簡介：中文中文3050字出處出處MATSUSHITAA,NAKASHIMAY,JINGUSHIS,ETALEFFECTSOFTHEFEMORALOFFSETANDTHEHEADSIZEONTHESAFERANGEOFMOTIONINTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYJTHEJOURNALOFARTHROPLASTY,2009,244646651股骨柄偏距和股骨頭直徑對(duì)于全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后股骨柄偏距和股骨頭直徑對(duì)于全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后髖關(guān)節(jié)安全活動(dòng)范圍髖關(guān)節(jié)安全活動(dòng)范圍的影響的影響摘要本研究旨在量化股骨柄偏距和股骨頭直徑對(duì)于全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍（RANGEOFMOTION，ROM）的影響。采用后外側(cè)手術(shù)入路，在11個(gè)尸體標(biāo)本髖關(guān)節(jié)中植入組配型全髖關(guān)節(jié)假體。研究三種不同的的股骨柄偏距和五種不同的股骨頭直徑對(duì)髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度的影響。將股骨柄偏距增至4MM和8MM時(shí)，髖關(guān)節(jié)屈曲度分別增加211°和267°，髖關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)旋度分別增加137°和212°。髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度隨股骨頭直徑的增加而增加，主要是因?yàn)樵黾恿斯晒穷^的脫位行程而非延遲了撞擊。與之相比，增加股骨柄偏距的作用在于延遲了骨性結(jié)構(gòu)的撞擊。關(guān)鍵詞全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)（THA），股骨柄偏距，股骨頭直徑，活動(dòng)范圍（ROM），脫位行程。髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位是全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)（TOTALHIPARTHROPLASTY，THA）后最常見和最重要的并發(fā)癥之一13。據(jù)報(bào)道，初次全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后髖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的發(fā)生率達(dá)2546。有多種因素影響術(shù)后脫位的發(fā)生?；颊呦嚓P(guān)因素包括年齡、性別、有無肢體麻痹或力弱4,7。手術(shù)相關(guān)因素包括髖臼和股骨柄假體的安裝位置是否準(zhǔn)確、是否采取后側(cè)入路、軟組織的修復(fù)程度及術(shù)中體位等35,8,9。假體相關(guān)因素也與全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后髖關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性相關(guān)，例如股骨頭直徑及頭頸比1013。在大多數(shù)脫位中，股骨頭脫出與假體或骨結(jié)構(gòu)的撞擊相關(guān)。因此延緩假體撞擊對(duì)于預(yù)防脫位至關(guān)重要。應(yīng)精心設(shè)計(jì)假體，減少撞擊的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。增大股骨頭直徑和/或增大股骨柄偏距可能對(duì)此有所幫助。已有很多研究報(bào)告了股骨頭直徑對(duì)髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍（RANGEOFMOTION，ROM）的影響2,4,13,14。但據(jù)我們所知，僅有少量研究關(guān)注股骨頭直徑與髖關(guān)節(jié)撞擊和脫位行程之間的關(guān)系。股骨柄偏距與髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍間的量化關(guān)系也未見報(bào)道。本研究中，我們通過尸體標(biāo)本研究股骨柄偏距和股骨頭直徑與全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后髖關(guān)節(jié)安全活動(dòng)范圍之間的量化關(guān)系，同時(shí)分析股骨頭直徑對(duì)脫位行程的影響方法假體的植入在8個(gè)尸體標(biāo)本（11髖）中植入組配型全髖關(guān)節(jié)假體（PERFIXHA；JAPANMEDICALMATERIAL，OSAKA，JAPAN），全部采用后外側(cè)手術(shù)入路。手術(shù)中保留髖關(guān)節(jié)前方關(guān)節(jié)囊和臀中肌。髖臼假體外傾角固定安放為45°，髖臼和股骨柄的聯(lián)合前傾角在40°50°之間15。所有手術(shù)中使用的髖臼內(nèi)襯均不帶增高邊。股骨柄偏距和股骨頭直徑動(dòng)度，直至骨盆和股骨干發(fā)生撞擊。此外，增加股骨柄偏距可以增加軟組織張力，例如臀中肌的張力，從而增加關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性16,17。ASAYAMA等報(bào)道，增加股骨柄偏距可增加髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度，同時(shí)增加外展肌效能，在增加關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性的同時(shí)減少聚乙烯內(nèi)襯的磨損。增加股骨柄偏距，可減少步行時(shí)臀中肌的張力和做功，同時(shí)減少關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)的應(yīng)力18。這些因素都可增加髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后的活動(dòng)度。為了在不改變肢體長度的同時(shí)增加股骨柄偏距，必須設(shè)計(jì)小頸干角、長股骨頸的股骨柄假體。但是這種設(shè)計(jì)將導(dǎo)致假體近端折彎力矩的增加，進(jìn)而增加骨皮質(zhì)的疲勞。這些不利影響可能是早期股骨柄組件松動(dòng)失敗的原因之一19。DAVEY等報(bào)道，隨著股骨柄偏距的增加，股骨柄近段折彎力臂隨之增加，但由于合并應(yīng)力的減小，折彎力矩的增加很少20。因而，骨皮質(zhì)疲勞的凈增加并不大，是可以接受的。審視目前常用的假體系統(tǒng)，CPT股骨柄（ZIMMER，INC，WARSAW，IND）頸干角為125°，CENTPILLAR股骨柄（STRYKER，INC，KALAMAZOO，MICH）頸干角為127°，到目前為止，還未發(fā)現(xiàn)重大問題。當(dāng)然，還需要進(jìn)一步的長期隨訪。股骨頭直徑髖關(guān)節(jié)的屈曲和內(nèi)旋范圍與股骨頭直徑大小呈正相關(guān)。股骨頭直徑由22MM增加至36MM，0°外展的情況下，髖關(guān)節(jié)的屈曲度和內(nèi)旋度分別增加了113°和100°。本研究結(jié)果與前人研究結(jié)論相一致，確認(rèn)了大直徑股骨頭的有效性2,4,14,21。