簡介：中文中文65006500字出處IEEETRANSACTIONSONCONSUMERELECTRONICS,1094VOL50,NO4,NOVEMBER2004基于區(qū)域控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)CAN的智能家居自動(dòng)化火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)KYUNGCHANGLEE,HONGHEELEE摘要本文提出一個(gè)應(yīng)用區(qū)域控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)CAN的火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)并評估其應(yīng)用于智能家庭自動(dòng)化控制的可能性。通常，傳統(tǒng)的火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)有一些不足，例如由于其使用420MA的模擬電流信號，噪聲對其干擾很大。因此，本文為替代原有系統(tǒng)，提出了一個(gè)基于CAN的火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)，闡述了CAN通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的設(shè)計(jì)方法并進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)評估該系統(tǒng)的性能。這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)有以下幾個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)，如比其他底層BACNET如以太網(wǎng)、ARCNET有更低的成本且更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。因此，如果CAN被選為底層BACNET，家庭自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)將會更有效。關(guān)鍵詞網(wǎng)絡(luò)型火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)；區(qū)域控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)CAN家庭自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)；家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)；智能建筑1引言當(dāng)前，建筑的智能化為人們帶來更多的方便與安全12。因此，家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的要求隨著智能家居要求的增長而日益增長3。為了滿足使用者的需求、家電如冰箱和微波爐、多媒體設(shè)備如電視和音響系統(tǒng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備如電腦已被包括在智能建筑，如圖1。在智能家居，我們可以在房內(nèi)或是戶外用一個(gè)手機(jī)或PDA監(jiān)控連接到家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)的電器。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織、企業(yè)正在開發(fā)ECHONET,KONNEX,LNCP和LONWORKS等網(wǎng)絡(luò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)4。圖1家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)原理圖另外，為了提高人們生活的舒適與安全正在完善如強(qiáng)電控制、照明、防盜、火災(zāi)報(bào)警等家庭自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)。通常，在傳統(tǒng)的家庭自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)中，開關(guān)、閥門或者火災(zāi)探測器都直接與空調(diào)設(shè)備或火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)相連。傳統(tǒng)火災(zāi)告警系統(tǒng)采用420MA電流的模擬傳輸方式，當(dāng)從火災(zāi)探測器接受的電流信號超過閾值，判定發(fā)生火災(zāi)。因此，該系統(tǒng)存在一些不足，它容易受到包括尖脈沖等不同形式的干擾，同時(shí)它不能判斷實(shí)際的燃火點(diǎn)。為了解決這些問題，業(yè)界已經(jīng)開始研究用數(shù)字、無線傳輸INTERNET移動(dòng)電腦手機(jī)、PDA等家庭網(wǎng)關(guān)家庭應(yīng)用控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)骨干網(wǎng)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)多媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)多媒體設(shè)備信息設(shè)備強(qiáng)電控制照明控制取暖控制家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)家庭自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)過這種連接方式，由于每一個(gè)火災(zāi)探測器都有屬于自己的唯一地址，接收器就可以識別是哪個(gè)探測器進(jìn)行告警。此外，由于接收器定期檢測各個(gè)火災(zāi)探測器的狀態(tài)，它可以發(fā)現(xiàn)諸如探測器故障或是傳輸總線開路等系統(tǒng)故障。另外，因?yàn)楦鱾€(gè)探測器將煙霧與熱度的定量數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送給接收器，所以錯(cuò)誤警報(bào)要少于傳統(tǒng)火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)。在同一區(qū)域安裝多個(gè)火災(zāi)探測器，接收器可以到各位置直觀的煙霧、熱度數(shù)據(jù)，因此本系統(tǒng)可以直接應(yīng)用于智能火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)并能使用推理算法。同時(shí)由于探測信號可以進(jìn)行計(jì)算比較，系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估能力得到提升12。圖3網(wǎng)絡(luò)型火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)此外，由于PC的安裝維護(hù)比傳統(tǒng)的專用接收機(jī)更為方便，我們可以很容易地創(chuàng)建一個(gè)用戶界面，將人機(jī)界面應(yīng)用于PC，將本系統(tǒng)合成到家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)中，因此網(wǎng)絡(luò)火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)如果使用PC作為接收機(jī)會更為方便。當(dāng)前，已有BACNET、LONWORKS、BLUETOOTH等多種網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議將網(wǎng)絡(luò)型火災(zāi)告警系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用在智能建筑項(xiàng)目用56。3網(wǎng)絡(luò)型火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)31CAN協(xié)議概述CAN20B是專門為連接傳感器、驅(qū)動(dòng)器、汽車中的電子控制單元ECU而編寫的網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議。它的支持通信速率為5KBPS1MBPS，可以應(yīng)用于信息共享與實(shí)時(shí)控制領(lǐng)域。它可以選擇總線型或者星型網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)。CAN20B具有以下性質(zhì)分布式總線存取控制。這意味著每一個(gè)設(shè)備都有相同的總線使用權(quán)限。競爭非破壞性總線讀取。雖然設(shè)配是通過競爭方式控制總線，但不會因競爭破壞報(bào)文。根據(jù)內(nèi)容確定地址。每條報(bào)文根據(jù)自身內(nèi)容確定唯一的標(biāo)識。循環(huán)冗余校驗(yàn)錯(cuò)誤檢測和錯(cuò)誤禁閉來阻止任何不利影響的一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)元件失效。設(shè)備不管網(wǎng)絡(luò)是否空閑都可以傳輸信息。當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)繁忙時(shí)，在正在傳輸?shù)男畔瓿汕?，將要發(fā)送的包會一直等待。電信號在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中傳輸?shù)乃俣仁怯邢薜模苡锌赡芏鄠€(gè)設(shè)備在很短的時(shí)間段內(nèi)都要開始傳輸信息。這種情況被稱為信息沖突，協(xié)議通過比較報(bào)文包含的標(biāo)識來解決這一難題。標(biāo)識的值最小的報(bào)文贏得網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用權(quán)，其他的設(shè)備必須立即停止傳輸。因?yàn)闃?biāo)識在數(shù)據(jù)包的首部，一起傳輸?shù)碾娦盘枴?”將把電信號“1”改寫，所以標(biāo)識值最小的數(shù)據(jù)包將不被破壞的完成傳輸。其他的設(shè)備將在當(dāng)前傳輸結(jié)束后，繼續(xù)嘗試傳輸自己的數(shù)據(jù)。圖4展現(xiàn)這個(gè)仲裁的過程。響鈴指示燈火災(zāi)探測器驅(qū)動(dòng)器PC端接收器網(wǎng)絡(luò)總線BDDA

簡介：SHIFTDYNAMICSANDCONTROLOFDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONSMANISHKULKARNI,TAEHYUNSHIM,YIZHANGDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFMICHIGANDEARBORN,DEARBORNMI48128,UNITEDSTATESRECEIVED4OCTOBER2005ACCEPTED1MARCH2006AVAILABLEONLINE18MAY2006ABSTRACTSHIFTSINADUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONDCTAREREALIZEDBYTORQUETRANSFERFROMONECLUTCHTOANOTHERWITHOUTTRACTIONINTERRUPTIONDUETOTHECONTROLLEDSLIPPAGEOFTHECLUTCHESTHETIMINGOFENGAGEMENTANDDISENGAGEMENTOFTHETWOCLUTCHESISCRITICALFORACHIEVINGASMOOTHSHIFTWITHOUTENGINEFLAREANDCLUTCHTIEUPTHISPAPERPRESENTSANANALYTICALMODELFORTHESIMULATION,ANALYSISANDCONTROLOFSHIFTDYNAMICSFORDCTVEHICLESADYNAMICMODELANDTHECONTROLLOGICFORTHEINTEGRATEDVEHICLEHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDUSINGMATLAB/SIMULINKASTHESIMULATIONPLATFORMTHEMODELHASBEENUSEDTOSTUDYTHEVARIATIONINOUTPUTTORQUEINRESPONSETODIFFERENTCLUTCHPRESSUREPROFILESDURINGSHIFTSOPTIMIZEDCLUTCHPRESSUREPROFILESHAVEBEENCREATEDFORTHEBESTPOSSIBLESHIFTQUALITYBASEDONMODELSIMULATIONASANUMERICALEXAMPLE,THEMODELISUSEDFORADCTVEHICLETOSIMULATETHEWIDEOPENTHROTTLEPERFORMANCEVEHICLELAUNCHANDSHIFTPROCESSAREBOTHSIMULATEDTOASSESSTRANSMISSIONSHIFTQUALITYANDVALIDATETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHESHIFTCONTROL?