簡介：畢業(yè)論文英文文獻翻譯學生姓名學生姓名姜海然姜海然系別應用化學系應用化學系專業(yè)化學化學年級20112011級專接本級專接本學號201120607111201120607111指導教師指導教師王建芬王建芬衡水學院教務處印制衡水學院教務處印制第2頁FROMACONSISTENTLYANDRAPIDLYEXPANDINGDISCIPLINELEDERMAN,1992THEREISNOCONSENSUSAMONGSCIENCEEDUCATORSCONCERNINGTHESPECIFICCONTENTTOBEINCLUDEDINCONTEMPORARYSCIENCECOURSESOREVENTHEMETHODSANDSTRATEGIESOFINSTRUCTIONTOBEUSEDHOWEVER,THEREAPPEARSTOBESTRONGAGREEMENTONATLEASTONEOFTHEOBJECTIVESOFSCIENCEINSTRUCTIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAN“ADEQUATEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHENATUREOFSCIENCE”O(jiān)RANUNDERSTANDINGOF“SCIENCEASAWAYOFKNOWING”CONTINUESTOBECONVINCINGLYADVOCATEDASADESIREDOUTCOMEOFSCIENCEINSTRUCTIONAMERICANASSOCIATIONFORTHEADVANCEMENTOFSCIENCEAAAS,1989,LEDERMAN,1992ALTHOUGHTHE“NATUREOFSCIENCE”HASBEENDEFINEDINNUMEROUSWAYS,ITMOSTCOMMONLYREFERSTOTHEVALUESANDASSUMPTIONSINHERENTTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGELEDERMANZEIDLER,1987THISCHARACTERIZATIONNEVERTHELESSREMAINFAIRLYGENERAL,ANDPHILOSOPHERSOFSCIENCE,HISTORIANSOFSCIENCE,SOCIOLOGISTSOFSCIENCE,ANDSCIENCEEDUCATORSAREQUICKTODISAGREEONASPECIFICDEFINITIONFORTHENATUREOFSCIENCENOSSUCHDISAGREEMENT,HOWEVER,SHOULDNOTBESURPRISINGGIVENTHEMULTIFACETEDANDCOMPLEXNATUREOFTHEHUMANENDEAVORWECALLSCIENCEMOREOVER,SIMILARTOSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGE,CONCEPTIONSOFNOSARETENTATIVEANDDYNAMICTHESECONCEPTIONSHAVECHANGEDTHROUGHOUTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSCIENCEANDSYSTEMATICTHINKINGABOUTITSNATUREANDWORKINGSDIDTOOABDELKHALICKLEDERMAN,1998HOWEVER,ATTHEEND,THEREISANAGREEMENTEVENTHROUGHNOTCOMPLETEABOUTNATUREOFSCIENCEAMONGSCIENCEEDUCATORSTHATSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGEISTENTATIVESUBJECTTOCHANGE,EMPIRICALLYBASEDBASEDONAND/ORDERIVEDFROMOBSERVATIONSOFTHENATURALWORLD,SUBJECTIVETHEORYLADEN,PARTLYTHEPRODUCTOFHUMANINFERENCE,IMAGINATION,ANDCREATIVITYINVOLVESTHEINVENTIONOFEXPLANATION,ANDSOCIALLYANDCULTURALLYEMBEDDEDALSOTWOADDITIONALIMPORTANTASPECTSARETHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENOBSERVATIONSANDINFERENCES,ANDTHEFUNCTIONSOFANDRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENSCIENTIFICTHEORIESANDLAWSLEDERMAN,ABDELKHALICK,AKERSON,2000

簡介：外文標題AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROLANINTEGRATEDDESIGNEDAPPROACH外文作者DRAKSHEYBHARGAVA,MTECH,PHD,LLB文獻出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENGINEERINGSCIENCEANDCOMPUTING,APRIL2016,VOLUME6,ISSUENO4英文2873單詞，14698字符，中文4589漢字。此文檔是外文翻譯成品，無需調(diào)整復雜的格式哦下載之后直接可用，方便快捷只需二十多元。原文原文AIRPOLLUTIONPREVENTIONANDCONTROLANINTEGRATEDDESIGNEDAPPROACHDRAKSHEYBHARGAVA,MTECH,PHD,LLBABSTRACTTHEPLANNING,MANAGEMENTANDCONTROLOFAIRPOLLUTIONNEEDTOBEADDRESSEDSIMULTANEOUSLYTOACHIEVETHEMAXIMUMOUTPUTTHEPRESENTPAPERSIGNIFYTHEIMPORTANCEANDHIGHLIGHTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHNEEDSTOBEINFUSEDINTOTHESYSTEMWHICHINTERALIAINCLUDESOURCECONTROL,PATHWAYCONTROL,ANDRECEPTORCONTROLANEFFORTHASBEENMADEINTHEPRESENTPAPERTOBRIEFLYDESCRIBEPATHWAYANDRECEPTORCONTROLWITHMAINEMPHASISONDESIGNOFTHEAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,PARTICULARLYBAGFILTERSTOCONTROLDUSTEMISSIONSANDWETSCRUBBERSTOCONTROLGASEOUSEMISSIONSBYWAYOFTHROWAWAYSCRUBBINGPROCESSES,REGENERATIVESCRUBBINGPROCESSES,DRYPROCESSESANDSPRAYTOWERSKEYWORDSAIRPOLLUTION,INTEGRATEDAPPROACH,DESIGNOFCONTROLSYSTEMSINTRODUCTIONTHETERM“AIRPOLLUTION”ISUSEDTODESCRIBESUBSTANCESTHATAREARTIFICIALLYINTRODUCEDINTOTHEAIRINTHEFORMOFGASESANDAIRBORNEPARTICLESWHICH,INEXCESS,AREHARMFULTOHUMANHEALTH,BUILDINGSANDECOSYSTEMSAIRPOLLUTIONISMAINLYCAUSEDBYCOMBUSTIONOFFOSSILFUEL,PROCESSINGOFMATERIALSANDDECOMPOSITIONOFORGANICMATTERSTHEMAINSOURCESOFAIRPOLLUTIONISFROMINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES,TRANSPORTSECTOR,HOUSEHOLDFUELBURNING,ANDOTHERCOMMERCIALACTIVITIESTHEPRESENTPAPERHIGHLIGHTANINTEGRATEDAPPROACHWHICHINTERALIAINCLUDESOURCECONTROL,PATHWAYCONTROL,ANDRECEPTORCONTROLANEFFORTHASBEENMADEINTHEPRESENTPAPERTOBRIEFLYDESCRIBEPATHWAYANDRECEPTORCONTROLWITHMAINEMPHASISONDESIGNOFTHEAIRPOLLUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMS,THEDETAILSOFWHICHAREASUNDERPATHWAYCONTROLPATHWAYCONTROLISACONTROLSYSTEMTHROUGHWHICHTHEAIRPOLLUTANTSARERESTRICTEDORARRESTEDBETWEENASOURCEANDRECEPTORTHROUGHTHEMECHANISMOFSCAVENGINGANDFILTRATIONTHISCANBEACHIEVEDBYHAVINGAGREENBELTOFSUITABLESPECIESBETWEENSOURCEANDRECEPTORSUCHAGREENBELTWOULDBEABLETO3IMPINGEMENTCHAMBERS4PACKEDTOWER5JETSPRAYSCRUBBINGTOWER6VENTURYSCRUBBERBAGFILTERSDESIGNINTRODUCTIONFILTRATIONISAMONGTHEMOSTRELIABLE,EFFICIENT,ANDRATHERECONOMICALMETHODSBYWHICHPARTICULATEMATTERMAYBEREMOVEDFROMGASES?SUCHTYPEOFFILTERSAREREPRESENTEDBYVARIOUSFABRICBAGARRANGEMENTSANDCAPABLEOFHIGHDUSTLOADING,MORETHAN1GM/M3?INDEPTHORBEDFILTERS?REPRESENTEDBYFIBROUSARRAY,APAPERLIKEMAT,ANDOCCASIONALLY,ASADEEPPACKEDBEDPACKEDBEDSAREAPPLIEDWHENPARTICULATECONCENTRATIONISMUCHLESSDEEPPACKEDBEDSAREPREPAREDFROMCRUSHEDSTONEORBRICKS,WIRESCREENS,ORFIBERSOFMANYTYPESARRANGEDINDIVIDUALLYORINCOMBINATIONFABRICBAGFILTERS?EMPLOYEDTOCONTROLEMISSIONSINVOLVINGABRASIVES,IRRITATINGCHEMICALDUSTS,ANDEXHAUSTSFROMELECTRICFURNACES,OILFIREDBOILERS,OXYGENFEDCONVERTERSFORSTEELMAKINGPRINCIPLEOFOPERATIONFILTRATIONISPRINCIPALLYACCOMPLISHEDBYTHEPARTICLELAYERTHATACCUMULATESONTHEFABRICSURFACEPRESSURELOSSINCREASESWITHACCUMULATEDDUSTLAYER,THEREBYGASVELOCITYDECREASESTHUS,DUSTDISLODGINGOPERATIONISUNDERTAKENTOHAVEPROPERFILTRATIONMANYFABRICBAGFILTERSASSEMBLEDINONEUNITISCALLEDBAGHOUSECLASSIFICATIONOFFILTERS?FABRICORCLOTHFILTERSPROPERTIESOFFIBERMATERIALSRESISTANCETOATTACKBYFIBERSTRENGTHTEMPFACIDBASEORGANICSOLVENTCOSTOTHERSCOTTONSTRONG180POORMEDIUMGOODLOWWOOLMEDIUM210MEDIUMPOORGOODPAPERWEAK180POORMEDIUMGOODLOWNYLONSTRONG220MEDIUMGOODGOODEASYTOCLEANDACRONSTRONG280GOODMEDIUMGOODORLONMEDIUM250GOODMEDIUMGOODVINYLIDENECHLORIDEMEDIUM210GOODMEDIUMGOODPOLYETHYLENESTRONG250MEDIUMMEDIUMMEDIUMTETRAFLUOROETHYLENEMEDIUM500GOODGOODGOODEXPENSIVE

簡介：4500英文單詞，英文單詞，24萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文7400字文獻出處文獻出處MOGHISSIAA,JAEGERLM,SHAFEID,ETALREGULATORYSCIENCEREQUIREMENTSOFLABELINGOFGENETICALLYMODIFIEDFOODJCRITICALREVIEWSINBIOTECHNOLOGY,201718REGULATORYSCIENCEREQUIREMENTSOFLABELINGOFGENETICALLYMODIFIEDFOODAALANMOGHISSI,LISAMJAEGER,DANIASHAFEIANDLINDSEYLBLOOMABSTRACTTHISPAPERPROVIDESANOVERVIEWOFTHEEVOLUTIONOFFOODLABELINGINTHEUSAITBRIEFLYDESCRIBESTHETHREEPHASESOFAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTCONSISTINGOFNATURALLYOCCURRING,CROSSBRED,ANDGENETICALLYENGINEERED,EDITEDORMODIFIEDCROPS,OTHERWISEKNOWNASGENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISMSGMOITUSESTHEBESTAVAILABLEREGULATORYSCIENCEBARSANDMETRICSFOREVALUATIONOFREGULATORYSCIENCECLAIMSMERSCTOEVALUATETHESCIENTIFICVALIDITYOFCLAIMSAPPLICABLETOGMOANDTHEBESTAVAILABLEPUBLICINFORMATIONBAPITOEVALUATETHEPRONOUNCEMENTSBYPUBLICMEDIAANDOTHERSSUBSEQUENTLYCLAIMSONHEALTHRISK,ECOLOGICALRISK,CONSUMERCHOICE,ANDCORPORATEGREEDAREEVALUATEDBASEDONBARS/MERSCANDBAPITHEPAPERCONCLUDESBYSUGGESTINGTHATLABELINGOFFOODCONTAININGGMOSHOULDCONSIDERTHECONSUMER’SCHOICE,SUCHASTHEFOODUSEDBYTHOSEWHODESIREKOSHERANDHALALFOODFURTHERMORE,THECONSUMERCHOICEISALREADYMETBYTHEEXCLUSIONOFGMOINORGANICFOODKEYWORDSFOODLABELINGBESTAVAILABLEREGULATORYSCIENCEORGANICKOSHERHALALINTRODUCTIONTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHERESULTSOFASTUDYTHATWASPERFORMEDWITHINTHENEWLYESTABLISHEDREGULATORYSCIENCEPROGRAMATGEORGETOWNUNIVERSITYINWASHINGTONDCCURRENTLY,VIRTUALLYALLREGULATORYSCIENCEEDUCATIONALPROGRAMSCONSISTOFSCIENTIFICAREASCOVEREDBYTHEFOODANDDRUGADMINISTRATION1INCONTRAST,THENEWREGULATORYSCIENCEPROGRAMATGEORGETOWNUNIVERSITYINCLUDESSCIENTIFICAREASCOVEREDBYTHEENTIREREGULATORYPROCESSINCLUDINGRELEVANTACTIVITIESOFTHEENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCYEPA,DEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTUREUSDA,FISHANDWILDLIFEATDEPARTMENTOFTHEINTERIOR,OCCUPATIONALSAFETY,ANDHEALTHADMINISTRATIONATTHEDEPARTMENTOFLABORWITHINTHISPROGRAMTHEREGULATORYSCIENCEASPECTSOFNUTRITIONWEREADDRESSEDLEADINGTOTHEPUBLICATIONOFAPAPERONGOLDENRICE2ANDONEONORGANICFOOD3THEPREPARATIONOFTHISPAPERWASSTIMULATEDBYCERTAINEVENTSTHATDEALTWITHNUTRITIONALISSUESINCLUDINGGENETICALLYMODIFIEDORGANISMSGMOBASEDONGENETICALLYENGINEEREDGEPROCESSESAKEYEVENTWASTHEPUBLICREACTIONTOTHEPASSAGEOFALAWINTHESTATEOFVERMONTINTHEUSMANDATINGTHATANYFOODITEMSSOLDINTHATSTATETHATINCLUDEDGMOHADTOBELABELEDACCORDINGLYASDESCRIBEDBYMCFADDEN4SEVERALOTHERSTATESWEREENACTINGORCONSIDERINGTOENACTINGSIMILARLAWSTHESEACTIVITIESACCELERATEDCONGRESSIONALACTIONSBOTHINTHESENATEANDINTHEHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVESONTHEROLEOFTHEFEDERALGOVERNMENT,PARTICULARLYTHEFDAANDUSDAONREGULATINGTHELABELINGOFFOODTHATCONTAINSGMOITEMSBEFORETHERELEVANTISSUESINTHEUSAREADDRESSED,ITMAYBEDESIRABLETOIDENTIFYTHEFIRSTLAWSDEALINGWITHFOODINCLUDINGDRINKSPROBABLYTHEOLDESTLAWTHATINCLUDEDCONCERNOVERTHECOMPOSITIONOFFOODINCLUDINGDRINKSISASSISAPANISETCEREVISIAEASSIZEOFBREADANDALEENACTEDATABOUT1266INBRITAIN,WHICHADDRESSEDTHEPRODUCTIONANDSALEOFBREADANDBEERFOUNDTHATTHEEARLIESTFARMERSCHOSEFOODPLANTSTHATHADDESIRABLECHARACTERISTICSANDEXPANDEDONTHOSEPLANTSNOTETHATASDESCRIBEDBYDAVISETAL8,THENUTRITIONALCONTENTOFTHEVARIOUSCROPSCHANGESNATURALLYPHASEIITHESECONDPHASEEMERGEDWHENTHEAGRICULTURALCOMMUNITYRECOGNIZEDTHELIMITATIONSOFNATURALLYOCCURRINGCROPSALTHOUGHCROSSBREEDINGHADBEENKNOWNFORCENTURIES,SCIENTIFICUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPROCESSPROVIDEDUNIQUEOPPORTUNITIESFORTHEDEVELOPMENTANDAPPLICATIONOFCROSSBREEDINGTOIMPROVEAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONTHISPHASESTARTEDWHENMENDEL9,OFTENREFERREDTOASTHEFATHEROFMODERNGENETICS,PROVIDEDTHESCIENTIFICFOUNDATIONFORCROSSBREEDINGIN1866MENDELSTUDIEDPEAPLANTHYBRIDIZATIONANDESTABLISHEDTHELAWOFINHERITANCETHEPRIMARYOBJECTIVEOFCROSSBREEDINGISTOIDENTIFYTWOPLANTS,EACHHAVINGADESIRABLEFEATUREANDCROSSBREEDTHEMTOPRODUCEAPLANTTHATHASBOTHDESIRABLEFEATURESSHULL10–12DESCRIBEDTHEGENETICCHANGESINSPECIFICPLANTSASACONSEQUENCEOFCROSSBREEDINGFOLLOWINGTHESPREADOFMENDEL’SWORK,MANYRESEARCHERSTOOKITUPONTHEMSELVESTOFURTHERRESEARCHTHISAREAWITHTHEOBJECTIVEOFIMPROVINGCROPPRODUCTIONINBOTHQUALITYANDQUANTITYPHASEIIITHETHIRDPHASECONSISTSOFGECROPS,ONEOFTHEKEYPROCESSESWITHINTHEGMO,APROCESSEXTENSIVELYUSEDTODEVELOPCROPSBYEXPANDINGTHEPROCESSESUSEDINTHESECONDPHASEANDGENETICALLYMODIFYINGTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEPLANTTHEPROCESSUSEDBYTHEFDAINREGULATINGGMOISBESTDESCRIBEDINTHEIRSTATEMENT“FOODFROMGEPLANTSMUSTMEETTHESAMEFOODSAFETYREQUIREMENTSASFOODDERIVEDFROMTRADITIONALLYBREDPLANTS”SINCETHE1990S,SCIENTIFICADVANCEMENTHASALLOWEDFORAMORESPECIFICMETHODOFGMO,KNOWNASGENEEDITINGINWHICHTHEDESIREDDNAGENESCANBEMOVEDFROMONEPLANTANDINSERTEDINTOTHEGENOMEOFANOTHERPLANTORTHEYCANBEREMOVEDENTIRELYTHISISTHEMETHODUSEDINFOODSUSINGGMOPROCESS,WHICHENCOMPASSESARANGEOFMODIFICATIONSPLANTSCANBEGENETICALLYMODIFIEDTOMAKEMORENUTRITIOUSFOODS,DISEASEANDDROUGHTRESISTANTPLANTS,PESTICIDERESISTANTPLANTS,FASTERGROWINGPLANTS,ANDPLANTSTHATHAVEMEDICINALFEATURES13CURRENTSTATUSOFFOODLABELINGINTHEUSBEFORETHELEGALREQUIREMENTSFORFOODLABELINGAREADDRESSED,ITMAYBEDESIRABLETOBRIEFLYDESCRIBETHEROLESOFTHEVARIOUSAGENCIESINTHEUS,THEUSDAREGULATESTHEFARMINGOPERATIONS,THEENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCYEPAREGULATESTHEAPPLICATIONOFCHEMICALAGENTSSUCHASPESTICIDESASWELLASENVIRONMENTALCONSEQUENC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簡介：3050英文單詞，英文單詞，16500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文5000字文獻出處文獻出處SOLAKD,TOPALOGLUMTHEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMESINVIEWOFCOMPUTERSCIENCESTUDENTSJPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES,2015,182590595THEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMESINVIEWOFCOMPUTERSCIENCESTUDENTSDUYGUSOLAK,MURATTOPALOGLUABSTRACTCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGIESGROWINGRAPIDLYHASBECOMEANINDISPENSABLEPARTOFMODERNLIFEWHILEMAKINGSOCIALLIFEEASIER,THECHANGESTHATTECHNOLOGYHASBROUGHTALSOBRINGFORTHSOMESECURITYISSUESTHUS,ITISEASIERTOCOMMITCRIMESANDWEAREFACEDWITHCYBERCRIMESTHISSTUDYEXAMINESTHEDIFFERENCESAMONGTHECYBERCRIMEPERCEPTIONSOFUNDERGRADUATESTUDENTSATTRAKYAUNIVERSITYINTERMSOFDEMOGRAPHICFACTORSTHEMETHODOFTHESTUDYWASAQUESTIONNAIRETHATWASGIVENTOLECTURERSANDSTUDENTSATTRAKYAUNIVERSITYSAMPLEANDITWASDESIGNEDTOMEASUREANDASSESSTHELEVELSOFINTERESTINTECHNOLOGY,THESEVERITYOFCYBERCRIMESANDTHEINDIVIDUALS’PERCEPTIONSOFCYBERCRIMESINTERMSOFETHICSANDLAWTHEFINDINGSOFTHESTUDYCANHELPUSDEFINETHELEVELOFCOMMONPERCEPTIONOFCYBERCRIMESANDTHEMEANINGFULDIFFERENCESBETWEENSEPARATEGROUPSKEYWORDSINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIES,CYBERCRIMES,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYLAW,PERCEPTIONANALYSIS1INTRODUCTIONINFORMATICSHASBEENDEFINEDASTHESCIENCEOFPROCESSINGOFTHEINFORMATIONUSEDINTECHNICAL,ECONOMICANDSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONAREAS,ANDONWHICHSCIENCEHASITSOWNBASIS,PROPERLYANDLOGICALLYVIAELECTRONICMACHINESINPARTICULARKOKSAL,2006THEDEVELOPMENTSINCOMPUTERANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESHAVEPENETRATEDINTOANYTHINGINEVERYDAYLIFEGLOBALIZATIONHASGAINEDSPEEDWITHTHEINTERNETBECOMINGMOREPOPULARANDTHEPHYSICALBOUNDARIESHAVEDISAPPEAREDTHISPOPULARITYOFTHEINTERNETHASBROUGHTFORTHTHEISSUESLIKESTORINGANDPROCESSINGINFORMATIONTHEDEVELOPMENTSININFORMATICSHAVEBOTHPROSANDCONSFORHUMANITYSINCETHEECONOMIC,SOCIALANDPOLITICALVALUEOFTHEINFORMATIONHASINCREASED,THEPEOPLEWHOWANTTOCUTCORNERSTOGAINPOWERANDMONEYHAVEBEGUNTOTENDTOWARDSUSINGINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESTOCOMMITCRIMES,SOMETIMESTARGETINGTHETECHNOLOGYITSELFHEREIN,THETERM“CYBERCRIME”BECOMESEVIDENTCYBERCRIMEIS“ANYKINDOFILLEGAL,UNETHICALANDUNAUTHORIZEDBEHAVIORINASYSTEMWHICHPROCESSESINFORMATIONAUTOMATICALLYORTRANSFERSDATA”KESKIN,2009CYBERCRIMECANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOMAINCATEGORIESWHERETHECOMPUTERISUSEDASATOOLORASATARGETHARASSINGANDTHREATENINGPEOPLEONTHEINTERNETORMOBILEPHONES,ANDPUBLISHINGMUSICORBOOKSWITHOUTHAVINGTHECOPYRIGHTSARETWOEXAMPLESOFCYBERCRIMETHEAUTHORITIESPREFERTOEXTENDTHESCOPEOFTHEPUNISHMENTSFORCLASSICCRIMESINSTEADOFADDINGCYBERCRIMECLAUSESTOTHEPRESENTCODESONTHEOTHERHAND,ACTSLIKEDISTORTING,REPLACINGDATAANDBLOCKINGACCESSTOASYSTEMARECRIMESWHERETHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSARETARGETEDDIRECTLYANDTHEREAREINDEPENDENTCODESANDREGULATIONSINLAWDEFININGTHESCOPEOFTHESECRIMESTODAYCYBERCRIMEISANIMPORTANTPROBLEMGROWINGRAPIDLYTHEREFORE,THENEEDFORLEGALACTSCOMBININGBOTHLAWANDTECHNOLOGYHASRISENDRAMATICALLYHOWEVER,THEREISMUCHTOBEDONETOREDUCETHENUMBEROFCYBERCRIMESTHEFIRSTRECORDEDCYBERCRIMEWASRELEASEDTOTHEPUBLICINAMINNEAPOLISTRIBUNEARTICLE“COMPUTEREXPERTACCUSEDOFCOOKINGTHEACCOUNTBOOKS”O(jiān)NOCTOBER18TH,1966IN1973,ONEOFTHECLASSICEARLYDATADIDDLINGFRAUDSWAS“EQUITYFUNDING”3,NOTACRIME4,DEFINITELYNOTACRIME5”AREUSEDWHEREAS“CERTAINLYRIGHT1,RIGHT2,NEUTRAL3,WRONG4,DEFINITELYWRONG5”STATEMENTSAREUSEDTOEXAMINEMORALATTITUDESTOWARDSCYBERCRIMETHEQUESTIONNAIREFORMWASTAKENFROMTHEMASTERS’THESIS“THEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCOMPUTERCRIMESWITHRESPECTTOSOCIOCULTURALLEVELS”BY?LBAS,2009ANDAPPLIEDTOTHESTUDYGROUP25DATAANALYSISSPSS20STATISTICALPACKAGEFORSOCIALSCIENCESWASUSEDFORTHEANALYSISOFTHEDATAPERCENTAGEANDFREQUENCYANALYSISWEREUSEDTODETERMINETHEPERCEPTIONSANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMEINCOMPUTERSTUDENTSTHERELIABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORTHEWHOLESCALEWASFOUND0883FINDINGSINTHISSECTION,FREQUENCYANDPERCENTAGEDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHESTUDENTS’GENDERSANDYEARSOFSTUDYAREPRESENTED35264STUDENTSOFTHEPARTICIPANTSWEREFEMALESAND648118PEOPLEWEREMALES,827STUDENTSWEREFRESHMEN,337STUDENTSWERESOPHOMORES,938STUDENTSWEREJUNIORSANDD,080STUDENTSWERESENIORSACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISRESULTSFORTHEINTERESTINCOMPUTERSANDTECHNOLOGYANDFOLLOWINGTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTSINTHEFIELD611STUDENTSOFTHESTUDENTSREPORTEDTHEYARENOTINTERESTEDINTHESUBJECTANDDONOTFOLLOWTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTSWITH9,918STUDENTSWHOARENOTINTERESTEDBUTFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESINWRITTENANDVISUALMEDIA,2OFTHEPARTICIPANTS44STUDENTSSAIDTHEYAREINTERESTEDINTHESUBJECTSWITHOUTFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESWITHY,3108REPORTINGTHEIRINTERESTINBOTHTHESUBJECTANDLATESTDEVELOPMENTSTHERESULTSSHOWTHATMAJORITYOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEINTERESTINCOMPUTERS,TECHNOLOGYANDTHEINTERNETFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESANDDEVELOPMENTSCLOSELYACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISFORHOWLONGTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNET0,51STUDENTSSAID“IDON’TUSE”0,51STUDENTSSAIDTHEYHAVEBEENUSINGINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESFOR“LESSTHANAYEAR”,419STUDENTS25YEARSY,3108STUDENTS69YEARS,1OFTHESTUDENTSREPORTEDTHATTHEYHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETMORETHAN10YEARSMOSTOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETFOR69YEARSACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISFORTHEPLACEWHERETHESTUDENTSGETCONNECTEDTOTHEINTERNETSHOWTHAT1,357STUDENTSCANACCESSTOTHEINTERNETATHOMEAND8,215STUDENTSUSETHEINTERNETATWORKORATSCHOOLWHILE0,51STUDENTGOESTOINTERNETCAFES1,63STUDENTSREPORTEDUSINGCOMMONACCESSAREASMOSTOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETATHOMEACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYRESULTS,THEINTERNETISUSEDBYSTUDENTSFORDOINGRESEARCHFORWORKANDSCHOOLWITH1,357STUDENTSFORDOINGRESEARCHFORPERSONALINTERESTSWITH7,468STUDENTSFORREADINGNEWSANDCURRENTAFFAIRSWITH,326STUDENTS,FORCOMMUNICATIONPURPOSESWITH8,816STUDENTS,FORFORMINGSOCIALRELATIONSHIPS1,12STUDENTSANDFORENTERTAINMENTANDGAMES7,113STUDENTSMOSTOFTHESTUDENTSSEEMTOUSETHEINTERNETTODORESEARCHONTHEIRPERSONALINTERESTSACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISRESULTSFORTHEAVERAGEINTERNETUSE,4,9OFTHEPARTICIPANTS9STUDENTSREPORTEDNOTUSINGTHEINTERNETOUTOFWORKANDSCHOOLOURSWHILE2,24STUDENTSSAIDTHEYUSETHEINTERNETLESSTHANADAYINAWEEK1,63STUDENTSOFTHEPARTICIPANTSTOLDTHEYUSETHEINTERNETONEDAYAWEEKWHEREAS4,48STUDENTSUSETHEINTERNETSEVERALDAYSAWEEKOVERWHELMINGLY,?,8158STUDENTSOFTHEPARTICIPANTSREPORTEDTHATTHEYUSETHEINTERNET

