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簡(jiǎn)介：DOI101016/JPROENG201606168THEECONOMICIMPACTOFLANDSLIDESANDFLOODSONTHEROADNETWORKMIKEGWINTER1,2,BARBARASHEARER1,DEREKPALMER3,DAVIDPEELING3,CLAREHARMER3ANDJONATHANSHARPE31TRANSPORTRESEARCHLABORATORYTRL,EDINBURGH,UK2UNIVERSITYOFPORTSMOUTH,PORTSMOUTH,UK3TRANSPORTRESEARCHLABORATORYTRL,WOKINGHAM,UKMWINTERTRLCCOUK,BSHEARERTRLCOUK,DPALMERTRLCOUK,DPEELINGTRLCOUK,CHARMERTRLCOUK,JSHARPETRLCOUKABSTRACTEVENINTHEABSENCEOFSERIOUSINJURIESANDFATALITIES,LANDSLIDEANDFLOODEVENTSCANHAVESIGNIFICANTSOCIOECONOMICIMPACTSTHESEINCLUDETHESEVERANCEOFACCESSTOANDFROMRELATIVELYREMOTECOMMUNITIESFORSERVICESANDMARKETSFORGOODSEMPLOYMENT,HEALTHANDEDUCATIONALOPPORTUNITIESANDSOCIALACTIVITIESTHEECONOMICIMPACTSCANBECLASSIFIEDASDIRECTECONOMICIMPACTS,DIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTS,ANDINDIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTSINADDITION,THEVULNERABILITYSHADOWCASTCANBEEXTENSIVEANDITSGEOGRAPHICALEXTENTCANBEDETERMINEDBYTHETRANSPORTNETWORKRATHERTHANTHERELATIVELYSMALLFOOTPRINTOFTHEEVENTITSELFUSINGANUMBEROFDEBRISFLOWEVENTSANDAFLOODEVENTINSCOTLANDTHISPAPERPLACESVALUESONTHEECONOMICIMPACTSOFLANDSLIDESANDFLOODSITALSODEMONSTRATESTHEWIDESPREADIMPACTOFTHEEVENTSBYMEANSOFTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWTHATISCASTKEYWORDSLANDSLIDES,DEBRISFLOW,ROADS,ECONOMICS,MANAGEMENTMITIGATION1INTRODUCTIONINSCOTLANDINAUGUST2004ASERIESOFDEBRISFLOWSWASASSOCIATEDWITHMONTHLYAVERAGERAINFALLSUBSTANTIALLYINEXCESSOFTHENORMCRITICALLY,SOMEOFTHERESULTINGLANDSLIDESAFFECTEDIMPORTANTPARTSOFTHETRUNKSTRATEGICROADNETWORK,LINKINGNOTONLYCITIESBUTALSOSMALLER,REMOTECOMMUNITIESNOTABLEEVENTSOCCURREDATTHEA83BETWEENGLENKINGLASANDTOTHENORTHOFCAIRNDOW9AUGUST,THEA9TOTHENORTHOFDUNKELD11AUGUST,ANDTHEA85ATGLENOGLE18AUGUSTWHILETHEREWERECORRESPONDINGAUTHORPROCEDIAENGINEERINGVOLUME143,2016,PAGES1425–1434ADVANCESINTRANSPORTATIONGEOTECHNICS3THE3RDINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONTRANSPORTATIONGEOTECHNICSICTG2016SELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICPROGRAMMECOMMITTEEOFICTG2016C?THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBV1425DIRECTECONOMICIMPACTSTHEDIRECTCOSTSOFCLEANUPANDREPAIR/REPLACEMENTOFLOST/DAMAGEDINFRASTRUCTUREINTHEBROADESTSENSEANDTHECOSTSOFSEARCHANDRESCUETHESESHOULDBERELATIVELYEASYTOOBTAINORESTIMATEFORANYGIVENEVENTDIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTSTHESEGENERALLYRELATETODISRUPTIONTOINFRASTRUCTUREANDAREREALLYABOUTLOSSOFUTILITYFOREXAMPLE,THECOSTSOFCLOSINGAROADORIMPLEMENTINGSINGLELANEWORKINGWITHTRAFFICLIGHTSFORAGIVENPERIODWITHAGIVENDIVERSION,ARERELATIVELYSIMPLETOESTIMATEUSINGWELLESTABLISHEDMODELSTHECOSTSOFFATAL/NONFATALINJURIESANDOTHERINCIDENTACCIDENTCOSTSMAYALSOBEINCLUDEDHEREANDMAYBETAKENONASOCIETALBASISDIRECTLYFROMPUBLISHEDFIGURESWHILETHESEARESETOUTFORTHECOSTSOFROADTRAFFICACCIDENTS,ORINDEEDRAILACCIDENTS,THERESEEMSTOBENOPARTICULARREASONWHYTHEYSHOULDBERADICALLYDIFFERENTTOTHOSERELATEDTOALANDSLIDEASBOTHARELIKELYTOINCLUDETHERECOVERYOFCASUALTIESFROMVEHICLESINDEED,FOREVENTSINWHICHLARGENUMBERSOFCASUALTIESMAYBEEXPECTEDTOOCCUR,DATARELATINGTORAILWAYACCIDENTSMAYBEMOREAPPROPRIATEINDIRECTCONSEQUENTIALECONOMICIMPACTSOFTENLANDSLIDEEVENTSAFFECTACCESSTOREMOTERURALAREASWITHECONOMIESTHATAREBASEDUPONTRANSPORTDEPENDENTACTIVITIES,ANDTHUSTHEVULNERABILITYCANBEEXTENSIVEANDISDETERMINEDBYTHETRANSPORTNETWORKRATHERTHANTHEEVENTITSELFIFAGIVENROUTEISCLOSEDFORALONGPERIODTHENHOW,FOREXAMPLE,DOESTHATAFFECTCONFIDENCEIN,ANDTHEONGOINGVIABILITYOF,LOCALBUSINESSMANUFACTURINGANDAGRICULTUREEGFORESTRYINWESTERNSCOTLANDANDCOFFEEPRODUCTIONINJAMAICAAREACONCERNASACCESSTOMARKETSISCONSTRAINED,THECOSTSOFACCESSAREINCREASEDANDBUSINESSPROFITSAREAFFECTEDANDSHORTTERMTOLONGTERMVIABILITYMAYBEADVERSELYAFFECTEDPERHAPSOFEVENMORECONCERNARETHEIMPACTSONTOURISTANDOTHERSERVICEECONOMYBUSINESSESITISIMPORTANTTOUNDERSTANDHOWTHERELUCTANCEOFVISITORSTOTRAVELTOANDWITHINLANDSLIDEAREASISAFFECTEDAFTERANEVENTTHATHASRECEIVEDPUBLICITYAND/ORCAUSEDCASUALTIESANDHOWAPERIODOFINACCESSIBILITYREDUCEDORCOMPLETEAFFECTSTHESHORTANDLONGTERMTRAVELPATTERNSTOANAREAFORTOURISTSERVICESSUCHCOSTSFORMAFUNDAMENTALELEMENTOFTHEOVERALLECONOMICIMPACTONSOCIETYOFSUCHEVENTSTHEYARETHUSIMPORTANTTOGOVERNMENTSASTHEYSHOULDAFFECTTHECASEFORTHEASSIGNATIONOFBUDGETSTOLANDSLIDERISKMITIGATIONANDREMEDIATIONACTIVITIESHOWEVER,THESEAREALSOTHEMOSTDIFFICULTCOSTSTODETERMINEASTHEYAREGENERALLYWIDELYDISPERSEDBOTHGEOGRAPHICALLYANDSOCIALLYADDITIONALLY,INANENVIRONMENTINWHICHCOMPENSATIONMIGHTBEANTICIPATED,ALBEITOFTENERRONEOUSLY,THOSETHATHAVETHEBESTDATA,THEBUSINESSESAFFECTEDBYSUCHEVENTS,AREALSOTHOSETHATANTICIPATESUCHCOMPENSATORYEVENTSTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWCASTCANBEEXTENSIVEANDITSGEOGRAPHICALEXTENTCANBEDETERMINEDBYTHETRANSPORTNETWORK,INCLUDINGCLOSURESANDDIVERSIONARYROUTES,RATHERTHANTHERELATIVELYSMALLFOOTPRINTOFTHEEVENTITSELFWINTERTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWCANBEESTIMATEDTOBEOFTHEORDEROF2,800KM2FIGURE1WHICHIS,FORTHEPURPOSEOFCOMPARISON,APPROXIMATELYTWOANDAHALFTIMESTHETOTALLANDAREAOFHONGKONGSARTHEECONOMICIMPACTANDTHEVULNERABILITYSHADOWARECONCEPTSTHATAPPLYEQUALLYTOOTHERDISCRETECLIMATEDRIVENEVENTSTHATHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOCLOSEPARTSOFTHEROADNETWORKSUCHASFLOODEVENTSLIKELANDSLIDESSUCHFLOODEVENTSAREGENERALLYTHOUGHTTOBELIKELYTOINCREASEINFREQUENCYASARESULTOFCLIMATECHANGEGAL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簡(jiǎn)介：3700英文單詞，英文單詞，2萬(wàn)英文字符，中文萬(wàn)英文字符，中文6400字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處BEHRENSK,THISSEJFREGIONALECONOMICSANEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHYPERSPECTIVEJREGIONALSCIENCEANDURBANECONOMICS,2007,374457465REGIONALECONOMICSANEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHYPERSPECTIVEKRISTIANBEHRENS,JACQUESFRAN?OISTHISSEABSTRACTWESHOWTHATTHECONCEPTSANDTOOLSDEVELOPEDINNEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHYMAYBEUSEDTOREVISITSEVERALPROBLEMSINREGIONALECONOMICSINPARTICULAR,WEWANTTOSTRESSTHEFOLLOWINGTWOPOINTSIWHATDOWEMEANBYAREGIONANDIIWHATKINDOFINTERACTIONSBETWEENREGIONSDOWEWANTTOSTUDYANDHOWTOMODELTHEMWECONCLUDEBYDISCUSSINGAFEWOPENPROBLEMSTHATSHOULDBEEXPLOREDINMOREDETAILFORREGIONALECONOMICSTOBECOMEARICHERBODYOFKNOWLEDGEKEYWORDSREGIONSREGIONALECONOMICSNEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHY1INTRODUCTIONTHISJOURNALHASBEENLAUNCHEDIN1972UNDERTHETITLEREGIONALANDURBANECONOMICS,WHICHISALMOSTTHENAMEOFTHEJELCLASSIFICATIONENTRYRTHEFIRSTPOINTWEWISHTOMAKEISTHAT,BYTHETIMETHISJOURNALWASLAUNCHED,URBANECONOMICSWASALREADYAWELLESTABLISHEDFIELDDRAWINGONNEWCONCEPTSANDTOOLSBYCONTRAST,THESCIENTIFICSTATUSOFREGIONALECONOMICSWASLESSCLEARINTHATREGIONALCONCEPTS,MODELSANDTECHNIQUESWERETOOOFTENAMEREEXTENSIONOFTHOSEUSEDATTHENATIONALLEVEL,WITHANADDITIONALINDEXIDENTIFYINGTHEDIFFERENTREGIONSSEE,EG,INTERREGIONALINPUT–OUTPUTMATRICESORTHEHARROD–DOMARMODELOFREGIONALGROWTH1THESAMUELSONIANEMPHASISPUTONTRADETHEORYALSOACTEDASANIMPEDIMENTTOTHEFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFREGIONALECONOMICS,THETRADEOFGOODSBEINGVIEWEDASASUBSTITUTETOTHEMOBILITYOFFACTORSTODAY,THANKSTOTHESURGEOFNEWECONOMICGEOGRAPHYINSHORT,NEG,ITISTIMETORETHINKREGIONALECONOMICSTHISISWHATWEWISHTODOINTHISNOTEITISWORTHSTRESSINGFROMTHEOUTSETTHAT,INORDERTOTALKEVENHALFWAYSENSIBLYABOUTREGIONALECONOMICS,ITISNECESSARYTOTACKLETHEFOLLOWINGTWOQUESTIONSIWHATDOWEMEANBYAREGIONANDIIWHATKINDOFINTERACTIONSBETWEENREGIONSDOWEWANTTOSTUDYANDHOWTOMODELTHEMREGARDINGTHEFIRSTQUESTION,WEFINDITCRUCIALTODEVELOPABETTERUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWTHESPATIALSCALEOFTHEANALYSISMATTERSFORTHEECONOMICRESULTSTOOOFTEN,ECONOMISTSUSEINTERCHANGEABLYDIFFERENT,YETEQUALLYUNCLEAR,WORDSSUCHASLOCATIONS,REGIONSORPLACESWITHOUTBEINGAWARETHATTHEYOFTENCORRESPONDTODIFFERENTSPATIALUNITSINDOINGSO,THEYRUNTHERISKOFDRAWINGIMPLICATIONSTHATAREVALIDATACERTAINLEVELOFSPATIALAGGREGATIONBUTNOTATANOTHER2FURTHERMORE,USINGVAGUEDEFINITIONSOFTHESPATIALUNITOFANALYSISREDUCESTHESCIENTIFICCONTENTSOFTHETHEORYINTHEPOPPERIANSENSE,ASTHEEMPIRICALRESULTSCANALWAYSBECONTESTEDINLIGHTOFTHETHEORYONTHESOLEBASISTHATVARIABLESARENOTMEASUREDATTHEAPPROPRIATESPATIALSCALEASTOTHESECONDQUESTION,REGARDLESSOFWHATISMEANTBYAREGION,THECONCEPTISUSEFULIFANDONLYIFAREGIONISPARTOFABROADERNETWORKTHROUGHWHICHVARIOUSTYPESOFINTERACTIONSOCCURWITHOUTTAKINGTHISASPECTINTOACCOUNT,ONEMAYWONDERWHATTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENREGIONALECONOMICSANDTHEMACROECONOMICSOFACLOSEDECONOMYWOULDBEWHENTHEREISASINGLEREGION,THEECONOMYISASPATIALANDTHEREISNOTHINGINTERESTINGTOBESAIDINTERMSOFSPATIALANALYSISHENCE,ANYMEANINGFULDISCUSSIONOFREGIONALISSUESREQUIRESATLEASTTWOREGIONSINWHICHECONOMICDECISIONSAREMADEFURTHERMORE,IFWEDONOTWANTTHEANALYSISTOBECONFINEDTOTRADETHEORY,WEMUSTALSOACCOUNTEXPLICITLYFORTHEMOBILITYOFAGENTS–FIRMSAND/ORCONSUMERS–ASEVENMOREDRAMATICINAPPLIEDRESEARCHHOWEVER,SUCHADIFFICULTYDOESNOTDISPENSETHEANALYSTFROMSEEKINGMEANINGFULEMPIRICALSOLUTIONSSEE,EGMAGRINI,2004MCMILLENANDSMITH,2003ONTHEONEHAND,THEQUESTIONOFTHESIZEOFREGIONSNOLONGERMATTERSBECAUSEITISOFTENDICTATEDBYADMINISTRATIVECLASSIFICATIONSEG,THENUTSREGIONALCLASSIFICATIONOFTHEEUONTHEOTHERHAND,ONEISTEMPTEDTOTWISTTHEORYSOTHATITFITSINTOTHEAVAILABLESTATISTICALCLASSIFICATIONSONEADDITIONALPROBLEMISTHAT,DUETOTHENATUREOFTHEDATAAVAILABLE,SPACEMUSTOFTENBEREPRESENTEDBYADISCRETESETOFPOINTSYET,WHENTHEREARETOOMANYPOINTS,AGGREGATIONBECOMESNECESSARYANDGIVESRISETOANOTHERPROBLEM,KNOWNASTHEMAUPMOVABLEAREALUNITPROBLEM3SOMENEWTECHNIQUESSHOULDALLEVIATETHEMAUPPROBLEMINPARTICULAR,THEUSEOFGEOGRAPHICALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANDTHEINCREASINGAVAILABILITYOFMICROSPATIALDATASHOULDALLOWFORLESSRELIANCEONARBITRARILYDETERMINEDREGIONALBOUNDARIES3THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENREGIONALECONOMICSANDNEGTHEIDEAOFSPATIALINTERACTIONISCENTRALTOREGIONALECONOMICSBROADLYDEFINED,SPATIALINTERACTIONREFERSTOAWIDEARRAYOFFLOWSSUBJECTTOVARIOUSTYPESOFSPATIALFRICTIONS,SUCHASTRADEDGOODS,MIGRATIONS,CAPITALMOVEMENTS,INTERREGIONALGRANTS,REMITTANCES,ANDTHEINTERREGIONALTRANSMISSIONOFKNOWLEDGEANDBUSINESSCYCLEEFFECTSSOFAR,THEBULKOFNEGHASBEENRESTRICTEDTOTHEMOVEMENTSOFGOODSANDOFSOMEAGENTSONLYASARGUEDINTHEFOREGOINGSECTION,DEFININGCLEARLYANDDELINEATINGPRECISELYAREGIONAPPEARSTOBEADIFFICULT,NOTTOSAYIMPOSSIBLE,TASKKEEPINGTHISINMIND,WEASSUMEFROMNOWONTHATREGIONSMAYBEVIEWEDASUNITSWHEREECONOMICACTIVITYTAKESPLACEINLIGHTOFTHISVAGUEDEFINITION,ITBECOMESCRUCIALFORTHEANALYSISTOACCOUNTFORTHEFACTTHATWHERETHINGSHAPPENISENDOGENOUSLYDETERMINEDINAREGIONALSYSTEMINTHISRESPECT,TRADITIONALREGIONALECONOMICSOFTENFAILSTOGRASPSUCHANISSUEBYTAKINGTHELOCATIONOFPRODUCTIONFACTORSASGIVEN,VERYMUCHASINTRADETHEORYHOWCANORSHOULDAREGIONALSYSTEMBEFORMALLYREPRESENTEDISSTILLAMATTEROFDEBATEFIRSTLY,ONEMAYCONSIDERTHATTHEREISADISCRETESETOFREGIONSALTERNATIVELY,ONEMAYASSUMETHATTHEREISACONTINUUMOFREGI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簡(jiǎn)介：3100英文單詞