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簡介：ENVIRONMENTALINNOVATIONANDSOCIETALTRANSITIONS2320173–10CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTENVIRONMENTALINNOVATIONANDSOCIETALTRANSITIONSJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/EISTPUTTINGTHESHARINGECONOMYINTOPERSPECTIVEKOENFRENKENA,?,JULIETSCHORBACOPERNICUSINSTITUTEOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT,UTRECHTUNIVERSITY,THENETHERLANDSBBOSTONCOLLEGE,UNITEDSTATESARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED1NOVEMBER2016RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM13JANUARY2017ACCEPTED13JANUARY2017AVAILABLEONLINE22JANUARY2017KEYWORDSSHARINGPLATFORMSUSTAINABILITYREVERSETECHNOLOGYASSESSMENTREGULATIONABSTRACTWEDEVELOPACONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKTHATALLOWSUSTODEFINETHESHARINGECONOMYANDITSCLOSECOUSINSANDWEUNDERSTANDITSSUDDENRISEFROMANECONOMICHISTORICPERSPECTIVEWETHENASSESSTHESHARINGECONOMYPLATFORMSINTERMSOFTHEECONOMIC,SOCIALANDENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSWEENDWITHREFLECTIONSONCURRENTREGULATIONSANDFUTUREALTERNATIVES,ANDSUGGESTANUMBEROFFUTURERESEARCHQUESTIONS?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BY/40/1INTRODUCTIONINTHESPRINGOF2014,THESHARINGECONOMYHELDANUNUSUALGATHERINGINSANFRANCISCO,ASORTOF“COMINGOUT”PARTYENTITLED“SHARE,”THECONFERENCEINCLUDEDNOTONLYFOUNDERS,FUNDERSANDFANSOFTHESHARINGECONOMY,BUTALSOHARSHCRITICSPOLITICALLYPROGRESSIVEINSIDERSANDOUTSIDERSRAISEDQUESTIONSABOUTACCESS,EXCLUSIONANDTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFVALUEINTHESECTORTHEYDISCUSSEDTHEIRVISIONOFAFAIRER,LOWERCARBON,MORETRANSPARENT,PARTICIPATORYANDSOCIALLYCONNECTEDECONOMY,ANDWHETHERTHOSEGOALSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEACTIONSOFTHELARGE,MONEYEDPLAYERSTHESUCCESSFULPLATFORMSANDTHEVENTURECAPITALISTSWHOAREBACKINGTHEMWITHVASTSUMSOFFINANCEMORERECENTLY,AKEYFIGUREFROMTHEFRENCHSHARINGECONOMYTHINKTHANKOUISHAREEVENSTATEDATTHEIRANNUALCONFERENCEINPARISTHAT“THESHARINGECONOMYISOVER”ASITDIDNOTLIVEUPITSINITIALPROMISESDEGRAVE,2016ITISCLEARTHATTHESHARINGECONOMYISCREATINGENORMOUSAMOUNTSOFWEALTH,ANDTHATITHASBEENUSINGASOCIALLYPROGRESSIVEFEELGOODRHETORICTODOSOBUTWILLTHEPLATFORMSSHARETHATWEALTHWITHUSERSONBOTHTHEPROVIDERANDUSERSIDESOFTHEMARKETWILLTHEPLATFORMSENSUREWIDESPREADACCESSBYEXPANDINGTHEIRUSERBASEBEYONDTHEMOSTLYWHITE,HIGHLYEDUCATED,ABLEBODIEDURBANITESWHOHAVECOMPRISEDTHEBULKOFUSERSINTHEFIRSTSTAGEWILLTHEYMAKEGOODONTHEIRPROMISESTOPROVIDEDECENTLIVELIHOODSFORPROVIDERS,OPPORTUNITIESFORSOCALLED“MICROENTREPRENEURS”ANDWILLTHEYCONTINUETOPROVIDEREALVALUETOCUSTOMERSORISTHERHETORICMERELYATHINVENEERTOHIDEAPREDATORYBUSINESSMODELTHATWILLULTIMATELYAPPROPRIATEVALUETOINVESTORSANDFOUNDERS,ONCETHEMARKETDEVELOPSANDUSERSARELOCKEDINTOTHEPLATFORMSWILLTHEPLATFORMSBEHAVELIKETHEMONOPOLIESTHATSOMESEEMPOISEDTOBECOMEWHILEIT’STOOEARLYFORDEFINITIVEANSWERSTOANSWERTHESEQUESTIONS,WEBELIEVEITISCRUCIALWESTARTASKINGTHEMINAMOREANALYTICAL,EMPIRICALANDCRITICALMANNER?