增加髖關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性可從兩個(gè)方面入手。首先，增加股骨頭直徑可增加股骨柄在髖臼內(nèi)襯中的擺動(dòng)角，當(dāng)然這最終是由股骨頭頸比來決定的。D’LIMA等報(bào)道，股骨頭直徑由22MM增至32MM，活動(dòng)度增加8°22。YOSHIMINE和GINBAYASHI報(bào)道，股骨頭直徑由22MM增至26MM，擺動(dòng)角增加了12°23。另一方面，髖關(guān)節(jié)的撞擊不僅發(fā)生于股骨頸和髖臼內(nèi)襯之間，還發(fā)生于股骨和骨盆之間。BARTZ等報(bào)道，股骨頸和髖臼內(nèi)襯的撞擊通常發(fā)生于22MM直徑股骨頭；隨著股骨頭直徑的加大，撞擊更常見于股骨和骨盆之間24。正是由于這種股骨和骨盆之間的撞擊，使得股骨頭直徑增大對(duì)于增加髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍的作用不如預(yù)期明顯。BURROUGHS等也發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨著股骨頭直徑的增加，股骨和骨盆的撞擊逐漸超過了股骨頸和內(nèi)襯的撞擊14。CHANDLER等發(fā)現(xiàn)，增加股骨頭直徑延緩了股骨頸和髖臼內(nèi)襯邊緣接觸的時(shí)間，從而增加了活動(dòng)范圍12。此外還發(fā)現(xiàn)，撞擊逐漸轉(zhuǎn)移至股骨和骨盆之間以及大粗隆和恥骨髂骨之間，限制了內(nèi)旋和屈曲。如果發(fā)生了骨性撞擊，那么繼續(xù)增加股骨頭直徑對(duì)增加髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度不再起作用。本研究結(jié)果表明，股骨頭直徑由22MM增至26MM和由28MM增至32MM時(shí)，活動(dòng)度分別增加了10°和8°。這一結(jié)果同時(shí)顯示，使用大直徑股骨頭時(shí)，骨性撞擊超過了假體撞擊。其次，使用大直徑股骨頭增加了自撞擊發(fā)生至脫位的距離（即脫位行程，圖6），進(jìn)而增加了髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度。本研究符合這一觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)股骨頭直徑由22MM增至36MM時(shí)，脫位行程由68°增加至211°，同時(shí)觀察到髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度的增加。SCIFERT等應(yīng)用有限元分析發(fā)

簡介：中文中文2300字單中心分析應(yīng)用奧里根一次性套扎治療痔瘡單中心分析應(yīng)用奧里根一次性套扎治療痔瘡摘要背景摘要背景在西方世界痔瘡是最常見的肛腸疾病，也是活動(dòng)性、復(fù)發(fā)性、慢性直腸出血的主要因素。已經(jīng)有很多方法被提議及嘗試來用于早期痔瘡的治療。大體來說橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）是安全和有效地。目的目的用于評(píng)估在有癥狀的患有痔瘡的門診患者中，運(yùn)用橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）并使用奧里根一次性套扎裝置治療的有效性及并發(fā)癥。結(jié)果結(jié)果接受奧里根一次性套扎治療痔瘡的60個(gè)連續(xù)患者，一臺(tái)手術(shù)平均需要的時(shí)間是62分鐘，最長的是10分鐘。未提及有主要的并發(fā)癥。顯示有10的患者出現(xiàn)少量的早期出血，67的患者出現(xiàn)少量的晚期出血，但沒有一個(gè)是嚴(yán)重的。67的患者出現(xiàn)疼痛但不嚴(yán)重。在所有的病例中，觀察到在臨床上和內(nèi)窺鏡下都得到改善，而且發(fā)現(xiàn)各個(gè)年齡層次的患者，包括老年人，都可以耐受整個(gè)過程。結(jié)論結(jié)論運(yùn)用橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）并使用奧里根一次性套扎裝置治療有癥狀的患有痔瘡的門診患者，有著良好的反應(yīng)及低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。我們推薦這項(xiàng)技術(shù)作為一個(gè)安全、可靠的治療方法。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞痔，奧里根一次性套扎，橡膠帶結(jié)扎介紹介紹在西方世界，痔瘡是最常見的肛管直腸疾病。已經(jīng)提議及嘗試過很多治療方法，普遍認(rèn)為橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法是安全和有效地。手術(shù)方法適用于3到4期的內(nèi)痔患者，混合痔或處于抗凝血狀態(tài)的患者不適用于橡膠帶結(jié)扎法。理想的治療方法是容易上手，花費(fèi)實(shí)在，有滿意的結(jié)果及少有并發(fā)癥。橡膠帶套扎法被認(rèn)為是治療1到3期內(nèi)痔患者的首選方法。材料和方法材料和方法在2005年9月到2006年3月期間，運(yùn)用橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）并使用奧里根一次性套扎裝置治療的60名連續(xù)的患者（包括32名男性，28名女性）。所有患者為1到4期的內(nèi)痔患者（根據(jù)內(nèi)痔4期分類的戈利格分類系統(tǒng)），所有患者都采用過保守治療后不愈。此研究計(jì)劃是經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)的，與每一個(gè)患者都簽署了知情同意。本研究排除了患有相關(guān)肛裂、腦和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)其他部位的良性腫瘤、患者傳染性的肛周疾病以及拒絕簽署知情同意的患者。所有患者術(shù)前都運(yùn)用鹽水灌腸，以及肛管內(nèi)應(yīng)用局麻藥膏（2利多卡因凝膠，德國制造生產(chǎn)）做準(zhǔn)備。一周內(nèi)發(fā)生的為早期并發(fā)癥。所有的橡膠帶結(jié)扎法都是在門診基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)行的。負(fù)荷裝置的前端先是完整地插入到直腸內(nèi)，然后與結(jié)扎血管的一側(cè)成銳角緩慢地退出，均在齒狀線上1CM以上操作。隨著活塞的撤離，組織被吸入到結(jié)扎器內(nèi)。評(píng)定疼痛通過采用當(dāng)維持吸力時(shí)180°旋轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)扎器，如果這個(gè)手法引起不適，則結(jié)扎器被定在較高的位置。當(dāng)180°旋轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)扎器數(shù)次，吸力應(yīng)至少維持30秒，使得組織在適當(dāng)?shù)拇掏聪卤晃氲浇Y(jié)扎器內(nèi)。釋放壓圈器和吸引器，橡膠圈就撤離了。在這個(gè)方法中應(yīng)盡可能多地結(jié)扎內(nèi)痔。環(huán)形分布決定范圍，且將其分為5級(jí)0級(jí)沒有；1級(jí)1/4周長；2級(jí)周長的一半；3級(jí)3/4周長；4級(jí)整個(gè)周長。