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSDUALCLUTCHTRANSMISSIONAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONS1INTRODUCTIONTHEREHASBEENACLEARTRENDINTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYINRECENTYEARSTOWARDSINCREASEDRIDECOMFORTANDFUELEFFICIENCYASTHEPOWERTRANSMISSIONUNIT,TRANSMISSIONSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINVEHICLEPERFORMANCEANDFUELECONOMYTHEREARECURRENTLYSEVERALTYPESOFTRANSMISSIONSANDTHEASSOCIATEDTECHNOLOGIESTHATOFFERDIFFERENTPERFORMANCEPRIORITIESWHENFITINTOAVEHICLE1MANUALTRANSMISSIONSHAVEANOVERALLEFFICIENCYOF962,WHICHISTHEHIGHESTEFFICIENCYVALUEFORANYTYPEOFTRANSMISSIONCURRENTPRODUCTIONAUTOMATICSHAVEBEENIMPROVEDTOPROVIDEANEFFICIENCYOFNOTMORETHAN863BELTTYPECVT’SHAVEANOVERALLEFFICIENCYOF846,HOWEVER,THEMAJORADVANTAGEOFCVTISTHATITALLOWSTHEENGINETOOPERATEINTHEMOSTFUELEFFICIENTMANNER2AUTOMATEDMANUALTRANSMISSIONSHAVETHESAMEEFFICIENCYOFMANUALTRANSMISSIONSANDOFFEROPERATIONCONVENIENCESIMILARTOCONVENTIONALAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONSTHEREEXISTTWOTECHNICALLYFEASIBLEDESIGNSFORAUTOMATEDLAYSHAFTGEARINGTRANSMISSIONSONEUSESASINGLECLUTCHANDISBASICALLYAMANUALTRANSMISSIONWITHANADDEDONCONTROLUNITTHATAUTOMATESTHECLUTCHANDSHIFTOPERATIONSINTHISDESIGN,THEREISANINTERRUPTIONOF0094114X/SEEFRONTMATTER?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMECHMACHTHEORY200603002CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL13135935539EMAILADDRESSANDINGUMICHEDUYZHANGMECHANISMANDMACHINETHEORY422007168–182WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MECHMTMECHANISMANDMACHINETHEORYTHEENGINEOUTPUTTORQUEISINTERPOLATEDINTERMSOFTHETHROTTLEANGLEANDRPMFROMTHEENGINEMAPGEARSHAVENOBACKLASHALLTHEMECHANICALLOSSESAREMODELEDASAPARTOFTHEVEHICLEDRAGDELAYSDUETOHYDRAULICACTUATIONSYSTEMARENOTCONSIDEREDCLUTCHESAREMODELEDASCOULOMBFRICTIONELEMENTSTEMPERATUREEFFECTSOFTHEDRIVETRAINARENEGLECTEDCL2CL1SYN5RSYN6SYN13SYN244231INPUTSHAFTOUTPUT6R5FINALDRIVEPINION2FINALDRIVEPINION1INTERMEDIATESHAFT1INTERMEDIATESHAFT2SYN5RSYN6SYN13SYN24INPUTSHAFTOUTPUT6R5SYN5RSYN6SYN13SYN24INPUTSHAFTOUTPUT6R5FINALDRIVEPINION2FINALDRIVEPINION1INTERMEDIATESHAFT1INTERMEDIATESHAFT2FIG1DCTSTICKDIAGRAM4OUTPUTSHAFT4RCL1CL2131265INPUTSHAFTII/PIECL1312ENGINEKMCMIMEΩPI/ΩK1C1IHISI1SΩI2IMΩIMΩHΩK2C2I3AIOΩWΩFIG2DCTDYNAMICMODEL170MKULKARNIETAL/MECHANISMANDMACHINETHEORY422007168–182

簡介：STRUCTMULTIDISCOPTIM20,76–82?SPRINGERVERLAG2000OPTIMALDESIGNOFHYDRAULICSUPPORTMOBLAK,BHARLANDBBUTINARABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESAPROCEDUREFOROPTIMALDETERMINATIONOFTWOGROUPSOFPARAMETERSOFAHYDRAULICSUPPORTEMPLOYEDINTHEMININGINDUSTRYTHEPROCEDUREISBASEDONMATHEMATICALPROGRAMMINGMETHODSINTHEFIRSTSTEP,THEOPTIMALVALUESOFSOMEPARAMETERSOFTHELEADINGFOURBARMECHANISMAREFOUNDINORDERTOENSURETHEDESIREDMOTIONOFTHESUPPORTWITHMINIMALTRANSVERSALDISPLACEMENTSINTHESECONDSTEP,MAXIMALTOLERANCESOFTHEOPTIMALVALUESOFTHELEADINGFOURBARMECHANISMARECALCULATED,SOTHERESPONSEOFHYDRAULICSUPPORTWILLBESATISFYINGKEYWORDSFOURBARMECHANISM,OPTIMALDESIGN,MATHEMATICALPROGRAMMING,APPROXIMATIONMETHOD,TOLERANCE1INTRODUCTIONTHEDESIGNERAIMSTOFINDTHEBESTDESIGNFORTHEMECHANICALSYSTEMCONSIDEREDPARTOFTHISEFFORTISTHEOPTIMALCHOICEOFSOMESELECTEDPARAMETERSOFASYSTEMMETHODSOFMATHEMATICALPROGRAMMINGCANBEUSED,IFASUITABLEMATHEMATICALMODELOFTHESYSTEMISMADEOFCOURSE,ITDEPENDSONTHETYPEOFTHESYSTEMWITHTHISFORMULATION,GOODCOMPUTERSUPPORTISASSUREDTOLOOKFOROPTIMALPARAMETERSOFTHESYSTEMTHEHYDRAULICSUPPORTFIG1DESCRIBEDBYHARL1998ISAPARTOFTHEMININGINDUSTRYEQUIPMENTINTHEMINEVELENJESLOVENIA,USEDFORPROTECTIONOFWORKINGENVIRONMENTINTHEGALLERYITCONSISTSOFTWOFOURBARRECEIVEDAPRIL13,1999MOBLAK1,BHARL2ANDBBUTINAR31FACULTYOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,SMETANOVA17,2000MARIBOR,SLOVENIAEMAILMAKSOBLAKUNIMBSI2MPPRAZVOJDOO,PTUJSKA184,2000MARIBOR,SLOVENIAEMAILBOSTJANHARLUNIMBSI3FACULTYOFCHEMISTRYANDCHEMICALENGINEERING,SMETANOVA17,2000MARIBOR,SLOVENIAEMAILBRANKOBUTINARUNIMBSIMECHANISMSFEDGANDAEDBASSHOWNINFIG2THEMECHANISMAEDBDEFINESTHEPATHOFCOUPLERPOINTCANDTHEMECHANISMFEDGISUSEDTODRIVETHESUPPORTBYAHYDRAULICACTUATORFIG1HYDRAULICSUPPORTITISREQUIREDTHATTHEMOTIONOFTHESUPPORT,MOREPRECISELY,THEMOTIONOFPOINTCINFIG2,ISVERTICALWITHMINIMALTRANSVERSALDISPLACEMENTSIFTHISISNOTTHECASE,THEHYDRAULICSUPPORTWILLNOTWORKPROPERLYBECAUSEITISSTRANDEDONREMOVALOFTHEEARTHMACHINEAPROTOTYPEOFTHEHYDRAULICSUPPORTWASTESTEDINALABORATORYGRM1992THESUPPORTEXHIBITEDLARGETRANSVERSALDISPLACEMENTS,WHICHWOULDREDUCEITSEMPLOYABILITYTHEREFORE,AREDESIGNWASNECESSARYTHEPROJECTSHOULDBEIMPROVEDWITHMINIMALCOSTIFPOS7821MATHEMATICALMODELTHEMATHEMATICALMODELOFTHESYSTEMWILLBEFORMULATEDINTHEFORMPROPOSEDBYHAUGANDARORA1979MINFU,V,9SUBJECTTOCONSTRAINTSGIU,V≤0,I1,2,,?,10ANDRESPONSEEQUATIONSHJU,V0,J1,2,,M11THEVECTORUU1UNTISCALLEDTHEVECTOROFDESIGNVARIABLES,VV1VMTISTHEVECTOROFRESPONSEVARIABLESANDFIN9ISTHEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONTOPERFORMTHEOPTIMALDESIGNOFTHELEADINGFOURBARMECHANISMAEDB,THEVECTOROFDESIGNVARIABLESISDEFINEDASUA1A2A4T,12ANDTHEVECTOROFRESPONSEVARIABLESASVXYT13THEDIMENSIONSA3,A5,A6OFTHECORRESPONDINGLINKSAREKEPTFIXEDTHEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONISDEFINEDASSOME“MEASUREOFDIFFERENCE”BETWEENTHETRAJECTORYLANDTHEDESIREDTRAJECTORYKASFU,VMAXG0Y?F0Y2,14WHEREXG0YISTHEEQUATIONOFTHECURVEKANDXF0YISTHEEQUATIONOFTHECURVELSUITABLELIMITATIONSFOROURSYSTEMWILLBECHOSENTHESYSTEMMUSTSATISFYTHEWELLKNOWNGRASSHOFFCONDITIONSA3A4?A1A2≤0,15A2A3?A1A4≤016INEQUALITIES15AND16EXPRESSTHEPROPERTYOFAFOURBARMECHANISM,WHERETHELINKSA2,A4MAYONLYOSCILLATETHECONDITIONU≤U≤U17PRESCRIBESTHELOWERANDUPPERBOUNDSOFTHEDESIGNVARIABLESTHEPROBLEM9–11ISNOTDIRECTLYSOLVABLEWITHTHEUSUALGRADIENTBASEDOPTIMIZATIONMETHODSTHISCOULDBECIRCUMVENTEDBYINTRODUCINGANARTIFICIALDESIGNVARIABLEUN1ASPROPOSEDBYHSIEHANDARORA1984THENEWFORMULATIONEXHIBITINGAMORECONVENIENTFORMMAYBEWRITTENASMINUN1,18SUBJECTTOGIU,V≤0,I1,2,,?,19FU,V?UN1≤0,20ANDRESPONSEEQUATIONSHJU,V0,J1,2,,M,21WHEREUU1UNUN1TANDVV1VMTANONLINEARPROGRAMMINGPROBLEMOFTHELEADINGFOURBARMECHANISMAEDBCANTHEREFOREBEDEFINEDASMINA7,22SUBJECTTOCONSTRAINTSA3A4?A1A2≤0,23A2A3?A1A4≤0,24A1≤A1≤A1,A2≤A2≤A2,A4≤A4≤A4,25G0Y?F0Y2?A7≤0,Y∈??Y,Y??,26ANDRESPONSEEQUATIONSX?A5COSΘ2Y?A5SINΘ2?A220,27X?A6COSΘΓ?A12Y?A6SINΘΓ2?A24028THISFORMULATIONENABLESTHEMINIMIZATIONOFTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHETRANSVERSALDISPLACEMENTOFTHEPOINTCANDTHEPRESCRIBEDTRAJECTORYKTHERESULTISTHEOPTIMALVALUESOFTHEPARAMETERSA1,A2,A4