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSKFRENKENUUNLKFRENKENHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JEIST20170100322104224/?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BY/40/KFRENKEN,JSCHOR/ENVIRONMENTALINNOVATIONANDSOCIETALTRANSITIONS2320173–105FIG1SHARINGECONOMYANDRELATEDFORMSOFPLATFORMECONOMYFROMFRENKENETAL,2015TEMPORARYACCESSTOUNDERUTILIZEDPHYSICALASSETS“IDLECAPACITY”,POSSIBLYFORMONEYTYPICALGOODSTHATARECURRENTLYBEINGSHAREDARECARSANDHOMESTHESEAREEXAMPLESOFWHATBENKLER2004CALLED“SHAREABLEGOODS”INESSENCESHAREABLEGOODSAREGOODSTHATBYNATUREPROVIDEOWNERSWITHEXCESSCAPACITY,PROVIDINGTHECONSUMERWITHANOPPORTUNITYTOLENDOUTORRENTOUTTHEIRGOODSTOOTHERCONSUMERSEXCESSCAPACITYOFACONSUMERGOODISPRESENTWHENTHEOWNERDOESNOTCONSUMETHEPRODUCTALLTHETIMEAMAJORITYOFCONSUMERGOODSCANBEUNDERSTOODASHAVINGEXCESSCAPACITY,INCLUDINGHOUSES,CARS,BOATS,HOUSES,CLOTHING,BOOKS,TOYS,APPLIANCES,TOOLS,FURNITURE,COMPUTERS,ETCTHEFEWEXCEPTIONSWOULDINCLUDE,FOREXAMPLE,EYEGLASSESANDMOBILEPHONESANOTHERDIMENSIONOFEXCESSCAPACITYISTHELUMPINESSOFSOMEGOODSMANYITEMSCANONLYBEPURCHASEDWITHEXCESSCAPACITYSUCHASTHEUNUSEDMEMORYCAPACITYOFCOMPUTERSORTHEUNUSEDCARSEATSFORDAILYCOMMUTERSTHENOTIONOFSHARINGOFIDLECAPACITYISCENTRALTOTHEDEFINITIONOFSHARINGECONOMY,BECAUSEITDISTINGUISHESTHEPRACTICEOFSHARINGOFGOODSFROMTHEPRACTICEOFONDEMANDPERSONALSERVICESTHEREISAFUNDAMENTALDIFFERENCEBETWEENORDERINGATAXITHROUGHUBER,LYFTORDIDIANDSHARINGARIDETHROUGHBLABLACARORANOTHERHITCHHIKINGORCARPOOLINGPLATFORMMEELENANDFRENKEN,2015INTHECASEOFATAXISERVICE,THECONSUMERCREATESNEWCAPACITYBYORDERINGATAXIONDEMANDTODRIVETHEPASSENGERFROMATOBWITHOUTTHEORDER,THETRIPWOULDNOTHAVEBEENMADEINTHEFIRSTPLACEINTHISCASE,THETERMNOWCOMINGINTOCOMMONUSEISTHEONDEMANDECONOMYBYCONTRAST,INTHECASEOFHITCHHIKING/CARPOOLING,THECONSUMEROCCUPIESASEATTHATWOULDOTHERWISENOTHAVEBEENUSEDASTHEDRIVERHADPLANNEDTOGOFROMATOBANYWAYHITCHHIKINGANDCARPOOLINGAREEXAMPLESOFRIDESHARINGANDPARTOFTHESHARINGECONOMYBENKLER,2004INDEED,INTHECONTEXTOFTRANSPORTATION,THISDISTINCTIONBETWEENONDEMANDECONOMYANDSHARINGECONOMYHASBECOMECLEAREROVERTIMEASMOSTCOMMENTATORSNOWCALLUBER,LYFTANDDIDIRIDEHAILINGCOMPANIESINSTEADOFRIDESHARING1THENOTIONOFUNDERUTILIZATIONISALSOKEYTOTHECURRENTDISCUSSIONABOUTHOMESHARINGPLATFORMSSUCHASAIRBNBWHENAHOUSEOWNERISAWAYFORHOLIDAYSORABUSINESSTRIP,ORHASASPAREBEDROOM,THEASSETISNOTUTILIZEDTHATIS,THEUNOCCUPIEDHOUSECANBECONSIDEREDASTEMPORARYIDLECAPACITYIF,HOWEVER,APERSONWERETOBUYASECONDHOMEANDRENTITOUTTOTOURISTSPERMANENTLY,THATCONSTITUTESRUNNINGACOMMERCIALLODGINGSITE,SUCHASABBORHOTELBASEDONTHISDEFINITION,THESHARINGECONOMYCANBEDISTINGUISHEDFROMTHREEOTHERTYPESOFPLATFORMSTHATARESHARINGECONOMYEXAMPLESPREDATINGTHEINTERNETINFIG1,THESHARINGECONOMYISPLACEDINTHECENTREASITADHERESTOTHETHREEDEFININGCHARACTERISTICSCONSUMERTOCONSUMERINTERACTIONC2C,TEMPORARYACCESSANDPHYSICALGOODSCONSUMERSSELLINGGOODSTOEACHOTHERISCALLEDTHESECONDHANDECONOMYTHISDOESNOTFALLUNDERTHESHARINGECONOMYASCONSUMERSGRANTEACHOTHERPERMANENTACCESS,RATHERTHANTEMPORARYACCESSTOTHEIRGOODSLARGEPLATFORMSINTERMEDIATINGSUCHTRANSACTIONSAREEBAYANDTAOBAOTHEREAREALSOPLATFORMSWHEREPEOPLEGIVEAWAYGOODSTOEACHOTHER,WITHOUT1OURDISTINCTIONISALSOCONSONANTWITHTHEASSOCIATEDPRESSSTYLEBOOK,WHICHSTARTEDTODESCRIBETHESERVICESOFUBERANDLYFTASRIDEHAILINGFROMJANUARY2015ONWARDS“RIDEHAILINGSERVICESSUCHASUBERANDLYFTLETPEOPLEUSESMARTPHONEAPPSTOBOOKANDPAYFORAPRIVATECARSERVICEORINSOMECASES,ATAXITHEYMAYALSOBECALLEDRIDEBOOKINGSERVICESDONOTUSERIDESHARING”WARZEL,2015SEEALSOHTTP//WWWYOURDICTIONARYCOM/RIDEHAILINGSERVICEALSONOTETHATTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENRIDEHAILINGANDRIDESHARINGISNOTJUSTACADEMIC,BUTALSOCARRIESLEGALIMPLICATIONSAJUDGEINTHENETHERLANDSARGUEDTHATUBERSHOULDBESEENASATAXISERVICEANDREFUTEDTHECLAIMBYUBERTHATITSUBERPOPSERVICEWHICHISPROVIDEDBYUNLICENSEDDRIVERSISTOBEVIEWEDASCARPOOLINGDERECHTSPRAAK,2014JUDGESINDENMARK,FINLANDANDFRANCECAMETOTHESAMECONCLUSIONSKYDSGAARD,2016

簡介：2750英文單詞，英文單詞，16500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文5000字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處DAUNORIEN?A,DRAK?AIT?A,SNIE?KAV,ETALEVALUATINGSUSTAINABILITYOFSHARINGECONOMYBUSINESSMODELSJPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES,2015,213836841EVALUATINGSUSTAINABILITYOFSHARINGECONOMYBUSINESSMODELSASTADAUNORIEN?，AURADRAK?AIT?，VYTAUTASSNIE?KA，GITANAVALODKIEN?ABSTRACTDECREASEDCONSUMERTRUST,INCREASEDUNEMPLOYMENTRATE,INCREASEDAVAILABILITYOFTECHNOLOGYFORHOSTINGANONLINEMARKETDRIVESTHEGROWTHOFSHARINGECONOMYTHESHARINGECONOMYPROVIDESANIDEALLENSTOEXPLOREANDCONTRIBUTETOTHESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTNATUREWHILETHESHARINGECONOMYCANCONTRIBUTETOSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTANDHASPLENTYOFROOMTODEVELOPPRACTICALISSUESINDRIVINGSUSTAINABILITYTHEREISALACKOFSHARINGECONOMYSUSTAINABILITYEMPIRICALSTUDIESTHISARTICLESEEKSTOPROVIDEANAPPROACHHOWTOADDRESSANDESTIMATESHARINGECONOMYBUSINESSMODELSSUSTAINABILITYTHISAPPROACHAIMSTODETERMINEKEYSUSTAINABILITYPERSPECTIVESBYUSINGCIRCLESOFSUSTAINABILITYKEYSUSTAINABILITYPERSPECTIVESHAVEBEENTAKENASINPUTTOESTIMATETHELEVELOFSUSTAINABILITYTHISPRACTICECANBESERVEDASAUSEFULMETHODOLOGYTOSUPPORTDECISIONSTOWARDTOSHARINGECONOMYBUSINESSMODELSSUSTAINABILITYTRANSITIONKEYWORDSSHARINGECONOMYTRADEBUSINESSMODELSCIRCLESOFSUSTAINABILITYINTRODUCTIONSHARINGDIFFERENTGOODS,SERVICESAMONGDIFFERENTORGANIZATIONSANDCUSTOMERSHASSTARTEDTOPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINTODAYSECONOMICENVIRONMENTTHESHARINGECONOMYISATERMFORANEMERGINGSETOFBUSINESSMODELS,PLATFORMSANDEXCHANGESALENPENG,WANG,WRIGHTETALL,2005THESHARINGCONCEPTOBLIGEORGANIZATIONSTOFINDINNOVATIVESOLUTIONSTODAYTHINKINGABOUTTHETOMORROW‘SPROBLEMSBEYONDENVIRONMENTALISSUES,THESHARINGECONOMYRAISESHOPESANDCONCERNSOFANECONOMICANDSOCIALASPECTDEMAILLYLINDERANDCANTRELL,2000ALTHOUGHTHEREISNOGENERALAGREEDACCEPTEDBUSINESSMODELDEFINITION,COMMONTOALLOFTHESEDEFINITIONSISTHATBUSINESSMODELCREATESAHEURISTICLOGICOFORGANIZATIONCAPABILITIESWITHTHEREALIZATIONOFECONOMICVALUEEVENTHOUGHTHECONCEPTOFBUSINESSMODELISPOTENTIALLYRELEVANTTOALLCOMPANIESVERYFEWPUBLICATIONSCANBEFOUNDINTHELITERATURETHATDISCUSSESTHEISSUEOFSHARINGECONOMYBUSINESSMODELSTHETERMSHARINGECONOMYGENERALLYREFERSTO“SHARINGGOODS”ANDINCLUDESREDISTRIBUTION,MUTUALISATIONANDSHAREDMOBILITYDEMAILLYDEMAILLYNOVEL,2014GENERALLYECONOMICSUSTAINABILITYINCLUDESADEQUATEANDSTABLEECONOMICGROWTHREQUIREMENTS,SUCHASFINANCIALSTABILITY,PRESERVATION,LOWANDSTABLEINFLATIONRATES,INNOVATIONINVESTMENTSANDENCOMPASSFAIRDISTRIBUTIONOFNATURALRESOURCESBETWEENTHEGLOBALSOCIETY,OFTHEPRESENTANDTHEFUTURETIME,REQUIRESHARMONIZATIONOFECONOMICACTIVITIESANDECOSYSTEMSBASEDONTHEPRODUCTIVITYANDCAPITALSUBSTITUTABILITYTHEORYCIEGIS,ZEIENIUTE,2008THESHARINGECONOMYBUSINESSMODELSECONOMICSUSTAINABILITYDRIVERSAREBASEDONTHEPOWEROFINCOMETOWARDACCESSOVEROWNERSHIPDEMAILLYNOVEL,2014THEIMPORTANCEOFSOCIALRESPONSIBILITYHASBEENPOINTEDOUTBYTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHESOCIETYSTRUCTURESOCIALRESPONSIBILITYREFLECTSTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENDEVELOPMENTSANDDOMINATEDSOCIALNORMSANDSEEKSTODEVELOPSOCIALSTABILITYSYSTEMSSOCIALDRIVERSBASEDONGROWINGPOPULATIONANDNECESSITYOFSAVINGRESOURCESDRIVESSHARINGECONOMYBUSINESS