，英文單詞，18萬(wàn)英文字符，中文萬(wàn)英文字符，中文5500字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處MILMANA,OKUMUSF,DICKSONDTHECONTRIBUTIONOFTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSTOTHESOCIALANDECONOMICSUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSJWORLDWIDEHOSPITALITYTOURISMTHEMES,2010,23338345THECONTRIBUTIONOFTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSTOTHESOCIALANDECONOMICSUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSADYMILMAN,FEVZIOKUMUSANDDUNCANDICKSONABSTRACTPURPOSE–THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOREVIEWTHECONTRIBUTIONMADEBYTHISTHEMEISSUETOTHEQUESTIONHOWFARDOTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSCONTRIBUTETOSOCIALANDECONOMICSUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–THEPAPERREVIEWSSOMEOFTHEKEYCONTRIBUTIONSEMERGINGFROMTHISTHEMEISSUEFINDINGS–THEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSWILLCONTINUEGROWINGGLOBALLYTHERESEEMTOBEMANYINTERNALANDEXTERNALREASONSTHATMAYLEADTOSUCCESSANDFAILUREOFTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSITISEVIDENTTHATTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSCONTRIBUTEGREATLYTOSUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSINMANYAREASINCLUDINGINVESTMENTSININFRASTRUCTURE,JOBCREATION,TAXREVENUES,TOURISMREVENUES,DONATIONS,ANDCOMMUNITYSUPPORTHOWEVER,ITISALSOEVIDENTTHATFAILUREOFATHEMEPARKMAYRESULTINAMAJORDECLINEORFAILUREOFADESTINATIONRESEARCHLIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS–ITALSOEMERGESTHATMORERESEARCHISNEEDEDINTODEVELOPMENTANDMANAGEMENTOFTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSGLOBALLYPRACTICALIMPLICATIONS–THEREAREMANYSTAKEHOLDERSINDEVELOPINGTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSINDESTINATIONSITISESSENTIALTOENSUREACTIVEPARTICIPATION,COORDINATION,ANDSUPPORTFROMALLSTAKEHOLDERSTOENSURETHATTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSDELIVERINTENDEDOUTCOMESCAREFULANDLONGTERMPLANNINGANDCOORDINATIONARENECESSARYTOENSURETHATTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSCREATEDANDMANAGEDWELLSOTHATTHEYCONTRIBUTETOSUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSORIGINALITY/VALUE–THISCURRENTTHEMEISSUEISPERHAPSONEOFTHEFIRSTJOURNALISSUESTHATSPECIFICALLYFOCUSONTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSANDTHEIRIMPACTONDESTINATIONSTHISFINALPAPERHIGHLIGHTSEMERGINGCONCLUSIONSFROMTHISTHEMEANDOFFERSPRACTICALANDTHEORETICALIMPLICATIONSTOTHETHEMEPARKINDUSTRYKEYWORDSTHEMEPARKS,SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT,TOURISMDEVELOPMENT,SAFETY,CORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITY,REGIONALDEVELOPMENTINTRODUCTIONINTHISISSUEOFWORLDWIDEHOSPITALITYANDTOURISMTHEMES,WEEXAMINEDWHETHERANDHOWTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSCONTRIBUTETOTHESUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSTHISISSUEINCLUDEDSEVENUNIQUEPAPERSANDTHEAIMOFTHISCURRENTPAPERISTODISCUSSKEYTHEMESEMERGINGFROMTHISISSUE,PROVIDECONCLUSIONSANDOFFERRECOMMENDATIONSFORPRACTITIONERSANDRESEARCHERSEMERGINGTHEMESOVERALLGROWTHANDCONTRIBUTIONOFTHETHEMEPARKINDUSTRYASILLUSTRATEDBYMILMAN2010,THETHEMEPARKINDUSTRYHASGROWNRAPIDLYFORTHELASTTHREEDECADESGLOBALLYWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTVARIETYOFPARKSRANGINGINSIZE,CAPACITY,PRODUCTS,ANDENTERTAINMENTOFFERINGSIN2008,OVER186MILLIONPEOPLEVISITEDTHETOP25WORLDWIDEPARKSUPTAKEOFPUBLICGOODSANDSERVICES,ACQUIRINGANDDEVELOPINGREALESTATEATTHELOWESTPOSSIBLECOSTLOCALGOVERNMENTSMAYPERCEIVETHEMEPARKSASAREMEDYFORQUICKTOURISMDEVELOPMENTTHEREFORE,THEYMAYALLOCATELARGESUMSOFPUBLICFUNDSINTOTHEMEPARKSHOPINGTHATITWOULDRESULTINECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONHOWEVER,THEINTENDEDOUTCOMESMAYNOTALWAYSBEMATERIALIZEDFOREXAMPLE,KAWAMURAANDHARA2010ILLUSTRATETHATBANKSANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSSUPPORTEDTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEMEPARKSBYOFFERINGREDUCEDTAXESANDOTHERADMINISTRATIVEBLESSINGSINJAPANSOMEOFTHEDEVELOPERSANDBORROWERSDIDNOTHAVEANYEXPERIENCEOFOPERATINGTHEMEPARKSKAWAMURAANDHARA2010CONCLUDETHATASUCCESSFULTHEMEPARKDEVELOPMENTWOULDSURELYCONTRIBUTETOLOCALSUSTAINABILITYINADDITION,LOCALGOVERNMENTANDRESIDENTSWOULDENJOYTHEEXTERNALEFFECTSOFSUCCESSOFTHETHEMEPARKBYMEANSOFINCREASEDTAXREVENUESANDWAGEEARNINGOPPORTUNITIESONTHECONTRARY,ADETERIORATINGTHEMEPARKSITUATIONCANFORCETHELOCALGOVERNMENTSTOCONSIDERDIRECTINJECTIONOFTHEIRSUPPORTTOTHETHEMEPARKSIMILARTOKAWAMURAANDHARA’S2010STUDY,HENDERSON2010ALSOPROVIDESINTERESTINGFINDINGSANDDISCUSSIONSABOUTDEVELOPINGVISITORATTRACTIONSANDTHEIRROLEINSUSTAINABLEDESTINATIONDEVELOPMENTWITHSPECIFICREFERENCETOTWOPROJECTSINSINGAPOREHENDERSONSUGGESTSTHATGOVERNMENTOFFICIALSANDINVESTORSMAYPREFERLARGESCALEPURPOSEBUILTFACILITIESASNEWVISITORATTRACTIONSTOCONTRIBUTETOSUSTAINABLEDESTINATIONDEVELOPMENTHENDERSONEXPLAINSHOWTHEGOVERNMENTINSINGAPOREHASTAKENTHELEADINSHAPINGTOURISMANDFACILITATINGREALIZATIONOFITSAMBITIOUSVISIONSFORTHEFUTUREOFTHECITYSTATEASADESTINATIONSHECONCLUDESTHATTHESUCCESSOFNEWVISITORATTRACTIONSISDEPENDENTONAHOSTOFFACTORS,SOMEOFWHICHAREBEYONDTHECONTROLOFINDUSTRYSTAKEHOLDERSSUCHASREGIONALORGLOBALECONOMICANDPOLITICALCRISESCOMMERCIALRESULTSMIGHTTHEREFOREBEDISAPPOINTINGANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFOFFICIALDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESWILLBEUNDERMINEDPARTNERSHIPSMAYBENECESSARYWITHINANDBETWEENTHEPUBLICANDPRIVATEDOMAINSWHICHCANTRANSCENDNATIONALBOUNDARIESSOTHATGOODWORKINGRELATIONSHIPSMUSTBEFORGEDANDDUEREGARDGIVENTOLEGALANDREGULATORYFRAMEWORKSINADDITIONTOPOSITIVEIMPACTSOFNEWTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONS,HENDERSONRAISESTHEISSUEOFPOTENTIALNEGATIVEECONOMIC,SOCIALCULTURALANDECOLOGICALIMPACTSOFTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSONDESTINATIONSTHESEMAYINCLUDEBUTNOTLIMITEDTOHIGHENTRANCEFEESFORLOCALRESIDENTS,FRICTIONSBETWEENVISITORSANDRESIDENTS,POLLUTION,HABITATDESTRUCTION,WASTEDISPOSALPROBLEMS,AIRANDNOISEPOLLUTION,ANDRISINGLEVELSOFENE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簡(jiǎn)介：CHINASECONOMICINTERESTSINTHE“ONEBELT,ONEROAD”INITIATIVEYAKOVSILIN1,LARISAKAPUSTINA2,,ITALOTREVISAN3,ANDANDREIDREVALEV41DOCTOROFECONOMICS,PROFESSOR,URALSTATEUNIVERSITYOFECONOMICS,HEADOFTHEUNIVERSITY,DEPARTMENTOFREGIONAL,URBANECONOMYANDMANAGEMENT,62,8MARTAST,EKATERINBURG,620219,RUSSIANFEDERATION2DOCTOROFECONOMICS,PROFESSOR,URALSTATEUNIVERSITYOFECONOMICS,HEADOFTHEMARKETINGANDINTERNATIONALMANAGEMENTDEPARTMENT,OF465,62,8MARTAST,EKATERINBURG,620219,RUSSIANFEDERATION3PROFESSOR,UNIVERSITYOFTRENTO,DEPARTMENTOFECONOMICSANDMANAGEMENT,VIAINAMA5,I38122TRENTO,ITALY4URALSTATEUNIVERSITYOFECONOMICS,SENIORLECTUREROFTHEMARKETINGANDINTERNATIONALMANAGEMENTDEPARTMENT,OF755,62,8MARTAST,EKATERINBURG,620219,RUSSIANFEDERATIONABSTRACTTHEARTICLEEXAMINESTHE“ONEBELT–ONEROAD“INITIATIVEOFCHINAAIMEDATTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTRANSPORTANDLOGISTICSINFRASTRUCTUREONTHETRADEROUTEFROMCHINATOEUROPETHEAUTHORSPAYSPECIALATTENTIONTOTHEHISTORYOFTHESILKROAD,WHICHSERVESASANIDEOLOGICALBASISFORTHEMODERNINITIATIVETHESCALEOFTHENEWPROJECTALLOWSTHEAUTHORSTOEXPECTTHATITSIMPACTONTHEINTERNATIONALTRADEWILLBECOMPARABLEWITHTHECONTRIBUTIONOFTHEHISTORICALSILKROADTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEGLOBALECONOMYASWEKNOWITTHEAUTHORSANALYZETHEPROSPECTSOFTHEDEVELOPMENTANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEINITIATIVEINTERMSOFCHINASECONOMICINTERESTSTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTTHREATSASSOCIATEDWITHTHEINITIATIVEAREIDENTIFIEDKEYWORDSOBOR,SILKROAD,MODERNINITIATIVE,ECONOMICINTERESTS1INTRODUCTIONCHINAHASENTEREDANEWSTAGEOFITSDEVELOPMENTNOWADAYS,ASINTHEERAOFTHEANCIENTSILKROAD,CHINALEADSTHEWORLDTRADEANDHASPOSITIVENETBALANCEOFTRADEWITHEUROPEANDTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICAEUROPEBUYSABOUT1BILLIONEUROSWORTHOFGOODSFROMCHINAANNUALLY,BUTCHINAIMPORTSONLYHALFOFTHISVOLUMEFROMTHEEUROPEANCOUNTRIESCHINAISNOWINACTIVESEARCHOFTHEWAYSTOCHANGEITSIMAGE,TOSTRENGTHENITSINTERNATIONALSTANDINGANDTHUSBECOMINGALEADEROFTHEWORLDECONOMICRELATIONSDEVELOPMENTTHEMODERNGLOBALDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMHASBEENCREATEDBYOTHERCOUNTRIESANDISNOTCONTROLLEDBYBEIJING,SOCHINAISINTERESTEDINENSURINGTHATITSINTERNATIONALPOLITICALANDCULTURALINFLUENCEISGROWINGTOREFLECTITSECONOMICSTRENGTH,BEGINNINGWITHTHEREGIONOFSOUTHEASTANDCENTRALASIA1CORRESPONDINGAUTHORLAKAPUSTINABKRU?THEAUTHORS,PUBLISHEDBYEDPSCIENCESTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEDISTRIBUTEDUNDERTHETERMSOFTHECREATIVECOMMONSATTRIBUTIONLICENSE40HTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BY/40/SHSWEBOFCONFERENCES39,010252017DOI101051/SHSCONF/20173901025IES2017CITIESOFTHETARIMBASINALLINALL,THESEEFFORTSALLOWEDESTABLISHINGDIRECTCONTACTSBETWEENTHECHINESEANDWESTERNPEOPLESINTHEFERGANAVALLEYCHINESESILKENJOYEDHIGHDEMANDAMONGTHENOBLEROMANSANDWASANEXOTICLUXURYGOOD7INEXCHANGEFORSILKANDSPICESOFTHEEAST,ROMEEXPORTEDMETALS,DISHES,GLASSWARE,BUTMOREOFTENTHEIMPORTSOFORIENTALGOODSWEREPAIDFORBYGOLDANDSILVERCHINAANDINDIAHADAPOSITIVETRADEBALANCEANDRECEIVEDANAVERAGEOF100MILLIONSESTERCESPERYEARFROMTRADEWITHTHEROMANEMPIREFORCOMPARISON,THETOTALCOSTSOFHAVINGANARMYFORTHEROMANEMPIREWEREABOUT150MILLIONSESTERCES8FORSEVERALCENTURIES,THETRADEHADBEENFLOURISHINGBETWEENWESTANDEAST,ANDTHEMAINROUTEOFTHESILKROADHADFORMEDFROMTHETARIMBASINTHROUGHCITIESOFKHUJAND,SAMARKANDANDBUKHARAALONGTHEAMUDARYARIVERTOTHEARALSEA,AROUNDTHECASPIANSEATOTHENORTHERNSLOPESOFTHECAUCASUSMOUNTAINSNORTHERNPATHTHESOUTHERNROUTEWENTFROMTHEFERGANAVALLEYTOEGYPTAPPROXIMATELY120SHIPSWERESENTANNUALLYFROMEGYPTTOINDIA9ALTHOUGHTHESEAROUTEWASSHORTERAVERAGEDELIVERYTIMEWAS9MONTHSANDCHEAPER,THELANDROUTEREMAINEDCOMPETITIVEDUETOHIGHPROFITABILITYOFCARAVANS10THEVOLUMEOFSHIPMENTSBYLANDSIGNIFICANTLYEXCEEDEDTHEVOLUMEOFSHIPPINGTHEFACTORSTHATMADETHESILKROADASUCCESSFULTRADEROUTEINTHEANALYZEDPERIODINCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGONESBROADANDRICHMARKETSOFGOODSINTHEEASTANDWESTSTRONG,WELLORGANIZEDIMPERIALSTATESPOLITICALANDECONOMICSTABILITYOFTHESTATESALONGTHESILKROAD,WHICHENSUREDTHESAFETYOFTRADERSANDTHESAFETYOFCARAVANSTHESLOWDOWNINLANDTRADEBEGANASEARLYASATTHEENDOFTHE2NDCENTURYAD,WHENTHEHANEMPIRELOSTCONTROLOFTHETARIMBASINONLYBYTHEENDOFTHE5THCENTURYTHECENTRALIZEDCHINESESTATEWASAGAINCREATED,HOWEVER,THETRADEWASFARLESSINTENSIVECOMPAREDTOTHEGOLDENAGEBYTHEN,THEPREDOMINANTROLEHADSHIFTEDTOTHESEAFREIGHTANDATTHEENDOFTHE5THCENTURY,THESILKROADLANDROUTEVIRTUALLYDISAPPEAREDHOWEVER,ITREVIVEDCENTURIESLATERALLINALL,THEREARETHREEMOSTSUCCESSFULSTAGESINTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHESILKROAD111206BC220BCINTHEERAOFTHEHANDYNASTY,DIPLOMATICRELATIONSWEREESTABLISHEDWITHNOMADICTRIBESINTHEEASTERNPARTOFTHESILKROADTOEXCLUDETHEIRRAIDSONTRADECARAVANSTHEMODERNCHINESECITYOFXIANSERVEDASTHESTARTINGPOINTOFTHEROAD2618AD907ADTHECHINESETANGDYNASTYCONTROLLEDTHETRADINGCORRIDOROFHEXIANDENSUREDTHEGROWTHOFTRADEINTHESPACEOFEURASIA31271AD1368ADDURINGTHEREIGNOFTHEMONGOLYUANDYNASTY,GENGHISKHANUNITEDCHINAANDBUILTONEBIGEMPIRE,WHICHENSUREDTHEFLOURISHINGOFTHESILKROADANDTRANSEURASIANLANDTRADEHISTORICALLY,THEMAINGEOPOLITICALCONFRONTATIONOFTHESTATESINTHESPACEOFEURASIAWASSETFORCONTROLOVERCARAVANROUTESONLYACENTURYANDAHALFDURINGTHEEXISTENCEOFTHESILKROAD,ITWASCONTROLLEDBYCHINAFROMCHINATOBUKHARAINTHE13TH14THCENTURIESDURINGTHISPERIOD,CHINAACCOUNTEDFOR58OFWORLDGDP12INTHEYEARSOF13891395TIMURERASEDALLTRADINGCITIESONTHECOASTSOFTHECASP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簡(jiǎn)介：THECONTRIBUTIONOFTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSTOTHESOCIALANDECONOMICSUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSADYMILMAN,FEVZIOKUMUSANDDUNCANDICKSONROSENCOLLEGEOFHOSPITALITYMANAGEMENT,UNIVERSITYOFCENTRALFLORIDA,ORLANDO,FLORIDA,USAABSTRACTPURPOSE–THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOREVIEWTHECONTRIBUTIONMADEBYTHISTHEMEISSUETOTHEQUESTIONHOWFARDOTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSCONTRIBUTETOSOCIALANDECONOMICSUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSDESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH–THEPAPERREVIEWSSOMEOFTHEKEYCONTRIBUTIONSEMERGINGFROMTHISTHEMEISSUEFINDINGS–THEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSWILLCONTINUEGROWINGGLOBALLYTHERESEEMTOBEMANYINTERNALANDEXTERNALREASONSTHATMAYLEADTOSUCCESSANDFAILUREOFTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSITISEVIDENTTHATTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSCONTRIBUTEGREATLYTOSUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSINMANYAREASINCLUDINGINVESTMENTSININFRASTRUCTURE,JOBCREATION,TAXREVENUES,TOURISMREVENUES,DONATIONS,ANDCOMMUNITYSUPPORTHOWEVER,ITISALSOEVIDENTTHATFAILUREOFATHEMEPARKMAYRESULTINAMAJORDECLINEORFAILUREOFADESTINATIONRESEARCHLIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS–ITALSOEMERGESTHATMORERESEARCHISNEEDEDINTODEVELOPMENTANDMANAGEMENTOFTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSGLOBALLYPRACTICALIMPLICATIONS–THEREAREMANYSTAKEHOLDERSINDEVELOPINGTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSINDESTINATIONSITISESSENTIALTOENSUREACTIVEPARTICIPATION,COORDINATION,ANDSUPPORTFROMALLSTAKEHOLDERSTOENSURETHATTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSDELIVERINTENDEDOUTCOMESCAREFULANDLONGTERMPLANNINGANDCOORDINATIONARENECESSARYTOENSURETHATTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSCREATEDANDMANAGEDWELLSOTHATTHEYCONTRIBUTETOSUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSORIGINALITY/VALUE–THISCURRENTTHEMEISSUEISPERHAPSONEOFTHEFIRSTJOURNALISSUESTHATSPECIFICALLYFOCUSONTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSANDTHEIRIMPACTONDESTINATIONSTHISFINALPAPERHIGHLIGHTSEMERGINGCONCLUSIONSFROMTHISTHEMEANDOFFERSPRACTICALANDTHEORETICALIMPLICATIONSTOTHETHEMEPARKINDUSTRYKEYWORDSTHEMEPARKS,SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT,TOURISMDEVELOPMENT,SAFETY,CORPORATESOCIALRESPONSIBILITY,REGIONALDEVELOPMENTPAPERTYPEGENERALREVIEWINTRODUCTIONINTHISISSUEOFWORLDWIDEHOSPITALITYANDTOURISMTHEMES,WEEXAMINEDWHETHERANDHOWTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSCONTRIBUTETOTHESUSTAINABILITYOFDESTINATIONSTHISISSUEINCLUDEDSEVENUNIQUEPAPERSANDTHEAIMOFTHISCURRENTPAPERISTODISCUSSKEYTHEMESEMERGINGFROMTHISISSUE,PROVIDECONCLUSIONSANDOFFERRECOMMENDATIONSFORPRACTITIONERSANDRESEARCHERSEMERGINGTHEMESOVERALLGROWTHANDCONTRIBUTIONOFTHETHEMEPARKINDUSTRYASILLUSTRATEDBYMILMAN2010,THETHEMEPARKINDUSTRYHASGROWNRAPIDLYFORTHELASTTHREEDECADESGLOBALLYWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTVARIETYOFPARKSRANGINGINSIZE,CAPACITY,THECURRENTISSUEANDFULLTEXTARCHIVEOFTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATWWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/17554217HTMWHATT2,3338WORLDWIDEHOSPITALITYANDTOURISMTHEMESVOL2NO3,2010PP338345QEMERALDGROUPPUBLISHINGLIMITED17554217DOI101108/17554211011052249PARKDEVELOPMENTANDMANAGEMENT,WHICHINCLUDESUSTAINEDNUMBEROFVISITORS,PROTECTINGCOPYRIGHTS,QUALITYOFRIDESANDSHOWS,REDUCINGLABORCOSTS,PROVIDINGADDITIONALCAPITALINVESTMENT,USINGEXTERNALCAPITALWITHOUTBURDENSONTHEBALANCESHEET,MAXIMIZINGTHEUPTAKEOFPUBLICGOODSANDSERVICES,ACQUIRINGANDDEVELOPINGREALESTATEATTHELOWESTPOSSIBLECOSTLOCALGOVERNMENTSMAYPERCEIVETHEMEPARKSASAREMEDYFORQUICKTOURISMDEVELOPMENTTHEREFORE,THEYMAYALLOCATELARGESUMSOFPUBLICFUNDSINTOTHEMEPARKSHOPINGTHATITWOULDRESULTINECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONHOWEVER,THEINTENDEDOUTCOMESMAYNOTALWAYSBEMATERIALIZEDFOREXAMPLE,KAWAMURAANDHARA2010ILLUSTRATETHATBANKSANDLOCALGOVERNMENTSSUPPORTEDTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEMEPARKSBYOFFERINGREDUCEDTAXESANDOTHERADMINISTRATIVEBLESSINGSINJAPANSOMEOFTHEDEVELOPERSANDBORROWERSDIDNOTHAVEANYEXPERIENCEOFOPERATINGTHEMEPARKSKAWAMURAANDHARA2010CONCLUDETHATASUCCESSFULTHEMEPARKDEVELOPMENTWOULDSURELYCONTRIBUTETOLOCALSUSTAINABILITYINADDITION,LOCALGOVERNMENTANDRESIDENTSWOULDENJOYTHEEXTERNALEFFECTSOFSUCCESSOFTHETHEMEPARKBYMEANSOFINCREASEDTAXREVENUESANDWAGEEARNINGOPPORTUNITIESONTHECONTRARY,ADETERIORATINGTHEMEPARKSITUATIONCANFORCETHELOCALGOVERNMENTSTOCONSIDERDIRECTINJECTIONOFTHEIRSUPPORTTOTHETHEMEPARKSIMILARTOKAWAMURAANDHARA’S2010STUDY,HENDERSON2010ALSOPROVIDESINTERESTINGFINDINGSANDDISCUSSIONSABOUTDEVELOPINGVISITORATTRACTIONSANDTHEIRROLEINSUSTAINABLEDESTINATIONDEVELOPMENTWITHSPECIFICREFERENCETOTWOPROJECTSINSINGAPOREHENDERSONSUGGESTSTHATGOVERNMENTOFFICIALSANDINVESTORSMAYPREFERLARGESCALEPURPOSEBUILTFACILITIESASNEWVISITORATTRACTIONSTOCONTRIBUTETOSUSTAINABLEDESTINATIONDEVELOPMENTHENDERSONEXPLAINSHOWTHEGOVERNMENTINSINGAPOREHASTAKENTHELEADINSHAPINGTOURISMANDFACILITATINGREALIZATIONOFITSAMBITIOUSVISIONSFORTHEFUTUREOFTHECITYSTATEASADESTINATIONSHECONCLUDESTHATTHESUCCESSOFNEWVISITORATTRACTIONSISDEPENDENTONAHOSTOFFACTORS,SOMEOFWHICHAREBEYONDTHECONTROLOFINDUSTRYSTAKEHOLDERSSUCHASREGIONALORGLOBALECONOMICANDPOLITICALCRISESCOMMERCIALRESULTSMIGHTTHEREFOREBEDISAPPOINTINGANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFOFFICIALDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESWILLBEUNDERMINEDPARTNERSHIPSMAYBENECESSARYWITHINANDBETWEENTHEPUBLICANDPRIVATEDOMAINSWHICHCANTRANSCENDNATIONALBOUNDARIESSOTHATGOODWORKINGRELATIONSHIPSMUSTBEFORGEDANDDUEREGARDGIVENTOLEGALANDREGULATORYFRAMEWORKSINADDITIONTOPOSITIVEIMPACTSOFNEWTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONS,HENDERSONRAISESTHEISSUEOFPOTENTIALNEGATIVEECONOMIC,SOCIALCULTURALANDECOLOGICALIMPACTSOFTHEMEPARKSANDATTRACTIONSONDESTINATIONSTHESEMAYINCLUDEBUTNOTLIMITEDTOHIGHENTRANCEFEESFORLOCALRESIDENTS,FRICTIONSBETWEENVISITORSANDRESIDENTS,POLLUTION,HABITATDESTRUCTION,WASTEDISPOSALPROBLEMS,AIRANDNOISEPOLLUTION,ANDRISINGLEVELSOFENERGYANDWATERCONSUMPTIONIMPROVINGEXISTINGFACILITIESANDADDINGNEWATTRACTIONSTHEMEPARKCOMPANIESOFTENDONOTJUSTNEEDTOINVESTINIMPROVINGTHEIREXISTINGRIDES,SHOWS,ANDFACILITIESBUTALSOADDNEWONESHOWEVER,SUCHINVESTMENTSCANBEVERYCOSTLYWHEREASTHEEXPECTEDOUTCOMEFROMTHEMMAYBEUNCLEARFOREXAMPLE,ASNOTEDBYMILMAN2010,UNIVERSALORLANDO’SADDITIONOFTHESIMPSONSRIDE,HOLLYWOODRIPRIDEROCKET,ANDWIZARDINGWORLDOFHARRYPOTTERAREESTIMATEDTOCOSTBETWEEN275MILLIONAND310MILLION,ACCORDINGTOTHEUSSECURITIESANDEXCHANGECOMMISSIONFILINGSDAILYMAILREPORTER,2009RECENTLY,DISNEYHASANNOUNCEDTHATTHEYWILLWHATT2,3340