簡介：AUTOMATICDEFLECTIONANDTEMPERATUREMONITORINGOFABALANCEDCANTILEVERCONCRETEBRIDGEBYOLIVIERBURDET,PHDSWISSFEDERALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,LAUSANNE,SWITZERLANDINSTITUTEOFREINFORCEDANDPRESTRESSEDCONCRETESUMMARYTHEREISANEEDFORRELIABLEMONITORINGSYSTEMSTOFOLLOWTHEEVOLUTIONOFTHEBEHAVIOROFSTRUCTURESOVERTIMEDEFLECTIONSANDROTATIONSAREVALUESTHATREFLECTTHEOVERALLSTRUCTUREBEHAVIORTHISPAPERPRESENTSANINNOVATIVEAPPROACHTOTHEMEASUREMENTOFLONGTERMDEFORMATIONSOFBRIDGESBYUSEOFINCLINOMETERSHIGHPRECISIONELECTRONICINCLINOMETERSCANBEUSEDTOFOLLOWEFFECTIVELYLONGTERMROTATIONSWITHOUTDISRUPTIONOFTHETRAFFICINADDITIONTOTHEIRACCURACY,THESEINSTRUMENTSHAVEPROVENTOBESUFFICIENTLYSTABLEOVERTIMEANDRELIABLEFORFIELDCONDITIONSTHEMENTUEBRIDGESARETWIN565MLONGBOXGIRDERPOSTTENSIONEDCONCRETEHIGHWAYBRIDGESUNDERCONSTRUCTIONINSWITZERLANDTHEBRIDGESAREBUILTBYTHEBALANCEDCANTILEVERMETHODOVERADEEPVALLEYTHEPIERSARE100MHIGHANDTHEMAINSPANIS150MACENTRALIZEDDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEMWASINSTALLEDINONEBRIDGEDURINGITSCONSTRUCTIONIN1997EVERYMINUTE,THESYSTEMRECORDSTHEROTATIONANDTEMPERATUREATANUMBEROFMEASURINGPOINTSTHESIMULTANEOUSMEASUREMENTOFROTATIONSANDCONCRETETEMPERATUREATSEVERALLOCATIONSGIVESACLEARIDEAOFTHEMOVEMENTSINDUCEDBYTHERMALCONDITIONSTHESYSTEMWILLBEUSEDINCOMBINATIONWITHAHYDROSTATICLEVELINGSETUPTOFOLLOWTHELONGTERMBEHAVIOROFTHEBRIDGEPRELIMINARYRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESYSTEMPERFORMSRELIABLYANDTHATTHEACCURACYOFTHESENSORSISEXCELLENTCOMPARISONOFTHEEVOLUTIONOFROTATIONSANDTEMPERATUREINDICATETHATTHESTRUCTURERESPONDSTOCHANGESINAIRTEMPERATURERATHERQUICKLYMEASUREMENTSEARLYINTHEMORNINGANDATTHESAMEPERIODEVERYYEAR,ITTOOKARELATIVELYLONGTIMEBEFOREITWASREALIZEDTHATTHERETROFITPERFORMEDONTHELUTRIVEBRIDGESIN1988BYADDITIONALPOSTTENSIONING3,7,11HADNOTHADTHESAMEEFFECTONBOTHOFTHEM180160140120100806040JUNE79JUNE82JUNE85JUNE88JUNE91JUNE94JUNE97VERTICALDISPLACEMENTSINCEJULY1973MMLAUSANNEVEVEYHINGE1HINGE220100MM1200240012001819MAY89HINGE1NORTHHINGE1SOUTHAEVOLUTIONOFDEFLECTIONSSINCE1973BDEFLECTIONSOVER24HOURSADDITIONALPOSTTENSIONINGFIGURE1LONGTERMDEFLECTIONSOFTHELUTRIVEBRIDGES,COMPAREDTODEFLECTIONSMEASUREDINA24HOURPERIODAUTOMATICDATAACQUISITION,ALLOWINGFREQUENTMEASUREMENTSTOBEPERFORMEDATANACCEPTABLECOST,ISTHUSHIGHLYDESIRABLEASTUDYOFPOSSIBLESOLUTIONSINCLUDINGLASERBASEDLEVELING,FIBEROPTICSSENSORSANDGPSPOSITIONINGWASPERFORMED,WITHTHECONCLUSIONTHAT,PROVIDEDTHATTHEIRLONGTERMSTABILITYCANBEDEMONSTRATED,CURRENTTYPESOFELECTRONICINCLINOMETERSARESUITABLEFORAUTOMATICMEASUREMENTSOFROTATIONSINEXISTINGBRIDGES83MENTUEBRIDGESTHEMENTUEBRIDGESARETWINBOXGIRDERBRIDGESTHATWILLCARRYTHEFUTUREA1MOTORWAYFROMLAUSANNETOBERNEACHBRIDGE,SIMILARINDESIGN,HASANOVERALLLENGTHOFAPPROXIMATELY565M,ANDAWIDTHOF1346M,DESIGNEDTO4LAUSANNEBERN565019302134391489411915695153210FIGURE2ELEVATIONOFTHEMENTUEBRIDGES

簡介：MECHANICALSYSTEMSANDSIGNALPROCESSINGMECHANICALSYSTEMSANDSIGNALPROCESSING202006953–960ACURRENTMONITORINGSYSTEMFORDIAGNOSINGELECTRICALFAILURESININDUCTIONMOTORSGGACOSTA?,CJVERUCCHI,ERGELSODEPARTMENTOFELECTROMECHANICS,FACULTADDEINGENIERI′A–UNCPBA,AVDELVALLE,5737,B7400JWIOLAVARRIA,BUENOSAIRES,GRUPOINTELYMEC,ARGENTINARECEIVED24APRIL2004RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM19AUGUST2004ACCEPTED3OCTOBER2004AVAILABLEONLINE23NOVEMBER2004ABSTRACTINDUCTIONMOTORSARECRITICALCOMPONENTSININDUSTRIALPROCESSESAMOTORFAILUREMAYYIELDANUNEXPECTEDINTERRUPTIONATTHEINDUSTRIALPLANT,WITHCONSEQUENCESINCOSTS,PRODUCTQUALITY,ANDSAFETYMANYOFTHESEFAULTYSITUATIONSINTHREEPHASEINDUCTIONMOTORSHAVEANELECTRICALREASONAMONGDIFFERENTDETECTIONAPPROACHESPROPOSEDINTHELITERATURE,THOSEBASEDONSTATORCURRENTMONITORINGAREADVANTAGEOUSDUETOITSNONINVASIVEPROPERTIESONEOFTHESETECHNIQUESRESORTSTOSPECTRUMANALYSISOFMACHINELINECURRENTANOTHERNONINVASIVETECHNIQUEISTHEEXTENDEDPARK’SVECTORAPPROACH,WHICHALLOWSTHEDETECTIONOFINTERTURNSHORTCIRCUITSINTHESTATORWINDINGTHISARTICLEPRESENTSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANONLINECURRENTMONITORINGSYSTEMTHATUSESBOTHTECHNIQUESFORFAULTDETECTIONANDDIAGNOSISINTHESTATORANDINTHEROTORBASEDONEXPERIMENTALOBSERVATIONSANDONTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEELECTRICALMACHINE,AKNOWLEDGEBASEDSYSTEMWASCONSTRUCTEDINORDERTOCARRYOUTTHEDIAGNOSISTASKFROMTHESEESTIMATEDDATAR2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSFAULTDIAGNOSISINDUCTIONMOTORCURRENTMONITORINGARTICLEINPRESSWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/JNLABR/YMSSP08883270/SEEFRONTMATTERR2004ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JYMSSP200410001?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL5422844510655FAX5422844506628EMAILADDRESSESGERARDOACOSTAIEEEORG,GGACOSTAFIOUNICENEDUARGGACOSTA,VERUCCHIFIOUNICENEDUARCJVERUCCHI,EGELSOFIOUNICENEDUARERGELSOISAPPROPRIATEFORTHESTATORWINDINGSMONITORING,ASITWILLBESHOWNTHEPROPOSEDCMSUSESANATIONALTMDATAACQUISITIONEQUIPMENTANDISPROGRAMMEDINLABVIEWTMFROMTHEACQUIREDCURRENTDATAANDTHEMOTORFEATURES,THECMSESTIMATESTHESLIPANDLOADPERCENTAGEBASEDONEXPERIMENTALOBSERVATIONSANDONTHEKNOWLEDGEOFTHEELECTRICALMACHINE,AKNOWLEDGEBASEDSYSTEMKBSWASCONSTRUCTEDINORDERTOCARRYOUTTHEDIAGNOSISTASKFROMTHESEESTIMATEDDATATHERESULTSOFEACHDIAGNOSISAREOUTCOMESINTHECMSSCREENINTHEFORMOFFAULTMODESINDEXIFNECESSARY,AWARNINGISGIVENTOPUTTHEMOTORUNDERNEWOBSERVATIONSIETOMEASURETHEROTORSPEEDORTOCHANGETHEMOTORLOAD,OREVENTOVERIFYTHEPOWERDISTRIBUTIONNETBALANCEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREPRESENTEDFROMANINDUCTIONMOTOROF380V,75HPAND1000RPM,ESPECIALLYDESIGNEDFORRUNNINGUNDERDIFFERENTFAILURECIRCUMSTANCESTHESERESULTSWITHAHIGHDEGREEOFCORRECTDIAGNOSISSHOWARIGHTDIRECTIONTOEXPLORE2FAULTDETECTIONFROMSTATORCURRENTS21MOTORCURRENTSIGNATUREANALYSISWHENTHEREAREBROKENOREVENFISSUREDBARS,THEROTOR’SIMPEDANCEEXHIBITSANUNBALANCETHEIMMEDIATECONSEQUENCEOFSUCHANUNBALANCEISTHEEXISTENCEOFINVERSESEQUENCECURRENTSTHESECURRENTSHAVEAFREQUENCYTHATISEQUALTOTHEPRODUCTOFTHESLIPSANDTHESUPPLYFREQUENCYFTHEYGENERATEAMAGNETICFIELDTHATTURNSCOUNTERMOTORROTATIONWISETHISMAGNETICFIELDISCALLEDINVERSEMAGNETICFIELDORIMFTHESPEEDOFTHISIMFISGIVENBYTHEEXPRESSION1ORI??SOS1WHEREORIISTHESPEEDOFIMF,STHESLIPANDOSTHEANGULARSUPPLYFREQUENCYIFTRANSLATEDTOSTATIONARYCOORDINATES,SUCHASPEEDMAYBEREWRITTENASOSI??SOSTOR?D1?2STOS2WHEREORISTHEROTORSPEEDTHEAMPLITUDEOFIMFDEPENDSONTWOFEATURESTHEFIRSTISTHEUNBALANCEDEGREEINTHEROTORCIRCUITNUMBEROFBROKENBARS,ANDTHESECONDISTHEVALUEOFTHECURRENTINTHEROTORBARSTHISLASTDEPENDSONTHEMOTOR’SLOADSTATEINTHISWAY,THEIMFORIGINATEDINTHEROTOR’SIMPEDANCEUNBALANCEPRODUCEHARMONICCURRENTSOFFREQUENCYD122STFINTHESTATORWINDINGSTHESECURRENTSINTERACTWITHTHEMAINMAGNETICFIELDANDSETATORQUEOVERTHEROTOR,WHICHOSCILLATESWITHAFREQUENCYOF2SF18THISPULSATINGTORQUEPROVOKESANOSCILLATIONALSOINTHEROTORSPEEDTHEAMPLITUDEOFTHISOSCILLATIONISAFUNCTIONOFTHEMOTOR’SLOADINERTIAASAREACTIONOFSUCHSPEEDPERTURBATION,NEWCURRENTSARISEINTHESTATORATAFREQUENCY172SFTHENEWCURRENTCOMPONENTATFREQUENCY1–2SFISSUPERIMPOSEDWITHTHEORIGINAL,ANDTHENMODIFIESITSAMPLITUDEINTHISWAY,ITISCONCLUDEDTHATROTORFAULTSINANINDUCTIONMOTOR,CANBEDETERMINEDFROMTHEOBSERVATIONOFTHESIDEBANDSINTHESTATORCURRENTSPECTRUM,INTHENEIGHBOURHOODOFBOTHFREQUENCIESGIVENBYFSB?D1?2STF3ANEXAMPLEOFTHECURRENTSPECTRUMOFAMOTORWITHTHISFAULTISSHOWNINFIG1ARTICLEINPRESSGGACOSTAETAL/MECHANICALSYSTEMSANDSIGNALPROCESSING202006953–960955