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簡介：LANDUSEPOLICY272010255–261CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTLANDUSEPOLICYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/LANDUSEPOLTHEENVIRONMENTALANDECONOMICCOSTSOFSPRAWLINGPARKINGLOTSINTHEUNITEDSTATESAMéLIEYDAVISA,C,BRYANCPIJANOWSKIA,?,KIMBERLYROBINSONA,BERNARDENGELBAHUMANENVIRONMENTMODELINGANDANALYSISLABORATORY,DEPARTMENTOFFORESTRYANDNATURALRESOURCES,PURDUEUNIVERSITY,WESTLAFAYETTE,IN47906,UNITEDSTATESBCENTERFORADVANCEDGEOGRAPHICINFORMATIONSYSTEMS,DEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTURALANDBIOLOGICALENGINEERING,PURDUEUNIVERSITY,WESTLAFAYETTE,IN47907,UNITEDSTATESCFURMANUNIVERSITY,CENTERFORSUSTAINABILITY,3300POINSETTHIGHWAY,GREENVILLE,SC29613,UNITEDSTATESARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED6NOVEMBER2008RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM27FEBRUARY2009ACCEPTED2MARCH2009KEYWORDSPARKINGAUTOMOBILEPARKINGLOTSPARKINGSPACESENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSECONOMICCOSTSIMPERVIOUSSURFACERUNOFFHEATISLANDSABSTRACTURBANSPRAWLISCONSIDEREDBYMOSTENVIRONMENTALSCIENTISTSANDURBANPLANNERSTOBEASERIOUSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMHOWEVER,PUBLICPERCEPTIONABOUTPARKINGAVAILABILITYOFTENFORCESPLANNINGOFFICESTORECOMMENDPARKINGLOTSIZESTHATEXCEEDDAILYDEMANDSTHERECENTTRENDOFINCREASINGTHESIZEOFSTORES,CHURCHESANDEVENSCHOOLSCOMESWITHINCREASINGTHESIZEOFPARKINGLOTSTHATSERVICETHESEBUILDINGSTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTOANALYZESPACEALLOCATIONOFPARKINGLOTSINATYPICALMIDWESTERNCOUNTYANDTOESTIMATETHESUPPLYOFPARKINGSPACESTOPOTENTIALDEMANDWEALSOESTIMATETHELOSSOFECOSYSTEMSERVICESREPRESENTEDBYTHEAREAOFPARKINGLOTSINTHISCOUNTYWEFOUNDTHATPARKINGLOTSCOVER565KM21397ACRESOFTIPPECANOECOUNTY,INDIANAWHICHIMPLIESTHAT044OFTHECOUNTYAREAISDEVOTEDTOPARKINGLOTSOURRESULTSSHOWTHATTHEREAREAPPROXIMATELY22PARKINGSPACESPERREGISTEREDVEHICLE,THATPARKINGLOTSMAKEUPMORETHAN657OFTHETOTALURBANFOOTPRINTINTHISCOUNTY,THATTHEAREAOFPARKINGLOTSEXCEEDEDTHEAREAOFPARKSINTHECITYLIMITSBYAFACTOROFTHREEANDTHATPARKINGLOTRUNOFFANDPOLLUTANTSARESIGNIFICANTCOMPAREDTORUNOFFANDPOLLUTANTSFROMTHESEAREASPRIORTOTHEIRCONVERSIONTOPARKINGLOTSASOTHERAUTHORSHAVEDONEBEFOREUSWELAMENTTHEPOORUSEOFLANDINURBANREGIONSOFTHEUNITEDSTATES,ANDENCOURAGEPLANNERSTOTHINKCREATIVELYABOUTTHEUSEOFLANDFORPARKING?2009ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDINTRODUCTIONAMERICA’SLOVEAFFAIRWITHTHEAUTOMOBILEISWELLKNOWNALVORD,2000HOWEVER,LITTLEISREPORTEDONTHEAMOUNTOFSPACEDEVOTEDTOPARKINGOURVEHICLESASWESHOP,WORK,WORSHIP,ORATTENDSCHOOLPAVEDPARKINGSURFACES,ALSOKNOWNASPARKINGLOTS,AREANINSIDIOUSPARTNEROFINCREASEDURBANIZATIONPARTICULARLYINREGIONSEXPERIENCINGRAPIDDEVELOPMENTTHENATIONALESTIMATEOFURBANCOVERAGEISBETWEEN2AND5,ANDITISINCREASINGRAPIDLYJINANDZHANG,2002IMHOFFETAL,2000FREQUENTLYCITEDCULPRITSOFURBANSPRAWLHAVEBEENRESIDENTIALDEVELOPMENTANDSHOPPINGMALLSSQUIRES,2002,BUTTHEPROPORTIONOFTHEURBANLANDSCAPEDEDICATEDSOLELYTOPARKINGLOTSHASNOTBEENSYSTEMATICALLYDOCUMENTEDPARKINGLOTSARECONSIDEREDUNATTRACTIVEANDHOSTILEGIBBONS,1999THEYCANINCREASECONGESTIONANDLOWERLANDVALUESWILSON,1995,UNDERMINEWALKABILITY,AREGENERALLYOVERSUPPLIEDMUKHIJAANDSHOUP,2006ANDAREASUBTLESUBSIDYTOTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYINDEEDWESPENDANINORDINATEAMOUNTOF?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL17654962215FAX17654962422EMAILADDRESSBPIJANOWPURDUEEDUBCPIJANOWSKIMONEYANDLANDTOPARKOURCARSMANVILLEANDSHOUP,2005ATTHEEXPENSEOFTHEENVIRONMENT,ANDTHEEXPANSIONOFPUBLICTRANSPORTATIONSEVERALDECISIONMAKINGFACTORSCONTRIBUTETOWARDLARGEPARKINGLOTSFIRST,MOSTBUSINESSESWHENAPPLYINGFORABUILDINGPERMITDETERMINETHENUMBEROFSPACESTHEYWILLNEEDFORTHEDAYOFPEAKDEMANDSUCHASTHEDAYAFTERTHANKSGIVINGFORSHOPS,DAYOFCHRISTMASSERVICEFORSOMECHURCHES,SCHOOLEVENTSWHEREALLPARENTSANDTEACHERSNEEDTOBEPRESENT,ETCSHOUP,2005THUSPARKINGLOTSIZECANBECONSIDEREDEXCESSIVESINCEITREMAINSMOSTLYEMPTYFORTHEREMAINDEROFTHEYEARTHISISESPECIALLYTRUEINOPENENVIRONMENTSLIKETHESUBURBS,ANDITFURTHEREXACERBATESINEFFICIENTANDUNPRACTICALPUBLICTRANSPORTATIONONTHEOTHERHAND,FINDINGAPARKINGSPACEINLARGECITIESCANBEDIFFICULTORCOSTLY,BUTONEMAYASKWHETHERACOMMODITYWITHSUCHNEGATIVEANDWIDEREACHINGENVIRONMENTALEFFECTSSHOULDNOTCARRYITSASSOCIATEDCOSTANDBESTRICTLYREGULATEDASECONDFACTORCONTRIBUTINGTOLARGEPARKINGLOTSISBROUGHTONBYURBANPLANNERSWHOGENERALLYBELIEVETHATPARKINGISAPROBLEMONLYWHENTHEREISASHORTAGEOFITSHOUP,2005,ANDTHEREFORETENDTOOVERESTIMATETHEAMOUNTOFNECESSARYPARKINGINANEFFORTTOAVOIDSUCHSHORTAGESSHOUP2005STATESTHAT,“BECAUSEPLANNERSANDPOLITICIANSWANTTOAVOIDCRITICISMFORALLOWINGDEVELOPMENTTHATLATERCREATESPARKINGSPILLOVER,02648377/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2009ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JLANDUSEPOL200903002AYDAVISETAL/LANDUSEPOLICY272010255–261257FIG1CLOSEUPOFORTHOPHOTOFROMTIPPECANOECOUNTY,INDIANA,DETAILINGTHEDIGITIZINGOFPARKINGLOTSANDAREASWHICHWERENOTDIGITIZEDINTHISSTUDYINGAGE,ANDTHENUMBEROFHOUSEHOLDSWEALSOOBTAINEDFROMTHEBUREAUOFMOTORVEHICLES,THENUMBEROFREGISTEREDPASSENGERVEHICLESINTIPPECANOECOUNTYWEUSEDTHESESTATISTICSTOGENERATETHEFOLLOWINGSUPPLY/DEMANDMETRICSTHENUMBEROFPARKINGSPACESINTHECOUNTYPERPERSONOFDRIVINGAGE,PERHOUSEHOLDANDPERREGISTEREDVEHICLEINADDITION,WETABULATEDTHETOTALAREAOFPARKSTOCOMPARETHEAMOUNTOFAREADEVOTEDTOPARKINGCOMPAREDTONATURALAREASSETASIDEASPARKS,BOTHCOUNTYWIDEANDSOLELYCONTAINEDWITHINCITYLIMITSOFLAFAYETTEANDWESTLAFAYETTEITSHOULDBENOTEDTHA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