENTRADEINTEGRATIONANDINTERNALAGGLOMERATION,WHICHGIVESRISETOGREATERREGIONALDISPARITIESITISDIFFICULTTODETERMINEAPRIORIWHICHTYPEOFMODELPROVIDESABETTERREPRESENTATIONOFREALITYBRU¨LHART,2011EMPIRICALRESEARCHISTHEREFOREKEYTOSHEDDINGLIGHTONTHESPATIALIMPLICATIONSOFECONOMICINTEGRATIONYET,THENUMBEROFEMPIRICALANALYSESONTHETOPICSOFARISRELATIVELYLIMITEDMOSTEXISTINGEMPIRICALANALYSESONTHISISSUETENDTOBEBASEDONSINGLECOUNTRYCASESTUDIES,REFLECTINGTHESCARCITYANDLIMITEDRELIABILITYOFREGIONALCOMPARABLEDATASETSACROSSCOUNTRIESINPARTICULAR,THELITERATUREHASPAIDSPECIALATTENTIONTOTHEEXPERIENCEOFTWOEMERGINGCOUNTRIESCHINAANDMEXICOTHERESULTSOFANALYSESDEALINGWITHCHINAEG,JIAN,SACHS,KANBURZHANGJORDAAN,2008SA′NCHEZREAZARODRI′GUEZPOSE,2002ALSOTENDTOHIGHLIGHTAPOSITIVEASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHEEVOLUTIONOFREGIONALINEQUALITYANDTHERISEINTHEDEGREEOFTRADEOPENNESSTHEINTEGRATIONOFMEXICOINTHEGENERALAGREEMENTONTARIFFANDTRADEGATTANDTHENORTHAMERICANFREETRADEAGREEMENTNAFTACONTRIBUTEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSTATESBORDERINGTHEUSANDTOFURTHERINDUSTRIALIZATIONINANDAROUNDTHEFORMERECONOMICHUBSOFTHECENTREOFTHECOUNTRY,WHILETHEMOREIMPOVERISHEDSOUTHLANGUISHEDBEHINDINSTARKCONTRASTTOTHENUMBEROFSINGLECOUNTRYCASESTUDIES,THEREAREFEWCROSSCOUNTRYANALYSESTODATEADDRESSINGTHESPATIALIMPLICATIONSOFAGREATERDEGREEOFECONOMICINTEGRATIONINARECENTREVIEWOFTHISLITERATURE,BRU¨LHART2011ONLYIDENTIFIES11CROSSCOUNTRYSTUDIESEXPLORINGTHISISSUETHEMAJORITYOFTHESEPAPERSUSEANINDICATOROFURBANPRIMACYASDEPENDENTVARIABLE,WHICHDOESNOTALLOWTOPROPERLYDISCERNTHEEXTENTTOWHICHCHANGESINTRADEPATTERNSINFLUENCEREGIONALCONVERGENCEORDIVERGENCETRENDSRESEARCHBYRODRI′GUEZPOSEANDGILL2006ANDRODRI′GUEZPOSE2012,BYCONTRAST,TACKLESTHESPATIALCONSEQUENCESOFTRADEOPENNESSHEADONTHESEANALYSESUSEDIFFERENTMEASURESOFSPATIALINEQUALITYINORDERTOQUANTIFYTHERELEVANCEOFREGIONALDISPARITIESWITHINTHESAMPLECOUNTRIESRODRI′GUEZPOSEANDGILL2006FOCUSTHEIRATTENTIONONEIGHTCOUNTRIESBRAZIL,CHINA,GERMANY,INDIA,ITALY,MEXICO,SPAIN,ANDTHEUNITEDSTATESOVERVARIOUSTIMESPANSDURING1970–2000THEAUTHORSCONCLUDETHATTHEREISNOCLEARCUTCONNECTIONBETWEENCHANGESINTHEDEGREEOFTRADEOPENNESSANDREGIONALINEQUALITY,ALTHOUGHTHEASSOCIATIONSEEMSTOBESTRONGERWHENSECTORALSHIFTSINTRADECOMPOSITIONARECONSIDEREDRODRI′GUEZPOSE2012,USINGARANGEOFPANELDATATECHNIQUES,EXAMINESTHISISSUEINASAMPLEOF15DEVELOPEDAND13EMERGINGCOUNTRIESTHROUGHOUTTHEPERIOD1970–2005HISRESULTSSHOWTHATTRADEOPENNESSHASAPOSITIVEANDSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTASSOCIATIONWITHREGIONALINEQUALITYINCOMBINATIONWITHCERTAINCOUNTRYSPECIFICCONDITIONSRODRI′GUEZPOSE2012ALSOFINDSTHATTHESPATIALIMPACTOFINTERNATIONALTRADEISGREATERINLOWANDMIDDLEINCOMECOUNTRIESTHANINHIGHINCOMECOUNTRIESALIMITEDNUMBEROFADDITIONALSTUDIESNOTDEALINGSPECIFICALLYWITHTHESPATIALIMPLICATIONSOFTRADELIBERALIZATIONSINCLUDEAMEASUREOFTHEDEGREEOFTRADEOPENNESSASACONTROLVARIABLEINCROSSCOUNTRYREGRESSIONSWHOSEDEPENDENTVARIABLEISANINDICATOROFWITHINCOUNTRYSPATIALINEQUALITYTHERESULTSOBTAINEDBYTHESESTUDIESARENOTCONCLUSIVESOMEPAPERSREPORTTHATGREATERTRADEOPENNESSLEADSTOHIGHERLEVELSOFREGIONALDISPARITIESRODRI′GUEZPOSEEZCURRA,2010,WHILEOTHERSFINDTHATTHERELATIONSHIPISNOTSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTMILANOVIC,2005B,ORDEPENDSULTIMATELYONTHECOUNTRIESINCLUDEDINTHESAMPLEPETRAKOS,RODRI′GUEZPOSE,ROVOLIS,2005ONEIMPORTANTCHARACTERISTICOFALLTHEABOVEMENTIONEDCROSSCOUNTRYANALYSESISTHATTHEYUSEDIFFERENTMEASURESOFTRADEOPENNESSTOEXAMINETHESPATIALCONSEQUENCESOFECONOMICGLOBALIZATIONWHILETHISAPPROACHISUNDOUBTEDLYUSEFULINORDERTOINVESTIGATETHEIMPACTONREGIONALDISPARITIESOFCHANGESINTRADEPATTERNS,ITNEGLECTSTHEROLEPLAYEDBYOTHERPOTENTIALLYIMPORTANTDIMENSIONSOFECONOMICINTEGRATIONTRADEISNOTTHEONLYFACTORDRIVINGECONOMICGLOBALIZATIONASHASBEENNOTEDBYTHELITERATUREONTHEDEATHOFDISTANCE,INAMOREINTEGRATEDWORLDFIRMSANDCOMPANIESAREBECOMINGMUCHMOREMOBILEANDPURSUINGINTEGRATIONSTRATEGIESDOESECONOMICGLOBALIZATIONAFFECTREGIONALINEQUALITYACROSSCOUNTRYANALYSIS93

簡介：EKONOMIAXXIWIEKUECONOMICSOFTHE21STCENTURY442014ISSN23538929MAGDALENAMYSZKOWSKAWROC?AWUNIVERSITYOFECONOMICSMAILMAGDALENAMYSZKOWSKAUEWROCPLTHEIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESTRADEINGLOBALECONOMYSUMMARYTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISARTICLEISTOPRESENTTHEMOSTIMPORTANTTENDENCIESINTHEINTERNATIONALSERVICESTRADEGEOGRAPHICALANDMATERIALDYNAMICSANDSTRUCTUREOFINTERNATIONALSERVICETRANSFERSWEREANALYSEDONTHEBASISOFTHEAVAILABLESTATISTICALDATATHEGROWINGROLEOFSERVICESTRADEINMATUREECONOMIESANDGROWINGIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESEXPORTOFTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESWEREPRESENTEDTHEAUTHORALSOPRESENTEDTHEPIVOTALROLEOFSERVICESINTHEONGOINGTRANSFORMATIONOFINTERNATIONALTRADEANDINVESTMENTMODEL,CHARACTERIZEDBYTHEDELOCALIZATIONOFSERVICEFUNCTIONSANDTHEPARTICIPATIONOFSERVICESINTHEGLOBALVALUECHAINSTHEATTENTIONWASALSODRAWNTOTHENEEDOFMEASURINGTRADE,INCLUDINGSERVICESTRADE,THROUGHTHECRITERIAOFVALUEADDEDATEVERYSTAGEOFPRODUCTIONKEYWORDSINTERNATIONALTRADEINSERVICES,COMMERCIALSERVICES,OFFSHORINGOFSERVICES,VALUEADDED,GLOBALVALUECHAINSDOI??????????????????????1INTRODUCTIONGLOBALECONOMYHASBEENCHANGINGATANUNPRECEDENTEDPACEANDSERVICESHAVEBEENINTHECENTREOFTHISTRANSFORMATIONGLOBALIZATIONWOULDNOTHAVEBEENPOSSIBLEWITHOUTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGIESGLOBALMANUFACTURINGNETWORKSCOULDNOTHAVEBEENCREATEDWITHOUTEFFICIENTANDSOLIDTRANSPORTATIONANDLOGISTICSERVICESSERVICESCONSTITUTETHEVERYBASEOFEACHSTAGEOFPRODUCTION,FROMRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT,THROUGHDESIGN,ENGINEERING,FINANCING,TRANSPORT,DISTRIBUTIONTOMARKETINGSERVICESCONTRIBUTETOTHEOCCURRENCEOFVALUEADDEDANDINNOVATIONSIMILARLYTOTHEGOODSTRADE,ASFARASSERVICESTRADEISCONCERNED,THECLEARDIVISIONINTOEXPORTERSANDIMPORTERSFADEDAWAYLONGTIMEAGO1THISCHARACTERISTIC1GOODSANDSERVICESARENOWOFTENFROM“EVERYWHERE”,RATHERTHAN,ASTHEYAREGENERALLYCONSIDEREDTODAY,FROM“SOMEWHERE”30MAGDALENAMYSZKOWSKAMAINLYTHROUGHTHEINCREASEINEFFICIENCYHIGHECONOMICPROFITSFROMTHETRADEOFMANUFACTUREDANDAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSCANNOTBEFULLYREACHEDWITHOUTSERVICES’SUPPORTSIMILARTOTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFGOVERNMENTSANDINSTITUTIONS,COMPETITIVENESSOFCOMPANIESWITHINTHEFREEMARKETISDESCRIBED,TOAGREATEREXTENT,THROUGHTHEACCESSTOCHEAPANDHIGHQUALITYTELECOMMUNICATION,TRANSPORTATION,DISTRIBUTIONAL,ANDFINANCIALSERVICESNOWADAYS,NOECONOMYCANDEVELOPWITHOUTTHEEFFECTIVESERVICEINFRASTRUCTUREWHATISMORE,INEFFICIENTANDEXPENSIVESERVICEINFRASTRUCTUREMAYNOTONLYPRECLUDETRADETRANSFERSBUTALSOINHIBITGENERALECONOMICGROWTH5EFFECTIVEANDPROPERLYREGULATEDFINANCIALSECTORLEADSTOTHETRANSFORMATIONOFSAVINGSTOINVESTMENTS,ENSURINGTHEBESTFUNDS’LOCATIONFORTHEHIGHESTPROFITPROFITSALSOCOMEFROMTHEDIVERSITYOFFINANCIALPRODUCTSANDBETTERRISKDIVISIONINTHEECONOMYTHEIMPROVEMENTOFTHEEFFECTIVENESSINTELECOMMUNICATIONSGENERATESWIDEECONOMICBENEFITSDUETOTHEFACTTHATTHISSECTORCONSTITUTESNECESSARY“INDIRECTINPUTS”ANDISESSENTIALTOTHEKNOWLEDGECIRCULATIONANDDIFFUSIONSIMILARLY,TRANSPORTATIONSERVICESCONTRIBUTETOTHEEFFECTIVEDISTRIBUTIONOFPRODUCTSWITHINTHECOUNTRYANDTOTHEABILITYOFTHECOUNTRYTOPARTICIPATEINTHEGLOBALTRADE,THEREBYHELPINGINTHEREALIZATIONOFBENEFITSFROMTHEINTEGRATIONTHEMENTIONEDSECTORSPOSSESSFEATURESGENERATINGDEVELOPMENT,WHICHISTHEPOSSIBILITYOFGAININGKNOWLEDGETHROUGHTHEACTIVITY,KNOWLEDGECREATION,INCREASINGDIVERSITYOFPRODUCTSANDRAISINGTHEIRQUALITYINSPITEOFTHEFACTTHATTHOSESECTORSARELEADING,THEREAREALSOOTHERONESWHICHHAVEGREATSIGNIFICANCEFORTHEIMPROVEMENTOFECONOMICRESULTSFORINSTANCE,BUSINESSSERVICESLIKEACCOUNTINGORLEGALSERVICESAREIMPORTANTFORTHEREDUCTIONOFTRANSACTIONCOSTSINTURN,SOFTWARESERVICESARETHEFOUNDATIONFORTHEMODERNECONOMYBASEDONINFORMATIONMATTOO,RATHINDRAN,SUBRAMANIAN2001,PP4,6SERVICESTRADEMAYHELPTHECOUNTRIESCREATEOPPORTUNITIESFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSERVICEPRODUCTIONINSECTORSINWHICHTHEYHAVECOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE,THEREFOREGENERATEWORKPLACES,ANDCONTRIBUTETOGDPGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTOFCOMMERCIALEXCHANGEITISPARTICULARLYSIGNIFICANTFORTHECOUNTRIESISOLATEDFROMTHEWORLDPRODUCTMARKETDUETOWEAKTRANSPORTATIONINFRASTRUCTUREANDLACKOFTHESEAACCESSSERVICEEXPORTMAYBEAVITALPARTOFDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES’DEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESADDITIONALLY,THEIMPORTATIONOFSERVICESMAYSIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVETHERESULTSBYTHEINTRODUCTIONOFLARGERCOMPETITION,BETTERPRACTICES,ABILITIES,TECHNOLOGIESANDINVESTMENTCAPITALTHEINTRODUCTIONOFFOREIGNSERVICEPROVIDERSMAYCAUSEBETTERSERVICESFORDOMESTICCONSUMERSANDIMPROVERESULTSANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFDOMESTICCOMPANIESINCREASINGIMPORTANCEOFSERVICESINNATIONALECONOMIESANDINTHEINTERNATIONALTRADETOALARGEEXTENTSTEMSFROMTHEINCREASEINPRODUCTIONOFINDIRECTSERVICESEXPENSIVEANDKNOWLEDGEDEMANDINGINDIRECTSTAGESOFCOMPANIES’ACTIVITIESARE5MANYSERVICESCONSTITUTEPRODUCTIONINPUTSANDTHEIRINEFFICIENTPRODUCTION/PROVIDINGOPERATESASATAX

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