英語詞匯學復習資料

1、《英語詞匯學英語詞匯學》復習資料復習資料IntroductionEnglishasaglobal1.Lexicology（詞匯學）isabranchoflinguistics（語言學）.2.Lexicology和哪些重要的學科建立了聯(lián)系1)Mphology（構詞學）2)Semantics（語義學）3)Stylistics（語體學）4)Etymology（詞源學）3.研究lexicology的兩大方法1)Diachronicapproac

2、h:歷時語言學2)Synchronicapproach:共時語言學Chapter1Lexicologybasicconceptsofwdsvocabulary1.Wd——Awdisaminimalfreefmofalanguagethathasagivensoundmeaningsyntacticfunction.2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundmeaningasthesymbolic

3、connectionbetweenthemisarbitrary(任意的)conventional（約定的俗稱的）.3.sound＆fmThesoundshouldbesimilartoconsistentwiththefmbuttherearesomeillogical不合邏輯的irregularity不規(guī)則的1)influencedbyRomans2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlyscribes（抄寫員）4)

4、browing4.Vocabulary——Notonlycanitrefertothetotalnumberofthewdsinalanguagebutitcanstfallthewdsusedinaparticularhisticalperiod.5.ClassificationofWdsbasicfullcontent實義詞nativeAngloSaxonwdsfrequencynotioniginnonbasicvocabular

5、yfunctionalempty功能詞browedloan(1)Theacteristicsofbasicwdstock–thefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesfmstheAllnationalactercommoncareofthelanguage.Stability（穩(wěn)定性）Productivity（多產(chǎn)性）Polysemy（一詞多義）Collocability（可搭

6、配性）neutralinstyle（中立性）(2)Twofeatureofnativewdsfrequentinuse據(jù)現(xiàn)代語言學家的統(tǒng)計，英語中目前所占本族詞的數(shù)量有多少50000to60000他們的來源是(Anglo_Saxontongue)(3)什么叫browedwds1)wdstakenoverfromfeignlanguagesareknowasbrowedwdsloanwdsbrowingsinsimpleterms.2)I

7、tisestimatedthatEnglishbrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesarebrowed.Chapter2ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary1.OldEnglish屬于IndoEur

8、opeanlanguagefamily（印歐語系）——Germanic（日耳曼語系），與德語最相似.2.Histy1）OldEnglish（4501150）a.Thefirstpeopleknowntoinhabit（居?。〦nglwereCelts，thelanguagewasCeltic（凱爾特語）.b.ThesecondlanguagewastheLatin（拉丁語）oftheRomanLegions（羅馬軍隊）.Romaninv

9、asion→AngloSaxon三個事件TheintroductionofChristianity→拉丁文的涌入Vikinginvasion（北歐海盜）Scinavian斯堪的納維亞語傳入2）dleEnglish（11501500）TheNmanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwdsintoEnglish——上層人物13世紀末Englishgraduallycomebackintopublica

10、reas.eg:bluestocking有教養(yǎng)的女子moonwalk太空步toothache牙痛deadline截止期限brainwashing洗腦stockholder股東outbreak爆發(fā)sitin靜坐罷工goingover苛斥；毒打；嚴格的檢查crybaby愛哭的人；寶貝cleaninglady清潔女工Freephrase:soninlaw女婿milkwater無味的；軟弱無力的fgetmenot勿忘草aspectscompou

11、ndfreephrasephoic語音featuresStressonthefirstelementStressonthesecondelement（元素）SemanticfeaturesEverycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasonewd.GrammaticalfeaturesAcompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentencefexam

12、pleaverbanounanadjective.Inadjectivenouncompoundstheadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes.(3)Conversion轉(zhuǎn)換法——isthefmationofnewwdsbyconvertingwdsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thesewdsarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense.Themo

13、stproductiveisbetweennounsverbs.Itisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.fullconversion——Itcantakeanindefinitarticle(不定冠詞)(e)stoindicatesingularpluralnumber.e.g.black→ablackdrinkable→drinkablespartialconversion——mustbeusedtogether

14、withdefinitearticles.e.g.rich→therich2.Othertypesofwdfmation(1)Clippingshtening——shtenalongerwdbycuttingapartoftheiginusingwhatremainsinstead.quake（earthquake）dm（dmity）pop（popularmusic）flu（influenza）(2)Acronymy首字母縮略法——jo

15、iningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialpoliticalganizationsspecialphrasestechnicaltermseg:VOAVoiceofAmericaTVtelevision(3)Blending混合法——isthewdfmationbycombiningpartsoftwowdsawdplusapartofanotherwd.絕大多數(shù)blending都是nounseg:smo

16、g（煙霧）fromsmokefogtelex（電傳機）fromteleprinterexchangeMedicare（醫(yī)療保險）frommedicalcarelunarnaut（登月宇航員）fromlunarastronaut(4)Backfmation逆構詞法——isaprocessofwdfmationbywhichawdiscreatedbythedeletion刪除ofasupposedaffix.donate（donation

17、）loaf（loafer）babysit（babysitter）laze（lazy）Chapter5Wdmeaning1.Analytical(referential)分析的Reference–therelationshipbetweenlanguagethewld.Operational(contextual)運用到具體場景中Concept–whichbeyondlanguageistheresultofhumancognitionr

18、eflectingtheobjectivewldinthehumanmind★Sense1）sensedenotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’2）Sincethesenseofanexpression

19、isnotathingitisoftendifficulttosaywhatstofidentityitis.Itisalsoanabstraction.3）Everywdthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywdhasreference)2.Motivation（理據(jù)）——accountsftheconnectionbetweenthelinguistic（語言學的）symbolitsmeaning.nonmo

20、tivatedOnomatopoeic（擬聲的）——thewdswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning.eg:bang，pingpang，crowbycocksMphological（形態(tài)學的）——Compoundsderivedwdsaremultimphemicwdsthemeaningofmanywdsarethesumtotalofthemphemescombined.Motivatedeg:airmail

21、meansto“mailbyair”Semantic（語義學的）——referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptual概念上的meaningofawd.eg：atthefootofmountainthemouthofriverEtymological（詞源學的）——Thehistyofthewdexplainsthemeaningofthewd.3.TypesofmeaningGr