簡介：NEURALNETWORKSANDGENETICALGORITHMAPPROACHESTOAUTODESIGNOFFUZZYSYSTEMSHIDEYUKITAKAGI1ANDMICHAELLEECOMPUTERSCIENCEDIVISION,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,CA94720TAKAGICSBERKELEYEDU,LEECNMATCNMATBERKELEYEDU,FAX5106425775ABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSNEURALNETWORKANDGENETICALGORITHMAPPROACHESTOFUZZYSYSTEMDESIGN,WHICHAIMSTOSHORTENDEVELOPMENTTIMEANDINCREASESYSTEMPERFORMANCEANAPPROACHTHATUSESNEURALNETWORKTOREPRESENTMULTIDIMENSIONALNONLINEARMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSANDANAPPROACHTOTUNEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONPARAMETERSAREGIVENAGENETICALGORITHMAPPROACHTHATINTEGRATESANDAUTOMATESTHREEFUZZYSYSTEMDESIGNSTAGESISALSOPROPOSED1INTRODUCTIONFUZZYSYSTEMSAREFREQUENTLYDESIGNEDBYHANDTHISPOSESTWOPROBLEMSABECAUSEHANDDESIGNISTIMECONSUMING,DEVELOPMENTCOSTSCANBEVERYHIGHBTHEREISNOGUARANTEEOFOBTAININGANOPTIMALSOLUTIONTOSHORTENTHEDEVELOPMENTTIMEANDINCREASEPERFORMANCEOFFUZZYSYSTEMS,THEREARETWOSEPARATEAPPROACHESDEVELOPSUPPORTTOOLSANDAUTOMATICDESIGNMETHODSTHEFORMERINCLUDESDEVELOPINGENVIRONMENTSTOASSISTINFUZZYSYSTEMDESIGNMANYENVIRONMENTSAREALREADYCOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLETHELATTERAPPROACHINVOLVESINTRODUCINGTECHNIQUESTOAUTOMATETHEDESIGNPROCESSTHOUGHAUTOMATICDESIGNDOESNOTGUARANTEEDELIVERYOFOPTIMALSOLUTIONS,THEYAREPREFERABLETOMANUALTECHNIQUES,BECAUSEDESIGNISGUIDEDTOWARDSANDANOPTIMALSOLUTIONBYCERTAINCRITERIATHEREARETHREEMAJORDESIGNDECISIONSTOMAKEWHENDESIGNINGFUZZYSYSTEMS1DECIDINGTHENUMBEROFFUZZYRULES,2DECIDINGTHESHAPEOFTHEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONS,3DECIDINGTHECONSEQUENTPARAMETERSFURTHERMORE,TWOOTHERDECISIONSMUSTBEMADE4DECIDINGTHENUMBEROFINPUTVARIABLES,5DECIDINGTHEREASONINGMETHOD1AND2CORRESPONDTODECIDINGHOWTOCOVERTHEINPUTSPACETHEYAREHIGHLYDEPENDENTONEACHOTHER3CORRESPONDSTODETERMININGTHECOEFFICIENTSOFTHELINEAREQUATIONINTHECASEOFTHETSKTAKAGISUGENOKANGMODEL1,0THISRESEARCHISSUPPORTEDINPARTBYNASAGRANTNCC2275,MICROSTATEPROGRAMAWARDNO90191,ANDEPRIAGREEMENTRP801034WEWOULDLIKETOTHANKPROFDAVIDWESSELANDTHECENTERFORNEWMUSICANDAUDIOTECHNOLOGIESATUCBERKELEYFORUSEOFCOMPUTINGRESOURCES1THEAUTHORISAVISITINGINDUSTRIALFELLOWATUCBERKELEYANDASENIORRESEARCHEROFCENTRALRESEARCHLABORATORIES,MATSUSHITAELECTRICINDUSTRIALCO,LTD70APROBLEMWHENTHEINPUTVARIABLESAREDEPENDENTFOREXAMPLE,CONSIDERANAIRCONDITIONERCONTROLLEDBYAFUZZYSYSTEMTHATUSESTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYASINPUTSINCONVENTIONALDESIGNMETHODSOFFUZZYSYSTEMS,THEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSOFTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYAREDESIGNEDINDEPENDENTLYTHERESULTINGFUZZYPARTITIONINGOFTHEINPUTSPACERESEMBLESFIGURELAHOWEVER,WHENTHEINPUTVARIABLESAREDEPENDENT,SUCHASTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITY,FUZZYPARTITIONINGSUCHASFIGURELBISMOREAPPROPRIATEITISVERYHARDTOCONSTRUCTSUCHANONLINEARPARTITIONINGFROMONEDIMENSIONALMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSSINCENNDRIVENFUZZYREASONINGCONSTRUCTSNONLINEARMULTIDIMENSIONALMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSDIRECTLY,ITISPOSSIBLETOMAKETHEPARTITIONINGSOFFIGURELBTHEDESIGNSTEPSOFNNDRIVENFUZZYREASONINGHADTHREESTEPSCLUSTERINGTHEGIVENTRAININGDATA,FUZZYPARTITIONINGTHEINPUTSPACEBYNEURALNETWORKS,ANDDESIGNINGTHECONSEQUENTPARTOFEACHPARTITIONEDSPACETHEFIRSTSTEPISTOCLUSTERTHETRAININGDATAANDDECIDETHENUMBEROFRULESPRIORTOTHISSTEP,IRRELEVANTINPUTVARIABLESHAVEALREADYBEENELIMINATEDUSINGTHEBACKWARDELIMINATIONORINFORMATIONCRITERIAMETHODSTHEBACKWARDELIMINATIONMETHODARBITRARILYELIMINATESONEOFTHENINPUTVARIABLESANDTRAINSTHENEURALNETWORKSWITHN1INPUTVARIABLESTHEPERFORMANCEOFNEURALNETWORKSWITHNANDN1ISTHENCOMPAREDIFTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEN1INPUTNETWORKSISSIMILARORBETTERTHANTHENINPUTNETWORKS,THENTHEELIMINATEDINPUTVARIABLEISCONSIDEREDIRRELEVANTNEXTTHETRAININGDATAISCLUSTEREDANDTHEDISTRIBUTIONTHEDATAISOBTAINEDTHENUMBEROFCLUSTERSISTHENUMBEROFRULESTHESECONDSTEPISTODECIDETHECLUSTERBOUNDARIESFROMTHECLUSTERINFORMATIONOBTAINEDINSTEP1THEINPUTSPACEISPARTITIONEDANDTHEMULTIDIMENSIONALINPUTMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSAREDECIDEDSUPERVISEDDATAISPROVIDEDBYTHEMEMBERSHIPGRADEOFINPUTDATATOTHECLUSTERTHATISOBTAINEDINSTEP1FIRSTANEURALNETWORKWITHNINPUTSANDCOUTPUTS,WHERENISTHENUMBEROFRELEVANTINPUTVARIABLESANDCISTHENUMBEROFCLUSTERSDETERMINEDINSTEP1,ISPREPAREDTRAININGDATAFORTHISNETWORK,NNME,NINFIGURE2,ISGENERATEDBYFROMTHECLUSTERINGINFORMATIONGIVENBYSTEP1GENERALLY,EACHINPUTVECTORISASSIGNEDTOONEOFTHECLUSTERSTHECLUSTERASSIGNMENTISCOMBINEDWITHTHEINPUTVECTORTOFORMATRAININGPATTERNFOREXAMPLE,INTHECASEOFFOURCLUSTERSANDANINPUTVECTORWHICHBELONGSTOCLUSTER2,THESUPERVISEDPORTIONOFTHETRAININGPATTERNWILLBE0,1,0,0INSOMECASES,THEUSERMAYINTERVENEANDMANUALLYCONSTRUCTTHESUPERVISEDPORTIONIFS/HEBELIEVESANINPUTDATAPOINTSHOUTDBECLASSIFIEDDIFFERENTLYTHANGIVENBYTHECLUSTERINGFOREXAMPLE,IFTHEUSERBELIEVESTHATADATAPOINTBELONGSEQUALLYTOCLASSONEANDTWO,ANAPPROPRIATESUPERVISEDOUTPUTPATTERNMIGHTBE05,05,0,0AFTERTRAININGTHISNEURALNETWORKONTHISTRAININGDATA,THENEURALNETWORKCOMPUTESTHEDEGREESTOWHICHAGIVENINPUTVECTORBELONGSTOEACHCLUSTERTHEREFORE,WEASSUMETHATTHISNEURALNETWORKACQUIRESTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSFORALLRULESBYLEARNINGANDCANGENERATETHEMEMBERSHIPVALUETHATCORRESPONDSTOANYARBITRARYINPUTVECTORTHEFUZZYSYSTEMS,WHICHUSESANEURALNETWORKASTHEMEMBERSHIPGENERATORISTHENNDRIVENFUZZYREASONINGTHETHIRDSTEPISTHEDESIGNOFTHECONSEQUENTPARTSSINCEWEKNOWWHICHCLUSTERTOASSIGNANINPUTDATATO,WECANTRAINTHECONSEQUENTPARTSUSINGTHE