外形由最大的痔的直徑?jīng)Q定，分為4種尺寸0型沒有；1型直徑小于6MM；2型直徑大于6MM，小于12MM；3型直徑大于12MM。根據(jù)出血、脫出、疼痛的癥狀分為0到3級(jí)0級(jí)沒有；1級(jí)排便時(shí)偶爾出現(xiàn)；2級(jí)每次排便均有；3級(jí)與排便無關(guān)。在首次術(shù)后及反復(fù)進(jìn)行內(nèi)鏡檢查評(píng)定內(nèi)痔的范圍和外形后觀察患者癥狀數(shù)周，來評(píng)價(jià)患者預(yù)后。首次術(shù)后3個(gè)月仍然根據(jù)癥狀評(píng)定患者，3個(gè)月反應(yīng)出的表現(xiàn)分為極好（無癥狀）；好（明確得到改善，但偶爾仍有癥狀）；不好（沒有得到改善，癥狀惡化）。結(jié)果在一次手術(shù)中平均置入19個(gè)橡膠圈，平均用時(shí)為62分鐘（范圍為310分鐘）在表I列出我們患者的特點(diǎn)如下總?cè)藬?shù)60（100）平均年齡536（7633）男女比例3228飲酒者占總數(shù)比4（67）吸煙者占總數(shù)比14（233）平均身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)229（17339）根據(jù)戈利格分類將痔進(jìn)行分類1度6（10）；2度36（60）；3度266；4度2個(gè)（34）。沒有嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥，如大出血或盆腔膿腫發(fā)生。有6個(gè)患者（10，4個(gè)女性，2個(gè)男性）出現(xiàn)早期出血，但沒有一個(gè)嚴(yán)重到需要進(jìn)行輸血或者住院治療。有4個(gè)患者（67，4男4女）出現(xiàn)疼痛，3個(gè)為輕度疼痛，其余為中度疼痛。有4個(gè)患者（67）在套扎后的第1012天發(fā)生出血，似乎是由于將大量的組織從蒂上分離導(dǎo)致的，這些出血都自行止住。有4例因反復(fù)出血需行第二次套扎治療，所有患者臨床癥狀都得到緩解。3個(gè)月后的復(fù)查反應(yīng)在1、2、3度內(nèi)痔患者中所有均表現(xiàn)為極好的，在4度患者中有2個(gè)表現(xiàn)為不好（無改善），需行手術(shù)治療。所有患者均觀察到在臨床和內(nèi)鏡檢查下都得到改善，且任何年齡階段的患者對(duì)此操作均能耐受。討論討論痔瘡在西方世界中是最常見的肛管直腸疾病，也是引起直腸出血的主要因素。針對(duì)早期痔瘡，已經(jīng)有很多治療方法被提及嘗試，普遍認(rèn)為橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）是安全和有效地。一種能使肛墊恢復(fù)到原來的形狀及位置的方法，自然要優(yōu)于損傷組織、干擾自制機(jī)制的方法。由于13度內(nèi)痔引起癥狀的患者建議行非手術(shù)治療，橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法對(duì)于13度內(nèi)痔患者應(yīng)為首選的治療方法。此研究證實(shí)應(yīng)用橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）并使用奧里根一次性套扎裝置治療的技術(shù)在人群中是快速、安全及有效的。平均一次操作的時(shí)間為62分鐘，最長為10分鐘。無嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥，在早期和晚期有出現(xiàn)輕微出血，但均不嚴(yán)重。67的患者感覺疼痛，但不嚴(yán)重。手術(shù)切除痔的患者中有1050會(huì)發(fā)生尿潴留，SCHWARTZ引證在行套扎術(shù)后有1的患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)尿潴留，盡管他評(píng)價(jià)在多點(diǎn)結(jié)扎后的患者中有多達(dá)1020的患者有尿潴留的體驗(yàn)，在我們的研究組中沒有尿潴留和膿腫發(fā)生。有一個(gè)最近的研究報(bào)告指出橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）適用于治療2度內(nèi)痔，而對(duì)于3度內(nèi)痔及RBL術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的患者仍應(yīng)行手術(shù)切除痔。另一報(bào)道指出橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）能適用于任何分度的內(nèi)痔且有相似的有效性。在我們的研究中，除了4度內(nèi)痔患者，所有患者在3個(gè)月的隨訪中均表示滿意?？傮w來說，運(yùn)用橡膠帶結(jié)扎方法（RBL）并使用奧里根一次性套扎裝置治療有癥狀的患有痔瘡的門診患者，有著良好的反應(yīng)及低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。我們推薦這項(xiàng)技術(shù)作為一個(gè)安全、可靠的治療方法。

簡介：中文中文11萬字萬字出處出處CONGF,PUOLIV?LIT,ALLURIV,ETALKEYISSUESINDECOMPOSINGFMRIDURINGNATURALISTICANDCONTINUOUSMUSICEXPERIENCEWITHINDEPENDENTCOMPONENTANALYSISJJOURNALOFNEUROSCIENCEMETHODS,2014,2237484利用獨(dú)立分量分析對(duì)自然連續(xù)音樂刺激下功能性利用獨(dú)立分量分析對(duì)自然連續(xù)音樂刺激下功能性磁共振（磁共振（FMRIFMRI）分解中關(guān)鍵性問題的研究）分解中關(guān)鍵性問題的研究KEYISSUESINDECOMPOSINGFMRIDURINGNATURALISTICANDCONTINUOUSMUSICEXPERIENCEWITHINDEPENDENTCOMPONENTANALYSIS學(xué)部（院）專業(yè)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師完成日期利用獨(dú)立分量分析對(duì)自然連續(xù)音樂刺激下功能性磁共振（利用獨(dú)立分量分析對(duì)自然連續(xù)音樂刺激下功能性磁共振（FMRIFMRI）分解中關(guān)鍵性問題的研究）分解中關(guān)鍵性問題的研究–2–1介紹介紹在過去二十多年中，對(duì)于功能性磁共振（FMRI）的研究越來越廣泛。FMRI是用于研究人類腦部處理類似于語言、音樂、圖片等刺激的一種獨(dú)立而又交互的新的方法。按照慣例，刺激產(chǎn)生FMRI數(shù)據(jù)的范式包括BLOCK實(shí)驗(yàn)和事件相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)。對(duì)于BLOCK實(shí)驗(yàn)，刺激產(chǎn)生和刺激相消通常會(huì)對(duì)比分析研究。在事件相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，當(dāng)時(shí)間進(jìn)程中的一個(gè)像素或相應(yīng)的空間地形圖的獲得過程中，初始化矩陣可以被復(fù)原。隨著FMRI研究的不斷深入，一些研究已經(jīng)開始著手自然連續(xù)長時(shí)間刺激下的FMRI數(shù)據(jù)。研究表明，一些自然腦部數(shù)據(jù)擁有豐富的可用于研究的腦部響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)，但是根據(jù)相應(yīng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)范式，準(zhǔn)確的對(duì)照矩陣或者初始化矩陣等這些數(shù)據(jù)漸漸變得難以直接獲得。