簡介：FULLTERMSIMPROVINGTHETASTE,FLAVOR,APPEARANCE,ANDOTHERDESIRABLEITEMSANDENHANCEMENTOFSTORAGETIME?RESISTANCETOMICROORGANISMSANDPESTS?ENHANCINGANDPROTECTINGTHEYIELD?OPERATINGUNDERSEVERECONDITIONS?ENHANCINGOTHERKEYPROPERTIESTHEEVOLUTIONOFAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTCANBEREASONABLYDESCRIBEDINTHREEPHASESCONSISTINGOFSELECTIONOFUSEFULBUTNATURALLYOCCURRINGPLANTS,CROSSBREEDINGOFEXISTINGPLANTS,ANDUSINGSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYTOPRODUCETHEMOSTDESIRABLEPLANTSPHASEIDURINGTHEFIRSTPHASE,THEFARMERSATTEMPTEDTOFINDANDSELECTTHEMOSTEFFICIENTPLANTSANDUSETHEMTHISSELECTIONWASPRIMARILYBASEDONTHEAVAILABILITYOFAPLANTATASPECIFICLOCATIONTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHISPHASEWASDESCRIBEDBYWIECZOREKANDWRIGHT6,INCLUDINGHOWFARMERSATTEMPTEDTOSELECTPLANTSBASEDONANUMBEROFRELEVANTPARAMETERSTHISPHASEKNOWNASSEDENTARYAGRICULTUREDATESBACK9000YEARSFOREXAMPLE,ARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIESBYPIPERNOETAL7FOUNDTHATANCIENTGRAINSANDTOOLSUSEDBYCIVILIZATIONSDATEDBACK8700YEARSTHEIRSTUDIESFOUNDTHATTHEEARLIESTFARMERSCHOSEFOODPLANTSTHATHADDESIRABLECHARACTERISTICSANDEXPANDEDONTHOSEPLANTSNOTETHATASDESCRIBEDBYDAVISETAL8,THENUTRITIONALCONTENTOFTHEVARIOUSCROPSCHANGESNATURALLYPHASEIITHESECONDPHASEEMERGEDWHENTHEAGRICULTURALCOMMUNITYRECOGNIZEDTHELIMITATIONSOFNATURALLYOCCURRINGCROPSALTHOUGHCROSSBREEDINGHADBEENKNOWNFORCENTURIES,SCIENTIFICUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPROCESSPROVIDEDUNIQUEOPPORTUNITIESFORTHEDEVELOPMENTANDAPPLICATIONOFCROSSBREEDINGTOIMPROVEAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONTHISPHASESTARTEDWHENMENDEL9,OFTENREFERREDTOASTHEFATHEROFMODERNGENETICS,PROVIDEDTHESCIENTIFICFOUNDATIONFORCROSSBREEDINGIN1866MENDELSTUDIEDPEAPLANTHYBRIDIZATIONANDESTABLISHEDTHELAWOFINHERITANCETHEPRIMARYOBJECTIVEOFCROSSBREEDINGISTOIDENTIFYTWOPLANTS,EACHHAVINGADESIRABLEFEATUREANDCROSSBREEDTHEMTOPRODUCEAPLANTTHATHASBOTHDESIRABLEFEATURESSHULL10–12DESCRIBEDTHEGENETICCHANGESINSPECIFICPLANTSASACONSEQUENCEOFCROSSBREEDINGFOLLOWINGTHESPREADOFMENDEL’SWORK,MANYRESEARCHERSTOOKITUPONTHEMSELVESTOFURTHERRESEARCHTHISAREAWITHTHEOBJECTIVEOFIMPROVINGCROPPRODUCTIONINBOTHQUALITYANDQUANTITYPHASEIIITHETHIRDPHASECONSISTSOFGECROPS,ONEOFTHEKEYPROCESSESWITHINTHEGMO,APROCESSEXTENSIVELYUSEDTODEVELOPCROPSBYEXPANDINGTHEPROCESSESUSEDINTHESECONDPHASEANDGENETICALLYMODIFYINGTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEPLANTTHEPROCESSUSEDBYTHEFDAINREGULATINGGMOISBESTDESCRIBEDINTHEIRSTATEMENT“FOODFROMGEPLANTSMUSTMEETTHESAMEFOODSAFETYREQUIREMENTSASFOODDERIVEDFROMTRADITIONALLYBREDPLANTS”SINCETHE1990S,SCIENTIFICADVANCEMENTHASALLOWEDFORAMORESPECIFICMETHODOFGMO,KNOWNASGENEEDITINGINWHICHTHEDESIREDDNAGENESCANBEMOVEDFROMONEPLANTANDINSERTEDINTOTHEGENOMEOFANOTHER2AAMOGHISSIETALDOWNLOADEDBYUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAAT034718OCTOBER2017

簡介：PROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES1822015590–595AVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM18770428?2015THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFACADEMICWORLDRESEARCHANDEDUCATIONCENTERDOI101016/JSBSPRO201504787SCIENCEDIRECT4THWORLDCONFERENCEONEDUCATIONALTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHES,WCETR2014THEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMESINVIEWOFCOMPUTERSCIENCESTUDENTSDUYGUSOLAKA,MURATTOPALOGLUAATRAKYAUIVERSITY,KESANYUSUFCAPRAZSCHOOLOFAPPLIEDSCIENCES,EDIRNEABSTRACTCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGIESGROWINGRAPIDLYHASBECOMEANINDISPENSABLEPARTOFMODERNLIFEWHILEMAKINGSOCIALLIFEEASIER,THECHANGESTHATTECHNOLOGYHASBROUGHTALSOBRINGFORTHSOMESECURITYISSUESTHUS,ITISEASIERTOCOMMITCRIMESANDWEAREFACEDWITHCYBERCRIMESTHISSTUDYEXAMINESTHEDIFFERENCESAMONGTHECYBERCRIMEPERCEPTIONSOFUNDERGRADUATESTUDENTSATTRAKYAUNIVERSITYINTERMSOFDEMOGRAPHICFACTORSTHEMETHODOFTHESTUDYWASAQUESTIONNAIRETHATWASGIVENTOLECTURERSANDSTUDENTSATTRAKYAUNIVERSITYSAMPLEANDITWASDESIGNEDTOMEASUREANDASSESSTHELEVELSOFINTERESTINTECHNOLOGY,THESEVERITYOFCYBERCRIMESANDTHEINDIVIDUALS’PERCEPTIONSOFCYBERCRIMESINTERMSOFETHICSANDLAWTHEFINDINGSOFTHESTUDYCANHELPUSDEFINETHELEVELOFCOMMONPERCEPTIONOFCYBERCRIMESANDTHEMEANINGFULDIFFERENCESBETWEENSEPARATEGROUPS?2015THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFACADEMICWORLDRESEARCHANDEDUCATIONCENTERKEYWORDSINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIES,CYBERCRIMES,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYLAW,PERCEPTIONANALYSIS1INTRODUCTIONINFORMATICSHASBEENDEFINEDASTHESCIENCEOFPROCESSINGOFTHEINFORMATIONUSEDINTECHNICAL,ECONOMICANDSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONAREAS,ANDONWHICHSCIENCEHASITSOWNBASIS,PROPERLYANDLOGICALLYVIAELECTRONICMACHINESINPARTICULARKOKSAL,2006THEDEVELOPMENTSINCOMPUTERANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESHAVEPENETRATEDINTOANYTHINGINEVERYDAYLIFEGLOBALIZATIONHASGAINEDSPEEDWITHTHEINTERNETBECOMINGMOREPOPULARANDTHEPHYSICALDUYGUSOLAKTEL905418713106EMAILADDRESSNDUYGUSOLAKTRAKYAEDUTR?2015THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEUNDERTHECCBYNCNDLICENSEHTTP//CREATIVECOMMONSORG/LICENSES/BYNCND/40/PEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFACADEMICWORLDRESEARCHANDEDUCATIONCENTER592DUYGUSOLAKANDMURATTOPALOGLU/PROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES1822015590–59523STUDYGROUP182STUDENTSSTUDYINGATTRAKYAUNIVERSITY,KESANYUSUFCAPRAZSCHOOLOFAPPLIEDDISCIPLINES,DEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGIESANDINFORMATIONSYSTEMSDURINGTHEACADEMICYEARIN20142015MAKEUPTHESTUDYGROUPOFTHISRESEARCH24DATACOLLECTIONTHESURVEYUSEDINTHISSTUDYHASTHREESUBDIMENSIONSTOOBTAINDEMOGRAPHICINFORMATION,TOASSESSTHEINTERNETUSEANDTHEEXAMPLESOFCYBERCRIMESTHEFIRSTPARTINCLUDESPERSONALINFORMATION,SUCHASGENDERANDYEAROFSTUDYINTHESECONDPARTAIMSTODESCRIBETHEINTERNETUSEHABITSOFTHESTUDENTSTHELASTPARTINCLUDESCYBERCRIMEEXAMPLESSCALEWITHFIVEPOINTLIKERTSCALEWITH“STRONGLYAGREE1,AGREE2,NOTSURE3,DISAGREE4,STRONGLYDISAGREE5“TOEXAMINETHEATTITUDESONLEGALGROUNDS,THESTATEMENTS“DEFINITELYACRIME1,CRIME2,NOTSURE3,NOTACRIME4,DEFINITELYNOTACRIME5”AREUSEDWHEREAS“CERTAINLYRIGHT1,RIGHT2,NEUTRAL3,WRONG4,DEFINITELYWRONG5”STATEMENTSAREUSEDTOEXAMINEMORALATTITUDESTOWARDSCYBERCRIMETHEQUESTIONNAIREFORMWASTAKENFROMTHEMASTERS’THESIS“THEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCOMPUTERCRIMESWITHRESPECTTOSOCIOCULTURALLEVELS”BY?LBAS,2009ANDAPPLIEDTOTHESTUDYGROUP25DATAANALYSISSPSS20STATISTICALPACKAGEFORSOCIALSCIENCESWASUSEDFORTHEANALYSISOFTHEDATAPERCENTAGEANDFREQUENCYANALYSISWEREUSEDTODETERMINETHEPERCEPTIONSANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMEINCOMPUTERSTUDENTSTHERELIABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORTHEWHOLESCALEWASFOUND883FINDINGSINTHISSECTION,FREQUENCYANDPERCENTAGEDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHESTUDENTS’GENDERSANDYEARSOFSTUDYAREPRESENTED5,264STUDENTSOFTHEPARTICIPANTSWEREFEMALESAND64,8118PEOPLEWEREMALES,827STUDENTSWEREFRESHMEN,337STUDENTSWERESOPHOMORES,938STUDENTSWEREJUNIORSANDD,080STUDENTSWERESENIORSACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISRESULTSFORTHEINTERESTINCOMPUTERSANDTECHNOLOGYANDFOLLOWINGTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTSINTHEFIELD611STUDENTSOFTHESTUDENTSREPORTEDTHEYARENOTINTERESTEDINTHESUBJECTANDDONOTFOLLOWTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTSWITH9,918STUDENTSWHOARENOTINTERESTEDBUTFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESINWRITTENANDVISUALMEDIA,2OFTHEPARTICIPANTS44STUDENTSSAIDTHEYAREINTERESTEDINTHESUBJECTSWITHOUTFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESWITHY,3108REPORTINGTHEIRINTERESTINBOTHTHESUBJECTANDLATESTDEVELOPMENTSTHERESULTSSHOWTHATMAJORITYOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEINTERESTINCOMPUTERS,TECHNOLOGYANDTHEINTERNETFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESANDDEVELOPMENTSCLOSELYACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISFORHOWLONGTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNET0,51STUDENTSSAID“IDON’TUSE”0,51STUDENTSSAIDTHEYHAVEBEENUSINGINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESFOR“LESSTHANAYEAR”,419STUDENTS25YEARSY,3108STUDENTS69YEARS,1OFTHESTUDENTSREPORTEDTHATTHEYHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETMORETHAN10YEARSMOSTOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETFOR69YEARSACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISFORTHEPLACEWHERETHESTUDENTSGETCONNECTEDTOTHEINTERNETSHOWTHAT1,357STUDENTSCANACCESSTOTHEINTERNETATHOMEAND8,215STUDENTSUSETHEINTERNETATWORKORATSCHOOLWHILE0,51STUDENTGOESTOINTERNETCAFES1,63STUDENTSREPORTEDUSINGCOMMONACCESSAREASMOSTOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETATHOMEACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUE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簡介：5700英文單詞，英文單詞，29萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文9500字文獻出處文獻出處AVENTWHATISSAFETYSCIENCEJSAFETYSCIENCE,2014,67671520WHATISSAFETYSCIENCETERJEAVENABSTRACTTHISPAPERADDRESSESTHEISSUEOFHOWTOUNDERSTANDSAFETYSCIENCEASACONCEPTSEVERALDEFINITIONSOFSAFETYAREREVIEWEDANDDISCUSSED,INCLUDINGTHEINTERPRETATIONSTHATSAFETYISTHEABSENCEOFUNDESIRABLEEVENTSANDACCIDENTSANDTHATSAFETYISTHEANTONYMOFRISKREFLECTIONSAREALSOMADEONWHATSCIENCEMEANSINRELATIONTOSAFETYITISARGUEDTHATSAFETYSCIENCECANBEVIEWEDASKNOWLEDGEABOUTSAFETYRELATEDISSUES,ANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCONCEPTS,THEORIES,PRINCIPLESANDMETHODSTOUNDERSTAND,ASSESS,COMMUNICATEANDMANAGEINABROADSENSESAFETYINADDITIONWEMAYSPEAKABOUTSCIENCESAFETYASADISCIPLINE,COVERINGTHETOTALITYOFRELEVANTEDUCATIONALPROGRAMMES,JOURNALS,PAPERS,RESEARCHERS,RESEARCHGROUPSANDSOCIETIES,ETCKEYWORDSSAFETYCONCEPTSAFETYSCIENCERISKPERSPECTIVERISKASSESSMENT1INTRODUCTIONTOSTUDYTHECONCEPT‘‘SAFETYSCIENCE’’THENATURALPOINTOFDEPARTUREISTHESCOPEANDAIMSOFTHISJOURNAL,SAFETYSCIENCEWEREADFROMTHEJOURNAL’SWEBSITESAFETYSCIENCESERVESASANINTERNATIONALMEDIUMFORRESEARCHINTHESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYOFHUMANSAFETYITEXTENDSFROMSAFETYOFPEOPLEATWORKTOOTHERSPHERES,SUCHASTRANSPORT,LEISUREANDHOME,ASWELLASEVERYOTHERFIELDOFMAN’SHAZARDOUSACTIVITIESSAFETYSCIENCEISMULTIDISCIPLINARYITSCONTRIBUTORSANDITSAUDIENCERANGEFROMPSYCHOLOGISTSTOCHEMICALENGINEERSTHEJOURNALCOVERSTHEPHYSICSANDENGINEERINGOFSAFETYITSSOCIAL,POLICYANDORGANISATIONALASPECTSTHEMANAGEMENTOFRISKSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFCONTROLTECHNIQUESFORSAFETYSTANDARDIZATION,LEGISLATION,INSPECTION,INSURANCE,COSTINGASPECTS,HUMANBEHAVIOURANDSAFETYANDTHELIKESAFETYSCIENCEWILLENABLEACADEMICRESEARCHERS,ENGINEERSANDDECISIONMAKERSINCOMPANIES,GOVERNMENTAGENCIESANDINTERNATIONALBODIES,TOAUGMENTTHEIRINFORMATIONLEVELONTHELATESTTRENDSINTHEFIELD,FROMPOLICYMAKERSANDMANAGEMENTSCIENTISTSTOTRANSPORTENGINEERSTHEJOURNALFOCUSESPRIMARILYONORIGINALRESEARCHPAPERSACROSSITSWHOLESCOPE,BUTALSOWELCOMESSTATEOFTHEARTREVIEWPAPERSANDFIRSTHANDCASEHISTORIESONACCIDENTSANDDISASTERSOFSPECIALSIGNIFICANCETHEEMPHASISISONSAFETYRISKS,ASDISTINCTFROMHEALTHRISKS,BUTMAYINCLUDEBOTHSAFETYSCIENCE,2012THISTEXTPROVIDESSOMEINSIGHTSABOUTTHECONCEPTOF‘‘SAFETYSCIENCE’’,BUTALSOLEAVESOPENSOMEQUESTIONS,SUCHAS–WHATISSAFETYTHEJOURNALRESTRICTSITSATTENTIONTOHUMANSAFETY,BUTTHECONCEPTOFSAFETYMAYEXTENDBEYONDTHISAREAWHATABOUTENVIRONMENTALISSUESANDASSETS,FOREXAMPLEANDSECURITYMANYDEFINITIONSOFTHESAFETYCONCEPTEXIST,BUTWHICHONESARESUITABLEINTHISSETTING–HOWISSAFETYLINKEDTORISKASWEKNOW,THECONCEPTOFRISKCANBEUNDERSTOODINMANYWAYS–WHATISSCIENCEINTHISCONTEXTHOWISSCIENCEOFSAFETYLINKEDTORESEARCHABOUTSAFETYTHEJOURNALDEFINESARESEARCHPAPERAS‘‘NEWLYCOLLECTEDORANALYSEDDATA,EXPERIMENTALORSURVEYRESULTS,ORAPROPOSEDNEWTHEORYORMODELSUPPORTEDBYANALYSISANDARGUMENTSSAFETYSAFETYANDSAFEWEAVOIDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFADOUBLESETOFDEFINITIONSFORRISKANDSAFETYWHENTHERISKASSESSMENTDESCRIBESRISKINRELATIONTOLOSSOFLIVES,ITASSESSESTHESAFETYATTHESAMETIMETHERECOULDOFCOURSEINPRACTICEBEASPECTSOFIMPORTANCEFORTHESAFETYNOTCAPTUREDBYTHERISKASSESSMENTFOREXAMPLEPSYCHOLOGICALFACTORSINRELATIONTOSOMEACCIDENTEVENTS,YETTHISWOULDNOTBETHERESULTOFDIFFERENCESINTHECONCEPTSBUTDUETOSIMPLIFICATIONSANDLIMITATIONSINTHEASSESSMENTHOWEVER,THISCOMMONPLATFORMFORTHERISKANDSAFETYCONCEPTNEEDSTOBEBASEDONSUFFICIENTLYBROADRISKPERSPECTIVESWHICHGIVEDUEATTENTIONTOTHEUNCERTAINTIES,ASDISCUSSEDINAVEN2009THEUNDERSTANDINGOFSAFETYASABSENCEOFACCIDENTS,LOSSESETC,REPRESENTSACOMPLETELYDIFFERENTWAYATLOOKINGATSAFETYSEEFIG2THISTYPEOFUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESAFETYCONCEPTLEADSTOANEEDFORACHANGEINNORMALNOMENCLATUREASTHEEVENTSANDCONSEQUENCESAANDCAREUNKNOWNWHENLOOKINGATTHEFUTURE,WECANNOTREFERTOHIGHORLOWSAFETYWEHAVETOSPEAKABOUTTHEPROBABILITYOFTHESAFETYBEINGLOWORHIGH,ORTHEUNCERTAINTIESABOUTTHESAFETYBEINGHIGHORLOWWEOBSERVETHATSAFETYISINFACTANEVENTWITH‘‘NOOCCURRENCEOFUNDESIRABLEEVENTSANDCONSEQUENCES’’OR,USINGTHEDEFINITIONOFLEVESON1995,‘‘NOACCIDENTSOCCURRING’’HENCESAFETYISCLOSELYLINKEDTOTHERISKDEFINITIONBYROSA1998,2003FIG1ILLUSTRATIONOFTHEPERSPECTIVETHATIFASITUATIONISCONSIDEREDSAFE,ITHASACCEPTABLERISK,WHENADOPTINGA‘‘NARROW’’RISKVIEWBASEDONPROBABILITIESANDEXPECTEDVALUESIFABROADERRISKPERSPECTIVEISADOPTED,THESAFEAREAANDTHEACCEPTABLERISKAREACOINCIDEFIG2ILLUSTRATIONOFTHEMEANINGOFTHEDEFINITIONOFSAFETYWHICHISBASEDONABSENCEOFACCIDENTS,LOSSESETCRISKISASITUATIONOREVENTWHERESOMETHINGOFHUMANVALUEINCLUDINGHUMANSTHEMSELVESISATSTAKEANDWHERETHEOUTCOMEISUNCERTAIN

簡介：WHATISSAFETYSCIENCETERJEAVEN?UNIVERSITYOFSTAVANGER,4036STAVANGER,NORWAYARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYAVAILABLEONLINE19AUGUST2013KEYWORDSSAFETYCONCEPTSAFETYSCIENCERISKPERSPECTIVERISKASSESSMENTABSTRACTTHISPAPERADDRESSESTHEISSUEOFHOWTOUNDERSTANDSAFETYSCIENCEASACONCEPTSEVERALDEFINITIONSOFSAFETYAREREVIEWEDANDDISCUSSED,INCLUDINGTHEINTERPRETATIONSTHATSAFETYISTHEABSENCEOFUNDESIRABLEEVENTSANDACCIDENTSANDTHATSAFETYISTHEANTONYMOFRISKREFLECTIONSAREALSOMADEONWHATSCIENCEMEANSINRELATIONTOSAFETYITISARGUEDTHATSAFETYSCIENCECANBEVIEWEDASKNOWLEDGEABOUTSAFETYRELATEDISSUES,ANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCONCEPTS,THEORIES,PRINCIPLESANDMETHODSTOUNDERSTAND,ASSESS,COMMUNICATEANDMANAGEINABROADSENSESAFETYINADDITIONWEMAYSPEAKABOUTSCIENCESAFETYASADISCIPLINE,COVERINGTHETOTALITYOFRELEVANTEDUCATIONALPROGRAMMES,JOURNALS,PAPERS,RESEARCHERS,RESEARCHGROUPSANDSOCIETIES,ETC?2013ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONTOSTUDYTHECONCEPT‘‘SAFETYSCIENCE’’THENATURALPOINTOFDEPARTUREISTHESCOPEANDAIMSOFTHISJOURNAL,SAFETYSCIENCEWEREADFROMTHEJOURNAL’SWEBSITESAFETYSCIENCESERVESASANINTERNATIONALMEDIUMFORRESEARCHINTHESCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYOFHUMANSAFETYITEXTENDSFROMSAFETYOFPEOPLEATWORKTOOTHERSPHERES,SUCHASTRANSPORT,LEISUREANDHOME,ASWELLASEVERYOTHERFIELDOFMAN’SHAZARDOUSACTIVITIESSAFETYSCIENCEISMULTIDISCIPLINARYITSCONTRIBUTORSANDITSAUDIENCERANGEFROMPSYCHOLOGISTSTOCHEMICALENGINEERSTHEJOURNALCOVERSTHEPHYSICSANDENGINEERINGOFSAFETYITSSOCIAL,POLICYANDORGANISATIONALASPECTSTHEMANAGEMENTOFRISKSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFCONTROLTECHNIQUESFORSAFETYSTANDARDIZATION,LEGISLATION,INSPECTION,INSURANCE,COSTINGASPECTS,HUMANBEHAVIOURANDSAFETYANDTHELIKESAFETYSCIENCEWILLENABLEACADEMICRESEARCHERS,ENGINEERSANDDECISIONMAKERSINCOMPANIES,GOVERNMENTAGENCIESANDINTERNATIONALBODIES,TOAUGMENTTHEIRINFORMATIONLEVELONTHELATESTTRENDSINTHEFIELD,FROMPOLICYMAKERSANDMANAGEMENTSCIENTISTSTOTRANSPORTENGINEERSTHEJOURNALFOCUSESPRIMARILYONORIGINALRESEARCHPAPERSACROSSITSWHOLESCOPE,BUTALSOWELCOMESSTATEOFTHEARTREVIEWPAPERSANDFIRSTHANDCASEHISTORIESONACCIDENTSANDDISASTERSOFSPECIALSIGNIFICANCETHEEMPHASISISONSAFETYRISKS,ASDISTINCTFROMHEALTHRISKS,BUTMAYINCLUDEBOTHSAFETYSCIENCE,2012THISTEXTPROVIDESSOMEINSIGHTSABOUTTHECONCEPTOF‘‘SAFETYSCIENCE’’,BUTALSOLEAVESOPENSOMEQUESTIONS,SUCHAS–WHATISSAFETYTHEJOURNALRESTRICTSITSATTENTIONTOHUMANSAFETY,BUTTHECONCEPTOFSAFETYMAYEXTENDBEYONDTHISAREAWHATABOUTENVIRONMENTALISSUESANDASSETS,FOREXAMPLEANDSECURITYMANYDEFINITIONSOFTHESAFETYCONCEPTEXIST,BUTWHICHONESARESUITABLEINTHISSETTING–HOWISSAFETYLINKEDTORISKASWEKNOW,THECONCEPTOFRISKCANBEUNDERSTOODINMANYWAYS–WHATISSCIENCEINTHISCONTEXTHOWISSCIENCEOFSAFETYLINKEDTORESEARCHABOUTSAFETYTHEJOURNALDEFINESARESEARCHPAPERAS‘‘NEWLYCOLLECTEDORANALYSEDDATA,EXPERIMENTALORSURVEYRESULTS,ORAPROPOSEDNEWTHEORYORMODELSUPPORTEDBYANALYSISANDARGUMENTSSAFETYSCIENCE,2012HENCEARESEARCHPAPERSEEMSTOBEEITHEREMPIRICALRESEARCHKNOWLEDGEGAINEDBYOBSERVATIONSOREXPERIMENTSORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWTHEORIES,METHODSORMODELSBUTWHATABOUTWORKONCLARIFYINGKEYISSUESINRELATIONTOTHESETHEORIES,METHODSANDMODELSORPERFORMINGTHEORETICALEVALUATIONSOFTHEPROSANDCONSOFASPECIFICMETHODUSEDINRISKASSESSMENTORRISKMANAGEMENTISSUCHWORKNOTRESEARCHORSCIENCEINTHISPAPERWEPERFORMADETAILEDANALYSISOFTHESEISSUES,THEMAINAIMSBEINGTOIMPROVEOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESAFETYSCIENCECONCEPT,ANDTOPRESENTANDARGUEFORSOMENEWDEFINITIONSOFTHISCONCEPTITISSTRESSEDTHATTHEPAPERWHENDISCUSSINGWHATSAFETYSCIENCEMEANS,JUSTADDRESSESSOMEFEWSELECTEDTOPICS,TOLARGEEXTENTLINKEDTOKNOWLEDGEPRODUCTIONOFCONCEPTUALTOOLSSUCHASTHECONCEPTSAFETYANDMETHODSUSEDTODESCRIBETHELEVELOFSAFETYTHESETOPICSHAVENOTBEENGIVENMUCHATTENTIONINTHELITERATUREANDTHEREISASTRONGNEEDFORCLARIFICATIONS09257535/SEEFRONTMATTER?2013ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JSSCI201307026?TEL4751831000/2267FAX4751831750EMAILADDRESSTERJEAVENUISNOSAFETYSCIENCE67201415–20CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTSAFETYSCIENCEJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/SSCIWEACKNOWLEDGETHATBEINGSAFEISASUBJECTIVEJUDGMENTDEPENDENTONINSTITUTIONALPROCESSESTODETERMINEWHATISACCEPTABLERISKANDWHATISNOTITHASBEENANAIMOFTHEABOVEANALYSISTOPROVIDENEWINSIGHTSONTHETWOCOMMONWAYSOFUNDERSTANDINGSAFETY,BYREVIEWINGRELEVANTWORKANDCOMPARETHEUNDERLYINGIDEAS,ANDALSOLINKINGTHE‘‘ABSENCEOFACCIDENTS’’INTERPRETATIONTOESTABLISHEDRISKPERSPECTIVESWHICHHASNOTBEENDONEBEFOREASFARASTHEAUTHOROFTHEPRESENTPAPERISAWAREOFALTHOUGHSAFETYISOFTENVIEWEDINRELATIONTOHUMANBEINGS,WESEEFROMTHEABOVEDEFINITIONSTHATSAFETYCANALSOBEATTRIBUTEDTOENVIRONMENT,FINANCIALASSETS,ETC,ASRISKASACONCEPTHASNOSUCHBOUNDARIESWECANDRAWTHESAMECONCLUSIONWHENUSINGTHE‘‘ABSENCEOFUNDESIRABLEEVENTSANDCONSEQUENCE’’TYPEOFDEFINITIONSITISCOMMONTODISTINGUISHBETWEENSAFETYANDSECURITY,WHERESECURITYRELATESTOINTENTIONALSITUATIONSANDEVENTSTERRORISTATTACKS,BURGLARY,ETCINCONTRASTTOSAFETY,WHICHCOVERSTHEACCIDENTTYPEOFSITUATIONSANDEVENTSITIS,HOWEVER,NOPROBLEMTECHNICALLYTOEXTENDTHESAFETY/SAFEDEFINITIONSABOVETOALSOINCLUDEINTENTIONALSITUATIONSANDEVENTS,ASTHERISKCONCEPTDOESNOTDISTINGUISHBETWEENINTENTIONALORNOTINTENTIONAL,ANDABSENCEOFUNDESIRABLEEVENTSANDCONSEQUENCESISALSONEUTRALINTHISRESPECTNEVERTHELESS,ITMAYBEATTR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UES

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