簡介：大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（英文翻譯）原文題目原文題目AUTOMATICPANORAMICIMAGESTITCHINGUSINGINVARIANTFEATURES譯文題目譯文題目使用不變特征的全景圖像自動(dòng)拼接學(xué)院院電子與信息工程學(xué)院專業(yè)姓名名學(xué)號號本文其余部分的結(jié)構(gòu)如下。第二部分說明所研究問題的幾何學(xué)和我們選擇不變特征的原因。第三部分介紹了圖像匹配方法（RANSAC）和驗(yàn)證圖像匹配的概率模型。第四部分中，我們描述了圖像對準(zhǔn)算法（捆綁調(diào)整），即共同優(yōu)化每個(gè)攝像頭的參數(shù)。五到七部分描述了處理過程，包括自動(dòng)校直、增益補(bǔ)償和多波段融合。第九部分中，我們給出了結(jié)論和對未來工作的展望。2特征匹配特征匹配全景識別算法的第一步是在所有圖像之間提取和匹配SIFT特征檢測點(diǎn)。SIFT特征檢測子位于不同尺度空間高斯插值函數(shù)的極值點(diǎn)處，對每一個(gè)特征點(diǎn)，特征尺度和方向被確定，這為測量提供了一個(gè)相似不變的結(jié)構(gòu)。盡管在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中簡單的采樣強(qiáng)度值是相似不變的，但是不變描述子實(shí)際上是通過對方向直方圖的局部梯度值進(jìn)行累積計(jì)算得到的，這樣就允許邊緣有輕微的移動(dòng)而不會改變描述子的矢量，對仿射變換提供了一定的魯棒性。空間累積計(jì)算對平移不變性同樣重要，因?yàn)楦信d趣點(diǎn)位置通常僅在03個(gè)像素的范圍內(nèi)是精確的。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)亮度不變性可以使用梯度（消除偏差）和對描述子矢量歸一化（消除增益）。由于SIFT特征在旋轉(zhuǎn)和尺度變化時(shí)是不變的，我們可以處理具有變化的方向和大小的圖像（見圖8）。值得注意的是，這是傳統(tǒng)的特征匹配技術(shù)不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的，例如HARRIS角點(diǎn)圖像修補(bǔ)的相關(guān)性。傳統(tǒng)的相關(guān)性在圖像旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)是變化的，HARRIS角點(diǎn)在改變圖像尺度時(shí)也是變化的。假設(shè)相機(jī)繞光學(xué)中心旋轉(zhuǎn)，圖像的變換群是一個(gè)對應(yīng)矩陣的特殊群。由一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)矢量和焦距將每個(gè)攝像頭參數(shù)化，就給出了成對的對應(yīng)矩陣??321????，，?F，其中JIJIUHU?（1）1??JTJIIIJKRRKH并且是均勻的圖像坐標(biāo)（，其中是二維的圖像坐標(biāo)）。4參數(shù)的相機(jī)JIUU,??1,IIIUSU?IU模型定義為（2）???????????1000000IIIFFK對旋轉(zhuǎn)使用指數(shù)表示（3）??,??IERI??????????????????000121323IIIIIII???????在這個(gè)變換群中，理想條件下將會使用不變的圖像特征。可是，在圖像坐標(biāo)中對于小的變換表示如下

簡介：AUTOMATICFIREA1ARMSYSTEMBASEDONMCUZHANGKUN,HUSHUNBINCOLLEGEOFMECHANICALANDELECTRICALENGINEERINGAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITYOFHEBEIBAODING,071001,CHINAEMAILADDRESSZHANGKUN19850218163COMLIJINFANGBAODINGBAOLINGTRANSFORMERCOLTDTIANWEIGROUPBAODING,071056,CHINAEMAILADDRESSFANGZILI126COMABSTRACTTHEPAPERINTRODUCEDANAUTOMATICWAREHOUSEFIREA1ARMSYSTEMBASEDONMCUTHESYSTEMWASMAINLYMADEUPOFATMEGA16,TEMPERATURESENSORS,SMOKESENSORS,ANDEX1AUTODIALEDALARMMODULEINTHESYSTEM,TEMPERATURESIGNALSWERETRANSFORMEDTOSERIALDATA,ANDSMOKESIGNALSWERETRANSFORMEDTOVOLTAGESIGNALSALLTHEDATAWEREPROCESSEDBYMCUWHENTHESURVEILLANCESYSTEMCHECKEDFIREINWAREHOUSE,ALARMSIGNALWASTURNON,MEANWHILETHEMESSAGESWERETRANSMITTEDTOMANAGERSTHROUGHEX1APPLICATIONOFTHESYSTEMWASCONVENIENTTODEALWITHFIREINTIME,EFFICIENTLYBYWAREHOUSEMANAGERKEYWORDSFIREA1ARMSYSTEMATMEGA16TEMPERATURETRANSDUCERSMOKESENSORIINTRODUCTIONAUTOMATICFIREALARMCONTROLSYSTEMHASEXPERIENCEDAPROCESSFROMTHESIMPLETOTHECOMPLEXANDINTELLIGENCESYSTEMINCREASINGLYINCHINATHECHARACTERISTICISAUTOMATICFIREDETECTIONANDALARMTECHNOLOGYHASAGREATPROGRESSALONGWITHCOMPUTINGANDDETECTIONTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTATPRESENT,AUTOMATICFIREALARMCONTROLSYSTEMWASUSEDINBULKSTORAGEPLANT,SHOPPINGMALLS,HIGHLEVELOFFICEBUILDINGS,HOTELSANDOTHERPLACESTHEYWEREUSEDINANUMBEROFCOLLECTIONSFOCUSEDONONEAREAOFINTELLIGENTALARMCONTROLMETHODWITHHIGHERLEVELSOFBUSTYPEALARMCONTROLSYSTEM,ANDINSOMERESIDENTIALAREASANDCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSWEREINSTALLEDBYASINGLEAUTOMATICFIREALARMDETECTIONDEVICETHESEALARMDETECTIONDEVICESFAILTOREPORTSOMETIMES,ORMISINFORMATIONITSRELIABILITYISNOTHIGHBECAUSEOFUSINGSINGLESENSORTHEREFORE,ITISNEEDEDTODEVELOPASIMPLESTRUCTURE,LOWCOST,HIGHRELIABILITY,FASTRESPONDING,AUTOMATICFIREDETECTIONSYSTEMIIGENERALPROJECTOFTHESYSTEMTHEHARDWAREBLOCKDIAGRAMSHOWNINFIGURE1,HARDWAREBYTEMPERATURESENSORS,SMOKESENSORS,SIGNALPROCESSINGMODULE,MCUMODULESANDAUTOMATICALARMMODULENONELECTRICALQUANTITYTHATISTHROUGHTHESENSINGELEMENTSENSORSSMOKESENSORSANDTEMPERATURESENSORSWILLBEONSITETEMPERATURE,SMOKEANDOTHERNONELECTRICALSIGNALINTOANELECTRICALSIGNAL,ASWELLASSIGNALSFORSIGNALPROCESSINGTOCONVERTANALOGQUANTITYTODIGITALQUANTITYFINALLY,THESAMPLEDDATAWEREPROCESSEDANDCOMPAREDWITHTHELIMITSBYMCUSYSTEMTHISSYSTEMCANPRODUCELOCALANDREMOTEAUTOALARMSIGNALSFIGURE1SYSTEMHARDWAREDIAGRAMIIITHEHARDWARECOMPONENTSAATMEGA16THESYSTEMUSEDBYTHEUSATMEL’SMICROCONTROLLERATMEGA16MICROCONTROLLERATMEGA16ISBASEDONTHEAVRRISCARCHITECTURETOENHANCELOWPOWER8BITCMOSMICROCONTROLLERBECAUSEOFITSADVANCEDINSTRUCTIONSETANDASINGLECLOCKCYCLEINSTRUCTIONEXECUTIONTIME,ATMEGA16DATATHROUGHPUTOFUPTO1MIPS/MHZTHEREBYMITIGATETHESYSTEMINTHEPOWERANDTHECONTRADICTIONBETWEENTHEPROCESSINGRATEATMEGA16HASTHEFOLLOWINGCHARACTERISTICS16KBYTESINSYSTEMPROGRAMMABLEFLASHWITHTHEABILITYTOREADANDWRITEATTHESAMETIME,THATIS,RWW,512BYTESEEPROM,1KBYTESSRAM,32GENERALPURPOSEI/OPORTLINES,32GENERALPURPOSEWORKINGREGISTERS,FORTHEJTAGBOUNDARYSCANINTERFACE,SUPPORTTHEONCHIPDEBUGGINGANDPROGRAMMING,3HASAMOREFLEXIBLEMODEOFTIMER/COUNTERT/C,CHIPINTERNAL/EXTERNALINTERRUPTS,PROGRAMMABLESERIALUSART,THEREAREINITIALCONDITIONSDETECTORUNIVERSALSERIALINTERFACE,8CHANNEL10BITWITHOPTIONALDIFFERENTIALINPUTSTAGEPROGRAMMABLEGAINTQFPPACKAGEOFTHEADC,WITHONCHIPOSCILLATOROFPROGRAMMABLEWATCHDOGTIMER,ANSPISERIALPORT,ASWELLASSIXCANBESELECTEDBYSOFTWAREPOWERSAVINGMODETEMPERATURETRANSDUCERIONIZATIONSMOKEDETECTORSCMAUTOALARMMODULETELEPHONEINTERFACEPD0SIGNALPROCESSINGPD12010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONELECTRICALANDCONTROLENGINEERING9780769540313/102600?2010IEEEDOI101109/ICECE20101335172010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONELECTRICALANDCONTROLENGINEERING9780769540313/102600?2010IEEEDOI101109/ICECE2010133517BUZZERSOUNDEDAPIERCINGSOUNDOFANAUDIOALARMWHENTHEDEPARTMENTHASAFIREALARMSIGNALBASEDFIGURE3SMOKEDETECTIONCIRCUITDAUTODIALALARMMODULEDIALUPALARMMODULECHOICESARETHEEX1DIALUPMODULEISADTMFSIGNALRECEIVING,STORING,ANDSENDINGASINTEGRATIONCOMMUNICATIONSCIRCUITSMODULEBUILTINMICROCONTROLLERANDDIALUPMANAGEMENTPROCESSCANPROVIDEUSERSWITHAVARIETYOFSIGNALINPUTANDOUTPUTPORTS,INSECURITYALARM,SIGNALACQUISITION,AUTOMATICCONTROL,REMOTECOMMUNICATIONANDINFORMATIONTRANSMISSIONAREASSUCHASFLEXIBLEAPPLICATION5GROUPSCANHAVECELLPHONEORGROUPOFSEVENLOCALTELEPHONENUMBERSARESTORED,POWERDOWNISNOTLOSTTELEPHONELINESTATUSDETECTION,AUTOMATICFAULTSIGNALOUTPUTTELEPHONE/EXTERNALSWITCHINGTWOKINDSOFDIALUPSTATECONTROLTRIGGERTIME,NINETIMESLOOPDIALPRESETNUMBERSTOWORKINDEPENDENTLY,INDEPENDENTDIALUP,DONOTRELYONTELEPHONEANDOTHEREXTERNALDEVICESEX1WIRINGDIAGRAMSHOWNINFIGURE4,THEPD4PINTOCONNECTTHEMAINCHIPHTO,THEMODULEBEGANTODIALALARMWHENPD4OUTPUTHIGHLEVELSIGNAL,PD5CONNECTIONON/OFFPININPUTISHIGHLEVELSIGNALTOOPENTHEDIALUPSETTINGS,THEINPUTDOESNOTWORKWHENTHISPINBECOMELOW,ERRPINCONNECTEDTOPD6PINOFMCU,PD6OUTPUT1BEGUNTOTESTWHETHERTHETELEPHONELINEFAILURE,READYPINCONNECTMCUPD7PINDETECTIONANDALARMISCOMPLETED,THEALARMISENDWHENPD7PINISHIGHFIGURE4EX1WIRINGDIAGRAMIVSOFTWAREDESIGNFIGURE5THEMAINPROGRAMFLOWCHARTBECAUSEINTHEEARLYSTAGESOFFIRESANDTHESMOLDERINGPHASEWILLPRODUCEALARGENUMBEROFAEROSOLPARTICLESANDSTARTATMEGA16INITIALIZEWHETHERTHEREARESMOKESIGNALSYR01COLLECTIONTEMPERATURESIGNALWHETHERTHEALARMVALUEYR11NDIALUPALARMREADY1YN519519