為了處理和分析這些自然腦數(shù)據(jù)，內(nèi)部對(duì)象相關(guān)（ISC）這一方法被廣泛應(yīng)用。ISC是基于兩個(gè)被試者在相同空間位置上（有相同坐標(biāo)的像素點(diǎn)）的腦部時(shí)域活動(dòng)之間做相關(guān)。最近，基于聲學(xué)特征提取算法被用于音樂信息恢復(fù)，被用于實(shí)驗(yàn)中音樂刺激的音效特征已經(jīng)被提取了出來，并與每個(gè)像素的時(shí)域做相關(guān)。由于FMRI數(shù)據(jù)包含著大量的像素點(diǎn)的信息，所以在相關(guān)運(yùn)算中相乘運(yùn)算也是相當(dāng)多的。因此，在此類研究中，統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法被用于避免誤報(bào)。一個(gè)非常直接有效的方法就是減少做相關(guān)的次數(shù)。例如當(dāng)獨(dú)立分量分析（ICA）被用于分解FMRI數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，獨(dú)立分量（通常少于100）比起像素點(diǎn)的數(shù)量（上百到上千）。數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)使著數(shù)據(jù)處理方法的改變，像ICA，已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于自然狀態(tài)下腦數(shù)據(jù)的分析，而且還需計(jì)算刺激的時(shí)域特征彤ICA成分之間的相似性。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用ICA分解自然狀態(tài)下腦數(shù)據(jù)中的一些關(guān)鍵性問題并未被解決。本研究致力于分析應(yīng)用這一高級(jí)方法的每一步。在眾多ICA算法中，我們使用FASTICA。自1998年以來，ICA已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用于FMRI數(shù)據(jù)處理。對(duì)于不同的采樣率和各種各樣的線性變換模型，ICA的應(yīng)用可以被分為時(shí)域ICA和空間域ICA。在此之前，獨(dú)立成分通常是指時(shí)域的。后來，一個(gè)獨(dú)立成分是一個(gè)能夠畫出FMRI空間地形圖的像素序列。對(duì)于特定維數(shù)的FMRI數(shù)據(jù)集，空間ICA通常需要同時(shí)滿足潛在的神經(jīng)生理模型和計(jì)算的需求。因此，在此次FMRI數(shù)據(jù)分析中，我們選擇空間ICA。在下文中，當(dāng)提及ICA時(shí)，那就是指空間ICA。ICA能進(jìn)一步被分為獨(dú)立ICA對(duì)于獨(dú)立數(shù)據(jù)集，例如某一受試者的數(shù)據(jù)和組ICA（對(duì)于串聯(lián)起來的數(shù)據(jù)集，包括很多受試者的數(shù)據(jù)）。組ICA被認(rèn)為是數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)域連接的一種方法（多名受試者數(shù)據(jù)在時(shí)域上連接起來）也是空間域連接的一種方法（多名受試者數(shù)據(jù)在空間域上連接起來）。時(shí)域和空間域的這些方法也可用于分析獨(dú)立腦數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)域特征和腦地形圖。而且使用這種方法，在眾多收拾者中表現(xiàn)出相類似的腦地形圖和時(shí)域特征。事實(shí)上，組ICA還需要一些獨(dú)立ICA之外的假設(shè)。眾所周知，F(xiàn)MRI數(shù)據(jù)在真實(shí)環(huán)境或者實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境中都能滿足這些假設(shè)。因此，在本次研究中，我們同時(shí)

簡介：1RESEARCHONCEREBRALANEURYSMDETECTIONBASEDONOPTAALGORITHMJIANWU,GUANGMINGZHANG,JIEXIA,ANDZHIMINGCUIPROCEEDINGSOFTHE2009INTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONINFORMATIONPROCESSINGHUANGSHAN,PRCHINA,AUGUST2123,2009,PP037040基于OPTA細(xì)化算法的有關(guān)腦動(dòng)脈瘤檢測(cè)的研究吳建，張廣明，謝杰，崔志明2009年8月21日23日中國黃山2009年信息處理國際研討會(huì)論文集037頁040頁3Ⅰ前言腦血管疾病，尤其是腦動(dòng)脈瘤，是導(dǎo)致成年人生病最后死亡的關(guān)鍵因素之一，它嚴(yán)重威脅著人們得生命安全。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和成熟，信息技術(shù)和醫(yī)學(xué)成像技術(shù)結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生的CAD應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助診斷系統(tǒng)在腦血管疾病的檢測(cè)與治療中起到越來越重要的作用，它已經(jīng)成為了醫(yī)學(xué)成像上的一個(gè)研究重點(diǎn)。腦血管瘤一般位于血管的交叉位置，尤其是在腦動(dòng)脈周圍。原因是血液的流動(dòng)對(duì)血管交叉位置的影響很大。腦血管的影響類似于河流形成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多分支的動(dòng)脈血管。一般來說，血管是對(duì)稱的，它的兩側(cè)的血管壁是相互平行的。而腦動(dòng)脈瘤是由于血管壁損壞而導(dǎo)致的突出的部分。腦動(dòng)脈瘤的示意圖如圖1所示。圖1腦動(dòng)脈瘤的示意圖如圖1，圖中用方格標(biāo)志的地方就是腦動(dòng)脈瘤。正常的血管出已經(jīng)形成了突出的部分，大致平行的血管壁被破壞了。被破壞的位置明顯是在交叉處。所以我們可以確定腦動(dòng)脈瘤的位置應(yīng)該在血管骨架結(jié)構(gòu)的交叉處。在基于DSA數(shù)字減法血管造影術(shù)的腦動(dòng)脈瘤CAD系統(tǒng)中，它是特征提取及識(shí)別的前提和重要步驟，應(yīng)用在檢測(cè)腦動(dòng)脈瘤位置的DSA中。本文分析了腦動(dòng)脈瘤的形態(tài)特征，包括通過細(xì)化算法得到的血管骨架的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)，然后對(duì)骨架樹進(jìn)行深度優(yōu)先遍歷，最后定位出腦動(dòng)脈瘤的位置。ⅡOPTA算法OPTA一次通過細(xì)化算法是一種典型的基于模板的圖像細(xì)化算法，其核心是通過應(yīng)用消去和保留模板實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)化過程。OPTA是一個(gè)迭代的過程。如果當(dāng)前的點(diǎn)滿足消去模板同時(shí)不滿足保留模板，那么這個(gè)點(diǎn)就被消去，否則，保留此點(diǎn)。不斷遍歷原始圖片，直到再?zèng)]有點(diǎn)滿足上述要求。對(duì)OPTA算法的主要改進(jìn)的地方就在于根據(jù)原算法的效果和速度增加了消去和保留模板。其中最典型的參考文件是13。文獻(xiàn)1的作者發(fā)現(xiàn)原始的OPTA算法細(xì)化的不