簡介：ELECTRICANDMECHANICALBRAKECOOPERATIVECONTROLMETHODFORFRIDEVSUNDERVARIOUSSEVEREROADCONDITIONSNOBUYOSHIMUTOH,HIROYUKIAKASHIGRADUATESCHOOL,TOKYOMETROPOLITANUNIVERSITYNMUTOHSDTMUACJPABSTRACTTHISPAPERDESCRIBESANELECTRICANDMECHANICALBRAKECOOPERATIVECONTROLMETHODSUITABLEFORFRONTANDREARWHEELINDEPENDENTDRIVETYPEELECTRICVEHICLESFRIDEVSFORVARIOUSSEVEREROADCONDITIONSWITHLOWFRICTIONCOEFFICIENT?LIKEICYROADSANDSPLIT?ROADSTHEBRAKECOOPERATIVECONTROLMETHODISPROPOSEDBASEDONTHEANALYSISRESULTSOFVEHICLEBEHAVIORATTHETIMEOFBRAKINGONSPLIT?ROADSWHICHISTHEMOSTDANGEROUSOPERATIONINTHEPROPOSEDCONTROLMETHOD,BRAKEFORCEISCONTROLLEDSOASTOSUPPRESSTHEIMBALANCEDTORQUEOFLATERALFORCEOCCURRINGBETWEENLEFTANDRIGHTWHEELSOTHERTHANTHELATERALFORCEREQUIREDFORREVOLUTIONTHISCONTROLISDONECONSIDERINGTHEBIGDIFFERENCEINTHERESPONSESPEEDBETWEENTHEELECTRICALANDMECHANICALBRAKESHERE,ITISCONFIRMEDTHROUGHSIMULATIONSANDEXPERIMENTSTHATSTABLEBRAKEPERFORMANCEISOBTAINEDWITHTHEPROPOSEDBRAKECOOPERATIVECONTROLMETHODWHICHPROPERLYUSESAMECHANICALBRAKEANDELECTRICALBRAKEACCORDINGTOTHESLIPRATIOVALUEUNDERVARIOUSSEVEREROADENVIRONMENTSINTRODUCTIONNOW,INORDERTOEFFECTIVELYDEALWITHTHETWOISSUESOFTHEENVIRONMENTANDENERGYCONSERVATION,USAGEOFELECTRICVEHICLESEVSISBEINGWIDELYSTUDIEDNOTONLYASAMEANSOFTRANSPORTBUTALSOASAMICROGRID1,2INORDERTOPROMOTEEVSASVEHICLES,THEYMUSTOFFERCOMPATIBILITYBETWEENSAFETYANDGOODRUNNINGPERFORMANCE,ASWELLASHAVEGOODECONOMICALEFFICIENCYCURRENTEVSHAVEBEENMAINLYDEVELOPED,PUTTINGEMPHASISONECONOMICALEFFICIENCYBASEDONTHEFAILSAFECONCEPT,FAULTTOLERANTCONTROL36HASBEENSTUDIEDTHATALLOWSEVSTOCONTINUERUNNINGWITHADEGRADEDFUNCTIONAFTERFAILUREHOWEVER,FROMTHEVIEWPOINTOFVEHICLESAFETYWHICHSHOULDAVOIDACOLLISIONATTHETIMEOFFAILURE,MORESTUDIESONEVSHAVINGTHEFAILSAFEDRIVESTRUCTUREWHICHCANRUNCONTINUOUSLYWITHOUTDEGRADINGTHEFUNCTIONASVEHICLESAFTERSHOULDBECARRIEDOUTUPTONOW,ASEVSWITHREDUNDANTDRIVESTRUCTURES,THETWOWHEELINWHEELDRIVETYPEEVANDTHEFOURINWHEELDRIVETYPEEVHAVEBEENSTUDIEDWITHTHEAIMOFIMPROVINGVEHICLECONTROLANDPACKAGINGINVESTIGATEDFROMTHEVIEWPOINTOFVEHICLESAFETYHOWEVER,THEYHAVEVARIOUSPROBLEMS,ESPECIALLYTHEPROBLEMOFSPIN,CENTERINGONTHEFAILEDWHEEL79THEN,FRONTANDREARWHEELINDEPENDENTDRIVETYPEELECTRICVEHICLESFRIDEVS10FIG1HAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTHROUGHVARIOUSANALYSISOFTHEDRIVESTRUCTUREOFTHECURRENTEVSFROMTHEVIEWPOINTOFTHECOMPATIBILITYWITHTHESAFETYANDRUNNINGPERFORMANCETHEDEVELOPEDFRIDEVHASOUTSTANDINGFUNCTIONASAVEHICLEIE,THEFUNCTIONTOIMPROVETHEACCELERATIONANDDECELERATIONPERFORMANCEBYCOMPENSATINGFORLOADMOVEMENT1113ANDTHEFAILSAFEFUNCTIONTOAVOIDAREARENDCOLLISIONBYCOMPENSATINGFORTHELOSTTORQUEWITHTHEHEALTHYDRIVESYSTEMATTHETIMEOFFAILURE79THESEOUTSTANDINGDRIVEPERFORMANCEFUNCTIONS,WHICHTHEFRIDEVHAS,HAVEBEENCLARIFIEDSTEPBYSTEPTHROUGHTESTSONANOFFICIALTESTCOURSEUSINGAPROTOTYPEFRIDEVWITHPRACTICALSPECIFICATIONS1213NOW,THEBRAKECONTROLMETHODWHICHISVERYIMPORTANTFORVEHICLESISBEINGSTUDIEDUNDERVARIOUSROADCONDITIONS14,ESPECIALLYTHELOW?ROADCONDITIONFORWHICHSAFEBRAKINGOPERATIONISDIFFICULTFIG2SHOWSTHEOPERATIONDOMAINEFFECTIVEINTHECURRENTANTILOCKBRAKESYSTEMABS15THECURRENTABSHASAPROBLEMTHATITDOESNOTOPERATEINTHEDOMAINWHEREBRAKETREADINGSTRENGTHISSMALLTHISMEANSVUWIUIVIWBATTERYVUWIUIVIWSPLITTERMODEDISCRIMINATIONMMSXAXBMMVEHICLECONTROLLERFIG1FRIDEVWITHADRIVESTRUCTURETHATISCOMPATIBLEINTHESAFETYANDRUNNINGPERFORMANCEFIG2OPERATIONDOMAINEFFECTIVEINTHECURRENTANTILOCKBRAKESYSTEMABS9781612849720/11/2600?2011IEEE4570ISCRUCIALTOPREVENTOCCURRENCEOFTHEIMBALANCEDLATERALFORCEPRODUCEDBETWEENTHELEFTANDRIGHTWHEELSOFTHEFRONTANDREARSIDESTHISFACTCANBEPROVEDFROMTHESIMULATIONRESULTSWHENTHEBRAKEFORCEWHICHCAUSESSEVERELOSSOFBALANCEBETWEENEACHWHEELISAPPLIEDTOTHEFOURWHEELS2WHENTHEBRAKETORQUEISAPPLIEDTOONEOFFOURWHEELSASANEXAMPLEOFAPPLYINGTHEBRAKEFORCEWHICHCAUSESASEVEREIMBALANCETOTHEFOURWHEELS,THECASEWHEREBRAKEFORCEISAPPLIEDONLYTOTHERIGHTREARWHEELISEXAMINEDHEREFIGS6ACAFTERSTEPPINGONTHEBRAKEPEDALATTIMET1,THENEGATIVEROTATIONMOMENTJGENERATEDACCORDINGTOTHEFRONTANDREARLATERALFORCESWHOSEDIRECTIONSDIFFERWITHEACHOTHERMAKESTHEBODYROTATECLOCKWISEAFTERENTERINGTHESPLIT?ROADATTIMET2,THEIMBALANCEDLATERALFORCEISMAINTAINEDONBOTHSIDESOFTHEFRONTANDREARWHEELS,ANDTHENEGATIVEROTATIONMOMENTCONTINUESASARESULT,ANEGATIVEYAWRATEROTATINGCLOCKWISECONTINUESTOBEGENERATED,ANDTHENTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEVEHICLEBODYCHANGESTOTHERIGHTFIG6BEVENTUALLY,SWERVINGFROMTHERUNNINGLANEISEXPECTEDSEEFIG7BTHEREFORE,INORDERTOSTABILIZEBEHAVIORSOFVEHICLESATTHETIMEOFBRAKING,ITISCRUCIALFORVEHICLESTOPREVENTUNNECESSARYIMBALANCEDLATERALFORCEFROMBEINGGENERATEDBETWEENTHELEFTANDRIGHTWHEELS3ANALYZEDTRANSIENTBEHAVIORATTHETIMEOFBRAKINGTHEANALYZEDTRANSIENTBEHAVIORSOFTHEVEHICLESOCCURRINGWHENBRAKEFORCEISAPPLIEDATOTHERCONDITIONSINCLUDINGTHETWOABOVEMENTIONEDEXAMPLESARESUMMARIZEDINFIG7THESPEED30KM/HENTERINGTHESPLIT?ROADWITH?OF01AND03ISTHESAMETHEVEHICLETRAJECTORIESFROMENTERINGTHESPLIT?ROADUNTILSTOPPINGARESHOWNWHENAPPLYINGTHEBRAKEFORCETOONLYTHEREARRIGHTWHEELFIG7B,THEVEHICLEPATHSWERVESMOSTFROMTHEENTRYPOINTTHESECONDEXAMPLEINWHICHTHEPATHSWERVINGISLARGEISFIG7DWHEREBRAKEFORCEISAPPLIEDTOTHEFRONTLEFTWHEELANDTHEREARRIGHTWHEELTHESWERVINGISTHESMALLESTWHENAPPLYINGBRAKEFORCETOALLFOURWHEELSFIG7AANDSTOPPINGTIMEISALSOTHESHORTESTACCORDINGLY,THEANALYZEDRESULTSSHOWTHATTHETECHNIQUEOFAPPLYINGBRAKEFORCETOTHEFOURWHEELSWHILEPREVENTINGGENERATIONOFTHEUNNECESSARYIMBALANCEDLATERALFORCEBETWEENTHELEFTANDRIGHTWHEELSISEFFECTIVECVEHICLETRANSIENTCAUSEDBYBRAKINGONADOWNWARDSLOPECURVEDROADFINALLY,ASTHEMOSTDANGEROUSCASE,ANALYZEDRESULTSONTHESPLIT?ROADOFTHECURVEDDOWNWARDSLOPEARESHOWNINFIG8WHENBRAKEFORCEISAPPLIEDTOTHEFOURWHEELSATT2AFTERTHEFRONTWHEELSENTEREDTHESPLIT?ROADWITHLOW?OF01AND03ATASPEEDOF20KM/H,THEFRONTWHEELSCOMPLETELYLOCKATT3ASARESULT,ATT4,THEVEHICLEHASSTOPPED,BUTITISROTATEDABOUT90DEGREESTOTHERIGHTDIRECTIONOFMOVEMENTITISCONFIRMEDTHATTHEBRAKINGOPERATIONSUNDERROADCONDITIONSLIKETHISRESULTINADANGEROUSSITUATIONTHEN,INTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONTHEBRAKECONTROLMETHODISSTUDIEDWHICHCANSTABLYSTOPEFFECTIVELYALSOUNDERSUCHASEVEREROADENVIRONMENTTHEVALIDITYOFTHEPROPOSEDBRAKECONTROLISVERIFIEDMAINLYTHROUGHSIMULATIONSFIG7TRANSIENTBEHAVIOROFEVSWHENBRAKEFORCEISAPPLIEDTOEACHWHEELATRANSIENTCHARACTERISTICSAFTERBRAKINGBVEHICLETRAJECTORYCTRANSIENTCHARACTERISTICSIMMEDIATELYAFTERENTERINGSPLIT?ROADDVEHICLEDYNAMICSFIG6VEHICLEDYNAMICSWHENTHEBRAKETORQUEISAPPLIEDTOONEOFFOURWHEELS0123456789101112131415010012345678910111213141510000100001234567891011121314158004000012345678910111213141500510012345678910111213141501530SPEEDKM/HSLIPRATIOMECHANICALBRAKENWHEELSPEEDVEHICLESPEEDTIMESYAWDEG/SLATERALFORCENT2T1T3T4FLRLFRRRFLRLFRRRFLFRRLRRATRANSIENTCHARACTERISTICSAFTERBRAKINGBVEHICLETRAJECTORYACCORDINGTOFIGAFIG8VEHICLEDYNAMICSOCCURRINGWHENBRAKEFORCEISAPPLIEDTOALLFOURWHEELSONTHECURVEDROADWITHTHEDOWNWARDSLOPESPLIT?SURFACE0051152253354400300200100010000511522533544002000200400BRAKESTARTTIMEST1SPLITROADT2T3T4T5FRONTREARAFOURWHEELSBRIGHTREARWHEELSCTWOREARWHEELSDLEFTFRONTWHEELANDRIGHTREARWHEELS4572

簡介：CHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICSCHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICS212008247251WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/CJAHEADPURSUITVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWFORTHREEDIMENSIONALSPACEINTERCEPTIONGELIANZHENG,SHENYI,GAOYUNFENG,ZHAOLIJUNDEPARTMENTOFCONTROLSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,HARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,HARBIN150001,CHINARECEIVED21SEPTEMBER2007ACCEPTED25DECEMBER2007ABSTRACTTHISARTICLEAIMSTODEVELOPAHEADPURSUITHPGUIDANCELAWFORTHREEDIMENSIONALHYPERVELOCITYINTERCEPTION,SOTHATTHEEFFECTOFTHEPERTURBATIONINDUCEDBYSEEKERDETECTIONCANBEREDUCEDONTHEBASISOFANOVELHPTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODEL,ANONLINEARVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWISPRESENTEDBYUSINGLYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYTHEGUIDANCELAWPOSITIONSTHEINTERCEPTORAHEADOFTHETARGETONITSFLIGHTTRAJECTORY,ANDTHESPEEDOFTHEINTERCEPTORISREQUIREDTOBELOWERTHANTHATOFTHETARGETANUMERICALEXAMPLEOFMANEUVERINGBALLISTICTARGETINTERCEPTIONVERIFIESTHERIGHTNESSOFTHEGUIDANCEMODELANDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHEPROPOSEDMETHODKEYWORDSHEADPURSUITTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODELNONLINEARVARIABLESTRUCTURELYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYGUIDANCELAW1INTRODUCTION1INTACTICALBALLISTICMISSILEINTERCEPTION,MANYINTERCEPTORSEMPLOYANINFRAREDSEEKERTODETECTTHETARGETHOWEVER,THEDETECTIONPRECISIONISOFTENDEGRADEDBYAERODYNAMICHEATING1TOSOLVETHEAERODYNAMICABLATIONPROBLEM,AHEADPURSUITHPGUIDANCELAW,WHICHPOSITIONSTHEINTERCEPTORMISSILEAHEADOFTHETARGETONITSFLIGHTTRAJECTORYTODESTROYTHETARGET,HASBEENDEVELOPEDRECENTLY2USINGTHISGUIDANCELAW,THEINTERCEPTORCANFLYINTHESAMEDIRECTIONWITHTHETARGETATALOWERSPEEDTHANTHATOFTHETARGETCOMPAREDTOAHEADONENGAGEMENT,THELOWCLOSINGSPEEDISACHIEVEDWITHREDUCEDENERGYREQUIREMENTSTHEHPGUIDANCEMETHODISFURTHERIMPROVEDINREFS34,WHERETHERELATIVEMOTIONMODELISSEPARATEDINTOTWOPERPENDICULARCHANNELSANDTHEGUIDANCEPROBLEMCANBETREATEDASAPLANARPROBLEMINEACHOFTHOSECORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL8645186418285EMAILADDRESSGELZHITEDUCNCHANNELSBASEDUPONTHEPLANARMODEL,AHPVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAWISTHENDEVELOPEDHOWEVER,ASTHEACTUALMISSILEINTERCEPTIONOCCURSINTHREEDIMENSIONALSPACE,ATHREEDIMENSIONALHPGUIDANCEMETHODISMOREUSEFULINPRACTICALAPPLICATIONSVARIOUSCLASSICGUIDANCEMETHODSHAVEBEENEXAMINEDFORIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEINTERCEPTIONSINCETHEORIGINATIONOFTHETHREEDIMENSIONALPUREPROPORTIONALNAVIGATIONGUIDANCELAWPROPOSEDBYADLER5REFS611HAVEDEVELOPEDTHETHREEDIMENSIONALGUIDANCEMODELANDGIVENAGUIDANCELAWBASEDONLYAPUNOVSTABILITYTHEORYTHESEGUIDANCELAWSAREONLYSUITABLEFORHEADONINTERCEPTION,THEIRINTERCEPTIONSTYLESANDKINEMATICSMODELSAREDIFFERENTFROMTHEHPGUIDANCEMETHODASANINTUITIVEANDROBUSTCONTROLTECHNIQUE,THESLIDINGMODEVARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROL1215HASBEENUTILIZEDINVARIOUSGUIDANCEAPPLICATIONSTOADDRESSHIGHLYNONLINEARSYSTEMSGELIANZHENGETAL/CHINESEJOURNALOFAERONAUTICS212008247251249MT00LIM0,LIM0RRΘΘ→→8MT00LIM0,LIM0RRΦΦ→→9THEOBJECTIVEOFTHEHPGUIDANCELAWISTOBRINGTHEINTERCEPTORTOTHEPOINT,WHICHISCONFINEDBYEQS89HENCE,THEINTERCEPTOR’SLEADANGLESMΘANDMΦA(chǔ)REREQUIREDTOBEPROPORTIONALTOTHETARGET’SLEADANGLESRELATIVETOLOSM1TM2T,NNΦΦΘΘ10WHEREN1ANDN2ARETHEGUIDANCECONSTANTSTHUS,THERELATIONSMENTIONEDEARLIERCANGUARANTEETHATΘMVANISHESWITHΘT,ANDΦMVANISHESWITHΦTITISTHENNECESSARYTOFINDOUTTHERELATIONBETWEENTHEANGULARCONDITIONDEFINEDBYEQ10ANDTHEINTERCEPTORACCELERATION3HPVARIABLESTRUCTUREGUIDANCELAW31VARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROLLAWCONSIDERINGTHENONLINEARMULTIPLEINPUTMULTIPLEOUTPUTMIMOUNCERTAINSYSTEM12,,,TTTTTXFXGXUGXW?11WHEREN∈RXISTHESTATEVARIABLE,PT∈RUTHECONTROLVARIABLE,AND,TFXTHEUNCERTAINNONLINEARITEM1,TGXAND2,TGXAREVECTORFUNCTIONS,WHICHHAVESUITABLEDIMENSIONST∈WSRISTHEACCELERATIONDISTURBANCEOFTHETARGETANDLIMITEDBY0TB?00VV?ITISEASILYCHECKEDTHAT?00VXHENCE,THESYSTEMISASYMPTOTICALLYSTABLE,ANDTHECONDITIONSOFTHESLIDINGMODEVARIABLESTRUCTURECONTROLTHEORYARESATISFIED,THUSLEMMA1HOLDS32THEDESIGNOFNONLINEARGUIDANCELAWITFOLLOWSTHATTOREALIZETHECONTROLLAWONEONLYNEEDSTOKNOWTHESCOPEOFACCELERATIONOFTHETARGET,ANDITCANBEAPPLIEDINTHECOURSEOFINTERCEPTINGTHEUNKNOWNACCELERATIONTARGETUSUALLYNOCONTROLISTAKENINTHELOSDIRECTION,ASLONGASOTHERPARAMETERSAREKEPTSLIDINGONTHESLIDINGSURFACEWHENTHETARGETCATCHESTHEINTERCEPTOR,THEGUIDANCECONTROLISCOMPLETEDTHEOTHERCOUPLINGPARAMETERSCANBETREATEDASDISTURBANCES,SOONECANDESIGNTHEGUIDANCELAWBYUSINGTHEDESIGNMETHOD16OFSINGLECHANNELTHEAUTHORSHAVEDESIGNTHENONLINEARVARIABLECONTROLGUIDANCELAWBYUSINGTHEYAWCHANNELASANEXAMPLETHEAIMISTOBRINGTHESYSTEMINTOTHESLIDINGSURFACEANDKEEPTHEDYNAMICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESYSTEMACCORDINGTOEQS11,1314,THEVARIABLESAREDEFINEDASUTMZAISTHECONTROLVARIABLETTZWAISTHEACCELERATIONOFTHETARGET,WHICHISASYSTEMDISTURBANCE,12XXX

簡介：中北大學(xué)信息商務(wù)學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)英文參考資料題目DIAMONDGRINDINGOFGLASSAND140METALBONDEDSUPERSMOOTH系名機(jī)械工程系專業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化姓名黨志杰學(xué)號12020144X42指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師趙麗琴職稱副教授2016年6月2日與磨削方向且小于切削刃的磨損寬度。第二步，工件稍微注水一節(jié)，與磨削方向平行，兩個(gè)輪圈的重疊橫截面在注水前后形成的幾何粗糙表面和地面視差比所需的粗糙表面更加光滑，然后與地面接觸寬度一定的工件輪再使地面工件向反方向磨削，通過重復(fù)這樣的研磨程序，工件的整體表面完成。3實(shí)驗(yàn)如圖3所示，該實(shí)驗(yàn)是在研磨機(jī)數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)控制下進(jìn)行的。借用空氣的粉碎機(jī)主軸每次朝著X,Y,Z方向的移動(dòng)都可以精確到01ΜM。實(shí)驗(yàn)條件總結(jié)如表1所示。金屬鍵砂輪的晶粒尺寸和濃度分別為L40和50。玻璃用的是一種干凈的陶器。這個(gè)研磨液用的是可溶型的，包括大量的陰離子表面活性劑。地面工作部件粗糙表面的觀察和測量使用了顯微鏡，掃描電鏡，干涉儀和原子力顯微鏡。

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文論文外文資料翻譯外文資料翻譯原文題目目MICROTHREADINGINWHIRLING原文來源源ASME美國機(jī)械工程師學(xué)會期刊學(xué)生姓名名馬鑫學(xué)號號231120522所在院所在院系部部工業(yè)中心工業(yè)中心專業(yè)名稱稱機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化圖1螺紋旋轉(zhuǎn)圖2MICROWHIRLING機(jī)床在切削參數(shù)切削厚度。這個(gè)切削厚度進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證其效果的螺紋薄絲旋風(fēng)。旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)是應(yīng)用于機(jī)械螺絲的組合工具和工件的旋轉(zhuǎn)，如圖1所示。切割工具固定在旋轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)上的半徑，以及環(huán)的旋轉(zhuǎn)在角速度XT。隨著工件半徑RW在與在旋轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)旋轉(zhuǎn)角速度XW偏心電子控制著切割的深度。在旋轉(zhuǎn)的在低轉(zhuǎn)速下旋轉(zhuǎn)工件被切割切割邊旋轉(zhuǎn)的高轉(zhuǎn)速。螺絲的鉛由旋轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)的傾斜和進(jìn)給速度控制關(guān)于工件軸。在車削一個(gè)小直徑的工件時(shí)，切削速度受到限制要低的最大限度的主軸轉(zhuǎn)速，作為結(jié)果，表面光潔度變差。在旋轉(zhuǎn)，切割速度是由旋轉(zhuǎn)半徑和旋轉(zhuǎn)控制在旋轉(zhuǎn)環(huán)的切削工具率XT。因此，表面可以在一個(gè)細(xì)的電線上完成，即使是高的切削速度雖然最大主軸速度是有限的。因?yàn)楣ぞ吆凸ぜD(zhuǎn)偏心中心，切削和旋轉(zhuǎn)軸工件空心電動(dòng)機(jī)Y軸空心電動(dòng)機(jī)刀具

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）KDQ1300全自動(dòng)壓磚機(jī)液壓控制設(shè)計(jì)李艷鵬燕山大學(xué)2013年6月本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）KDQ1300全自動(dòng)壓磚機(jī)液壓控制設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院里仁學(xué)院專業(yè)液壓學(xué)生姓名李艷鵬學(xué)號091304011232指導(dǎo)教師張偉答辯日期2013年6月

簡介：HIGHPERFORMANCEAUTOMOTIVEENGINECONTROLINENGINETESTERMICHITAKAHORIMEMBERIEEEMASAHIKOSUZUKIMEMBERIEEJMASAKATSUNOMURAWEMBERIEEEMASAYUKITERASHIMAMEMBERIEEEMEIDENSHACORPORATION117,OHSAKIZCHOMESHINAGAWAKU,TOKYO141,JAPANFAX8135487159SEMAILMHORIOHSAKIMEIDENSHACOJPABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSANOVELDECOUPLINGCONTROLMETHODONTHEENGINETORQUECONTROLFORTHEAUTOMOTIVEENGINETESTERTHEENGINETESTERISMAINLYCOMPOSEDOFADYNAMOMETERCONTROLSYSTEMANDANENGINECONTROLSYSTEMTHECONVENTIONALENGINETESTERHASTHEPROBLEMTHATTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEENGINETORQUECONTROLSYSTEMISDETERIORATEDBYTHEINFLUENCESOFTHEINTERFERENCEBETWEENTHEDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMANDTHEENGINETORQUECONTROLSYSTEMTHEAUTHORSPROPOSEDTHEPRACTICALENGINETORQUECONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONANOBSERVERANDANIDENTIFICATIONSYSTEMTOELIMINATETHEINFERENCEOFDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMTHEEFFECTOFOBSERVERSPARAMETERSERRORONTHEENGINETORQUEESTIMATIONRESPONSEWASANALYZEDACCORDINGTOTHERESULTOFTHISANALYSIS,APRACTICALMETHODISPROPOSEDTOIDENTIFYTHEENGINEINERTIAMOMENTANDTHESHAFTSPRINGCOEFFICIENTTHATAREPARAMETERSOFTHEOBSERVERTHEAUTHORSCONFIRMEDTHATTHEPROPOSEDDECOUPLINGENGINETORQUECONTROLSYSTEMREALIZEDAROBUSTCONTROLSYSTEMFROMTHEINTERFERENCEWITHTHEDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMTHROUGHSIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTSIINTRODUCTIONRECENTLY,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTPROBLEMSINTHEWORLD,ANDTHEEXHAUSTGASFROMAUTOMOBILESISALSOSTRICTLYREGULATEDBYLAWUNDERSUCHCIRCUMSTANCES,THEPERFORMANCEOFAUTOMOTIVEENGINESISIMPROVINGYEARBYYEAR,ANDENGINETESTERS,WHICHAREUSEDTOMEASUREENGINECHARACTERISTICS,AREREQUIREDTOHAVEHIGHCONTROLABILITYHOWEVER,INTHECONVENTIONALTORQUECONTROLOFENGINES,DYNAMOMETERTORQUEORSHAFTTORQUEISAPPLIEDASAFEEDBACKVARIABLEINSTEADOFENGINETORQUEBECAUSETHEENGINETORQUECANNOTBEDETECTEDDIRECTLYBECAUSEOFITSSTRUCTUREASARESULT,THEREISACOUPLINGBETWEENTORQUECONTROLANDSPEEDCONTROLFORTHEREASONGIVENABOVE,ITHASBEENDIFFICULTTOATTAINHIGHCONTROLABILITYINTHECONVENTIONALSYSTEMSTHEAUTHORSHAVEPROPOSEDANAPPROACHTOELIMINATEANINTERFERENCECOMPONENTFROMTHEDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEM,THROUGHESTIMATIONOFENGINETORQUEUSINGANOBSERVERANDIDENTIFICATIONSYSTEMTHEEFFECTOFOBSERVERSPARAMETERSERRORONTHETORQUEESTIMATIONRESPONSEWASANALYZEDACCORDINGTOTHERESULTOFTHISANALYSIS,APRACTICALMETHODISPROPOSEDTOIDENTIFYTHEENGINEINERTIAMOMENTANDTHESHAFTSPRINGCOEFFICIENTWHICHAREPARAMETERSOFTHEOBSERVERWECONFIRMEDTHATTHEPROPOSEDENGINETORQUECONTROLSYSTEMREALIZEDAROBUSTCONTROLSYSTEMFROMTHEINTERFERENCEWITHTHEDYNAMOMETERCONTROLSYSTEMTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHISCONTROLSYSTEMHASBEENCONFIRMEDTHROUGHSIMULATIONSANDEXPERIMENTSAUTOMOTIVEENGINEDYNAMOMETERICALPOWERCONTROLPANELPOSITIONPOSITIONREFERENCEDSPA/DD/APOWERCONTROLLERNETET,1JESII,1NDJDSTLCDYNAMOMETERTORQUEFIG3BLOCKDIAGRAMOFTWOMASSMODELTWHERE,K12GEEISFORTHEESTIMATEDSTATEVECTORSVALUELISTHEGAINMATRIXOFTHEREDUCEDORDEROBSERVERWELOCATEDTHETRIPLEPOLESOFTHEOBSERVERATSWGRAD/SANDREFERTOTHEDYNAMICANDSTATICCHARACTERISTICSOFENGINETORQUEESTIMATEDBYTHEREDUCEDORDEROBSERVERPBEFFECTOFMODELINGERRORINENGINETORQUEESTIMATIONANALYSISWASCARRIEDOUTTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFAPARAMETERERRORINATWOMASSMODELSYSTEMUPONOBSERVERSESTIMATIONRESPONSEATRANSFERFUNCTIONFROMTHEENGINETORQUETOTHEESTIMATEDENGINETORQUEISDEFINEDTOEXAMINETHEEFFECTOFPARAMETERERRORONCONDITIONTHATTHEDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCOMMANDISKEPTCONSTANTEQUATION5EXPRESSESTHEESTIMATEDTORQUEBYINDICATINGMODELPARAMETERSOFTWOMASSSYSTEMWITHJE,JD,K,L,L,L3,ASSUMINGTHETRUTHVALUESTOBEJE,JD,KK__WHERENMJEJDSJEKDPSJEIKSZKJSKKDSKKDTEREALENGINETORQUEKDP,KDIPARAMETESOFDYNAMOMETERESPEEDCONTROLLERTHEEFFECTOFPARAMETERERRORUPONTHEESTIMATIONRESPONSEISGIVENTHESECONDTERMINTHERIGHTSIDEOFEQUATION5ANEFFECTUPONTHEESTIMATIONRESPONSEWASINVESTIGATEDTHROUGHSIMULATIONS,WHENERRORSAREPRESENTEDINTRUTHVALUESANDMODELVALUESOFENGINEINERTIAMOMENTANDSHAFTSPRINGCOEFFICIENTFIG4AANDBSHOWTHESTEPRESPONSEOFESTIMATEDTORQUEFORREALENGINETORQUEWHENPARAMETERSM,MSHOWNTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENAMODELVALUEANDATRUTHVALUEWEREARBITRARILYCHANGEDFIG5AANDBSHOWFREQUENCYCHARACTERISTICOFEQUATION5TABLE2SHOWSVALUESOFPARAMETERSUSEDFORSIMULATIONSWHENTHETWOMASSSYSTEMMODELISIDENTICALWITHTHETRUTHVALUE,THERESPONSEOFESTIMATEDENGINETORQUEBECOMESATHREEORDERSYSTEM,HAVINGTRIPLEROOTSOFRESPONSEFREQUENCYWGITISALSOPOSSIBLETOCONFIRMTHATENGINEESTIMATIONISAFFECTEDBYRESPONSEINTHEDYNAMOMETERSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMORTWOMASSSYSTEM,WHENERRORSAREPRESENTEDINMODELPARAMETERSANDTRUTHVALUESACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSOFTHISANALYSIS,APRACTICALIDENTIFICATIONMETHODHASBEENPROPOSEDFORTHEENGINEINERTIAMOMENTANDTHESHAFTSPRINGCOEFFICIENTZ101210840604020005115TIMESECFIG4ASTEPRESPONSEOFESTIMATEDENGINETORQUEJEMJJEWHENAVALUEMJISCHANGED005115TIMESECFIG4HSTEPRESPONSEOFESTIMATEDENGINETORQUEKMKWHENAVALUEMISCHANGED1574

簡介：南京工程學(xué)院南京工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文論文外文資料翻譯外文資料翻譯原文題目目PSEUDOPOLARBASEDESTIMATIONOFLARGETRANSLATIONSROTATIONSANDSCALINGSINIMAGES原文來源源SIAMJOURNALONIMAGINGSCIENCES,2009,22614645學(xué)生姓名名黃小飛學(xué)號號201080418所在院所在院系部部機(jī)械工程學(xué)院專業(yè)名稱稱機(jī)械電子工程2之前基于FFT的圖像配準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果在第4節(jié)進(jìn)行了討論，最后的結(jié)論是在第5節(jié)。2前相關(guān)工作前相關(guān)工作21變換估算傅立葉基于運(yùn)動(dòng)估算的基礎(chǔ)上的，是旋轉(zhuǎn)特性的傅立葉變換，表示由（1）??,?,YXWWFYXF???傅里葉變換的，然后，（2）????????EFEWWYYXXFYYWXXWJYX?????????,,?公式（2）可用于圖像的平移的估算，假設(shè)圖像I1（X，Y）和I2（X，Y）一些重疊，（3）????YXYYXX,,21????????方程（3）是傅里葉變換，使（4）??????YXYWXWJYXWWWWEYX,2,1????????和（5）??????EWWIWWIYWXWJYXYXYX??????,,12因此，轉(zhuǎn)換參數(shù)（）可以在空間域的EQ5采取逆FFT估計(jì)YX??,（6）????????YYXXEYXCORRYWXWJYX????????,,1??和通過相關(guān)函數(shù)CORR（X，Y）來尋找最大值的位置（7）???????????????????YXCORRYXYX,MAX,ARG為了補(bǔ)償可能誤差強(qiáng)度式5改寫為（8）??????????EFFFFWWCORRYWXWJYXYXYXYXYXWWWWWWWWYX??????,,2,1,2,1,