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題LABVIEWBASEDECGSIGNALACQUISITIONANDANALYSIS外文作者NINADJERMANOVA,MARINMARINOV,BORISLAVGANEV,SERAFIMTABAKOVANDGEORGINIKOLOV文獻(xiàn)出處INTERNATIONALSCIENTIFICCONFERENCEELECTRONICSET2016,SEPTEMBER1214,2018,SOZOPOL,BULGARIA如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2248單詞，14953字符字符就是印刷符，中文3526漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）LABVIEWBASEDECGSIGNALACQUISITIONANDANALYSISABSTRACT–THISPAPERPRESENTSALABVIEWBASEDSYSTEMOFACQUISITION,PROCESSINGANDANALYSISOFECGELECTROCARDIOGRAMSIGNALSBIOMEDICALSIGNALACQUISITIONHASMADEGREATADVANCESINRECENTYEARSDUETOTHEINTRODUCTIONOFMODERNHARDWAREANDSOFTWARETECHNOLOGIESCOMPUTERBASEDSIGNALPROCESSINGSYSTEMSAREBECOMINGANEFFICIENTAPPROACHFORACQUISITIONANDANALYZINGOFSUCHSIGNALSINOURIMPLEMENTATIONANAD8232INTEGRATEDSIGNALCONDITIONINGFRONTENDOFANALOGDEVICESISUSEDFORMEASUREMENTANDPREPROCESSINGOFTHEECGSIGNALSBATTERYPOWEREDDATAACQUISITIONSYSTEM,WHICHAVOIDS50HZNOISEANDALLOWSFORSAFETYMEASUREMENTWITHOUTADDITIONALISOLATIONISEMPLOYEDLABVIEWBIOMEDICALTOOLKITTIMEDOMAINANALYSISISAPPLIEDTOSTUDYHEARTRATEVARIABILITYTOGETHERWITHADDITIONALPARAMETERSKEYWORDS–ECGSIGNALTIMEDOMAINANALYSIS,BATTERYPOWEREDLABVIEWDAQ,HEARTRATEVARIABILITYIINTRODUCTIONHEALTHMONITORINGISNOWBECOMINGPARTOFEVERYDAYLIFETODAY’SHEALTHCAREINDUSTRYIIHEARTRATEVARIABILITYANORMALONECYCLEECGSIGNALCONSISTSOFSEVERALWAVES,ASSHOWNINFIG1THEWAVEWITHTHEHIGHESTAMPLITUDEISTHERWAVEANRRINTERVALISTHETIMEELAPSEDBETWEENTWOSUCCESSIVERWAVESTHEWAVESWITHTHELOWERAMPLITUDESARETHEPWAVE,THETWAVE,ANDTHEUWAVERRINTERVALSSHOWTHEVARIATIONBETWEENCONSECUTIVEHEARTBEATSHEARTRATEVARIABILITYHRVMEASUREMENTSANALYZEHOWTHESERRINTERVALSCHANGEOVERTIMEFIG1RPEAKSANDRRINTERVALSOFANECGSIGNAL7AACQUIRINGRRINTERVALSTOANALYZEHEARTRATEVARIABILITYHRV,THERRINTERVALSMUSTFIRSTBEACQUIREDANDPREPROCESSEDBYAD8232ANALOGUEFRONTENDFIG2SHOWSTHEPROCESSOFACQUIRINGRRINTERVALSFIG2RRINTERVALACQUISITIONPROCESS7BEXTRACTINGRRINTERVALSFROMECGSIGNALSTHEEXTRACTIONPROCESSUSUALLYINVOLVESAPREPROCESSINGSTEPANDAPEAKDETECTIONSTEPITISNECESSARYTOPREPROCESSTHERAWECGSIGNALSIFTHEYHAVENOISECORRUPTION

簡介：EFFECTSOFTHEFEMORALOFFSETANDTHEHEADSIZEONTHESAFERANGEOFMOTIONINTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYAKINOBUMATSUSHITA,MD,YASUHARUNAKASHIMA,MD,PHD,SEIYAJINGUSHI,MD,PHD,TAKUAKIYAMAMOTO,MD,PHD,AKIOKURAOKA,PHD,?ANDYUKIHIDEIWAMOTO,MD,PHDABSTRACTTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYWASTOQUANTIFYTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALOFFSETANDHEADSIZEONRANGEOFMOTIONROMAFTERTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYMODULARPROSTHESESWEREIMPLANTEDINTO11CADAVERICHIPSUSINGAPOSTEROLATERALAPPROACHANDTESTEDFORROMWITH3DIFFERENTOFFSETSAND5DIFFERENTFEMORALHEADSIZESINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMRESULTEDIN211°AND267°OFIMPROVEDFLEXION,AND137°AND212°OFIMPROVEDINTERNALROTATION,RESPECTIVELYTHEROMIMPROVEDINAHEADSIZE–DEPENDENTMANNERPRIMARILYBECAUSEOFINCREASINGTHEJUMPINGDISTANCEOFTHEFEMORALHEADRATHERTHANDELAYINGANYIMPINGEMENTINCONTRAST,THEEFFECTIVENESSOFFEMORALOFFSETWASDRIVENBYDELAYEDOSSEOUSIMPINGEMENTKEYWORDSTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYTHA,FEMORALOFFSET,FEMORALHEADSIZE,RANGEOFMOTIONROM,JUMPINGDISTANCE?2009ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDISLOCATIONISONEOFTHEMOSTFREQUENTANDIMPORTANTCOMPLICATIONSAFTERTOTALHIPARTHROPLASTYTHA13THERATEOFDISLOCATIONAFTERPRIMARYTHAHASBEENREPORTEDTOBE2TO546VARIOUSFACTORSINFLUENCEDISLOCATIONPATIENTASSOCIATEDFACTORSINCLUDEAGE,SEX,PARALYSIS,ANDMUSCLEWEAKNESS4,7FACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHTHESURGERYINCLUDEINAPPROPRIATECUPORSTEMPOSITION,USEOFAPOSTERIORAPPROACH,REPAIROFTHESOFTTISSUE,ANDINTRAOPERATIVEPOSITIONING35,8,9CHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPROSTHESIS,SUCHASHEADSIZEANDHEADNECKRATIO,ALSOINFLUENCEHIPSTABILITYAFTERTHA1013INMOSTDISLOCATIONS,FEMORALHEADSDEVIATEBECAUSEOFIMPLANTOROSSEOUSIMPINGEMENTTHEREFORE,ITISIMPORTANTTODELAYIMPINGEMENTTOPREVENTDISLOCATIONSANDIMPLANTSSHOULDBECAREFULLYDESIGNEDTOREDUCETHERISKOFIMPINGEMENTIMPROVEMENTSCANPOTENTIALLYBEACHIEVEDBYINCREASINGTHEFEMORALHEADSIZEAND/ORTHEFEMORALOFFSETNUMEROUSSTUDIESHAVEPREVIOUSLYREPORTEDTHEEFFECTSOFHEADSIZEONRANGEOFMOTIONROM2,4,13,14HOWEVER,TOOURKNOWLEDGE,ONLYAFEWSTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONTHERELATIONBETWEENHEADSIZEANDIMPINGEMENTANDJUMPINGDISTANCEQUANTIFICATIONOFTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALOFFSETONROMALSOHASNOTYETBEENREPORTEDINTHISSTUDY,WECONDUCTEDEXPERIMENTSUSINGCADAVERSTOQUANTIFYTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALOFFSETANDFEMORALHEADSIZEONSAFEROMOFTHEHIPAFTERTHAWEALSOANALYZEDTHEEFFECTSOFFEMORALHEADSIZEONTHEJUMPINGDISTANCEMETHODSIMPLANTATIONMODULARTOTALHIPPROSTHESESPERFIXHAJAPANMEDICALMATERIAL,OSAKA,JAPANWEREIMPLANTEDUSINGAPOSTEROLATERALAPPROACHIN11HIPJOINTSFROM8CADAVERSINEACHSURGERY,THEANTERIORJOINTFROMTHEDEPARTMENTOFORTHOPEDICSURGERY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFMEDICAL,SCIENCES,KYUSHUUNIVERSITY,HIGASHIKU,FUKUOKA,JAPANAND?DEPARTMENTOFANATOMYANDCELLBIOLOGY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFMEDICALSCIENCES,KYUSHUUNIVERSITY,HIGASHIKU,FUKUOKA,JAPANSUBMITTEDNOVEMBER14,2007ACCEPTEDFEBRUARY10,2008NOBENEFITSORFUNDSWERERECEIVEDINSUPPORTOFTHESTUDYREPRINTREQUESTSYASUHARUNAKASHIMA,MD,PHD,DEPARTMENTOFORTHOPEDICSURGERY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFMEDICAL,SCIENCES,KYUSHUUNIVERSITY,311MAIDASHI,HIGASHIKU,FUKUOKA8128582,JAPAN?2009ELSEVIERINCALLRIGHTSRESERVED08835403/08/240400243600/0DOI101016/JARTH200802008646THEJOURNALOFARTHROPLASTYVOL24NO42009HOCTUKEYTESTSIGNIFICANCEWASDEFINEDASAPVALUELESSTHAN05RESULTSEFFECTOFFEMORALOFFSETTHEROMOFTHEHIPINCREASEDINAFEMORALOFFSET–DEPENDENTMANNERINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONBY211°AND267°,RESPECTIVELYFIG3ATHERANGEOFFLEXIONREACHEDANAVERAGEOF1325°WITHAN8MMFEMORALOFFSETINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMWITHANADDUCTIONOF0°SIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY137°AND212°,RESPECTIVELYFIG3BSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTINTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONWASALSOOBSERVEDWITHA20°ADDUCTIONHEADSIZETHERANGEOFFLEXIONANDINTERNALROTATIONIMPROVEDINAHEADSIZE–DEPENDENTMANNERINCREASINGTHEHEADSIZEFROM22TO36MMWITHA0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONANDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY113°AND100°,RESPECTIVELYFIG4A,BSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTINTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONWASALSOOBSERVEDWITH0°AND20°ADDUCTIONSFIG3EFFECTSOFTHEFEMORALOFFSETINTHEROMDATAARESHOWNASTHEIMPROVEMENTDEGREESFROMTHATWITH22MMHEADSIZEA,RANGEOFFLEXIONUNTILDISLOCATIONINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMLATERALLYSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONBY211°AND267°,RESPECTIVELYB,RANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONUNTILDISLOCATIONWITHA90°FLEXIONANDWITHORWITHOUTA20°ADDUCTIONINCREASINGTHEFEMORALOFFSETTO4AND8MMLATERALLYWITH0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY137°AND212°,RESPECTIVELYSIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTSOFTHEINTERNALROTATIONWEREALSONOTEDWITH20°ADDUCTIONPB05FIG4EFFECTSOFHEADSIZEONROMDATAARESHOWNASTHEIMPROVEMENTDEGREESFROMTHATWITH22MMHEADSIZEA,RANGEOFFLEXIONUNTILDISLOCATIONTHERANGEOFFLEXIONINCREASEDINAHEADSIZE–DEPENDENTMANNERINCREASINGTHEHEADSIZEFROM22TO36MMWITH0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFFLEXIONBY113°B,RANGEOFTHEINTERNALROTATIONUNTILDISLOCATIONWITHA90°FLEXIONANDWITHORWITHOUTA20°ADDUCTIONINCREASINGTHEHEADSIZEFROM22TO36MMWITH0°ADDUCTIONSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHERANGEOFINTERNALROTATIONBY10°THEREWASNOSIGNIFICANCEINTHEROMWITH20°ADDUCTIONTHEHEADSIZELARGERTHAN28MMSIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDROMCOMPAREDWITHTHATLESSTHAN26MMTHEREWASNOSIGNIFICANCEINTHEROMBETWEENTHE28MMAND36MMHEADSIZEPB05648THEJOURNALOFARTHROPLASTYVOL24NO4JUNE2009

簡介：C?2008,THEAUTHORSJOURNALCOMPILATIONC?2008,BLACKWELLPUBLISHING,INCDOI101111/J15408175200800679XECHOCARDIOGRAPHICDIASTOLICDYSFUNCTIONANDMAGNETICRESONANCEINFARCTSIZEINHEALEDMYOCARDIALINFARCTIONTREATEDWITHPRIMARYANGIOPLASTYANDREABARBIERI,MD,?FRANCESCABURSI,MD,MSC,?LUIGIPOLITI,MD,?LUCAROSSI,MD,?FEDERICAFIOCCHI,MD,?GUIDOLIGABUE,MD,?ALESSANDROPINGITORE,MD,?VINCENZOPOSITANO,MD,?PIETROTORRICELLI,MD,?ANDMARIAGRAZIAMODENA,MD??DEPARTMENTOFCARDIOLOGY,?DEPARTMENTOFRADIOLOGY,MODENAANDREGGIOEMILIAUNIVERSITY,MODENA,ITALYAND?CNRINSTITUTEOFCLINICALPHYSIOLOGY,PISA,ITALYBACKGROUNDAFTERACUTEMYOCARDIALINFARCTIONMITHESEVERITYOFDIASTOLICDYSFUNCTIONBYECHOCARDIOGRAPHYREPRESENTSANINDEPENDENTPROGNOSTICMARKERHOWEVER,THEMECHANISMSWHEREBYDIASTOLICDYSFUNCTIONPORTENDSANINCREASEDRISKAFTERMIARENOTFULLYUNDERSTOODWEINVESTIGATEDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENECHOCARDIOGRAPHICDIASTOLICDYSFUNCTIONSEVERITYANDINFARCTSIZEQUANTITATIVELYMEASUREDBYCONTRASTENHANCEDMAGNETICRESONANCECEMRMETHODSCROSSSECTIONALPROSPECTIVESTUDYWEQUANTIFIED“HEALED”INFARCTSIZEBYCEMRMEASURINGTHEPERCENTAGEOFDELAYEDENHANCEMENTWITHRESPECTTOLEFTVENTRICULARMASSANDDIASTOLICFUNCTIONBYDOPPLERECHOCARDIOGRAPHYBOTHEXAMSWERESCHEDULEDATLEAST1MONTHAFTERAFIRSTACUTESTSEGMENTELEVATIONMISTEMISUCCESSFULLYTREATEDWITHPRIMARYANGIOPLASTYANDSTENTINGTOINCREASETHESPECIFICITY,INDIVIDUALECHOCARDIOGRAPHICPARAMETERSWEREINTEGRATEDTOGRADEGLOBALDIASTOLICFUNCTIONIN4GRADESNORMALDIASTOLICFUNCTION,IMPAIREDRELAXATIONWITHNORMAL,ORNEARNORMALFILLINGPRESSURESIMPAIREDRELAXATIONWITHMODERATEELEVATIONOFFILLINGPRESSURES,ANDIMPAIREDRELAXATIONWITHMARKEDELEVATIONOFFILLINGPRESSURES,“RESTRICTIVEFILLING”RESULTSWEPROSPECTIVELYENROLLED52PATIENTSMEANAGE62±13YEARS,77MENCEMRANDECHOCARDIOGRAPHYWEREPERFORMED48±15DAYSAFTERTHEMITHEREWASASIGNIFICANTBUTMODESTCORRELATIONBETWEENDIASTOLICFUNCTIONGRADEANDINFARCTSIZER0423,P0002,WHICHWASINDEPENDENTOFGLOBALANDREGIONALSYSTOLICFUNCTIONANDPERSISTEDAFTERFURTHERADJUSTMENTFORAGE,SEX,BODYSURFACEAREA,LEFTVENTRICULARMASS,ENDDIASTOLICVOLUMES,ANDSPHERICITYINDEXALLP10,E/VP15,DECREASEINE/A≥05DURINGVALSALVAMANEUVER,“PSEUDONORMALFILLING”GRADEII/IVANDIMPAIREDRELAXATIONWITHMARKEDELEVATIONOFFILLINGPRESSURES,“RESTRICTIVEFILLING”DECELERATIONTIME15GRADESIIIIV/IVASPREVIOUSLYDESCRIBED19LEFTATRIALVOLUMEWASASSESSEDBYTHEMODIFIEDSIMPSONMETHODFROMAPICALFOURANDTWOCHAMBERVIEWSMEASUREMENTSWEREOBTAINEDINENDSYSTOLEFROMTHEFRAMEPRECEDINGMITRALVALVEOPENING,ANDTHEVOLUMEWASINDEXEDTOBSA20MITRALREGURGITATIONWASQUANTIFIEDBYCALCULATINGTHEAREAOFTHEREGURGITANTJETWITHCOLORDOPPLER21EACHVALUEREPRESENTSTHEAVERAGEOFTHREECONSECUTIVEBEATSDETERMINATIONOFINFARCTSIZEBYCEMRIMAGINGMRIPROTOCOLMRIWASPERFORMEDONA15TWHOLEBODYSCANNERINTERACV,PHILIPSMEDICALSYSTEMSEQUIPPEDWITHQUASARGRADIENTSCARDIACMRIWASPERFORMEDWITHTHEFIVEELEMENTCARDIACSYNERGYCOILCARDIACSYNCHRONIZATIONWASOBTAINEDBYMEANSOFVECTORELECTROCARDIOGRAPHICGATINGTHESTUDYPROTOCOLCONSISTEDOFCINEMRIATRESTTOEVALUATEREGIONALANDGLOBALLEFTVENTRICULARFUNCTIONANDVOLUMES,FOLLOWEDBYACEMRITODETERMINETHEPRESENCEANDTHEEXTENTOFINFARCTEDTISSUETENTOTWELVE,DEPENDINGONTHEHEARTSIZE,CINESHORTAXISVIEWSWEREIMAGEDFROMAPEXTOBASEWITHASENSITIVITYENCODEDBALANCEDFASTFIELDECHOBFFESEQUENCEDURINGBREATHHOLDSOFAPPROXIMATELY15SECONDSTHEFOLLOWINGPARAMETERSWEREUSEDECHOTIME,17MSECREPETITIONTIME,40MSECSLICETHICKNESS,8MMWITHNOINTERSLICEGAPFIELDOFVIEW,320MMDATAMATRIXSIZE,256224MMPHASEOFFIELD,075TRIGGERDELAY,MINIMUM85VIEWSPERSEGMENTS,8–14ACCORDINGTOTHEHEARTRATEFLIPANGLE,45?ATLEAST30CINEFRAMESWEREOBTAINEDFOREACHSLICETHESAMEGEOMETRYSETTINGSOFTHEBASELINESCANSWEREREPEATEDTOOBTAINCOMPARABLESLICESPOSTCONTRASTDELAYEDIMAGESWEREACQUIREDINTHESHORTAXISOFTHELEFTVENTRICLE15MINUTESAFTERBOLUSINJECTIONOFGADOLINIUMINENDDIASTOLEFORTHEEVALUATIONOFMYOCARDIALDISTRIBUTIONOFHYPERENHANCEMENTA3DGRADIENTECHOBASEDSEQUENCEWITHINVERSIONPREPULSEWASUSEDWITHTHEFOLLOWINGPARAMETERSECHOTIME,42MSECFLIPANGLE,20MATRIX,256160NEX,200FOV,36CMSLICETHICKNESS,8MMTHEINVERSIONTIMERANGEDFROM260TO340MSECAREALTIMEOPTIONALLOWINGTHEINTERACTIVECHANGEOFINVERSIONTIMEWASUSEDTOOPTIMIZETHISPARAMETERUNTILTHENULLINGOFMYOCARDIUMWASOBTAINEDAVARIABLENUMBEROFSHORTAXISSLICES10±18,MAXIMUM11,MINIMUM8WERETRACEDFROMTHEBASETOTHEAPEXTOCOVERTHEENTIRELEFTVENTRICLEALSO,ONEVERTICALANDONEHORIZONTALLONGAXISVIEWSWEREACQUIREDTOASSESSTHEAPEXDEFINITIONSANDDATAANALYSISIMAGESWEREANALYZEDONAOFFLINEWORKSTATIONVIEWFORUM32PHILIPSMEDICALSYSTEMSFORREGIONALANALYSIS,THELEFTVENTRICLEWASDIVIDEDINTO17MYOCARDIALSEGMENTS14TOASSESSINFARCTSIZE,THEEXTENTOFDELAYEDENHANCEDAREASWASMEASUREDUSINGASEMIAUTOMATIC,PREVIOUSLYVALIDATEDSOFTWARE22THEANALYSISWASDONEINALLSHORTAXISIMAGESANDINTWOLONGAXISIMAGESFORTHEANALYSISOFVENTRICULARAPEXINEACHIMAGE,THEBOUNDARIESOFCONTRASTENHANCEDAREASWEREAUTOMATICALLYTRACEDAND,EVENTUALLY,MANUALLYCORRECTEDSEGMENTALEXTENTOFINFARCTIONWASSCOREDBYTHECONSENSUSOFTWOINVESTIGATORSFF,GL,BLINDEDTOTHECLINICALDATAREGIONSOFINTERESTWEREACCEPTEDVOL25,NO6,2008ECHOCARDIOGRAPHYAJRNLOFCVULTRASOUNDALLIEDTECH577

簡介：THISARTICLEAPPEAREDINAJOURNALPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERTHEATTACHEDCOPYISFURNISHEDTOTHEAUTHORFORINTERNALNONCOMMERCIALRESEARCHANDEDUCATIONUSE,INCLUDINGFORINSTRUCTIONATTHEAUTHORSINSTITUTIONANDSHARINGWITHCOLLEAGUESOTHERUSES,INCLUDINGREPRODUCTIONANDDISTRIBUTION,ORSELLINGORLICENSINGCOPIES,ORPOSTINGTOPERSONAL,INSTITUTIONALORTHIRDPARTYWEBSITESAREPROHIBITEDINMOSTCASESAUTHORSAREPERMITTEDTOPOSTTHEIRVERSIONOFTHEARTICLEEGINWORDORTEXFORMTOTHEIRPERSONALWEBSITEORINSTITUTIONALREPOSITORYAUTHORSREQUIRINGFURTHERINFORMATIONREGARDINGELSEVIER’SARCHIVINGANDMANUSCRIPTPOLICIESAREENCOURAGEDTOVISITHTTP//WWWELSEVIERCOM/AUTHORSRIGHTSAUTHORSPERSONALCOPYFCONGETAL/JOURNALOFNEUROSCIENCEMETHODS223201474–8475FMRIDATAINCLUDETHEBLOCKDESIGNANDTHEEVENTRELATEDDESIGNPANETAL,2011FORTHEBLOCKDESIGN,THECONTRASTOFFMRIDATABETWEENTHESTIMULUSONSETANDTHESTIMULUSOFFSETISANALYZEDFORTHEEVENTRELATEDONE,THEDESIGNMATRIXCANBEUSEDFORREGRESSIONDURINGWHICHTHETEMPORALCOURSEOFAVOXELANDTHECORRESPONDINGSPATIALMAPARELEARNEDWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFMRIRESEARCH,SOMESTUDIESEVENREPORTEDFMRIDATAOBTAINEDDURINGAREALISTICEXPERIENCEWHERETHESTIMULUSISNATURALISTIC,CONTINUOUSANDLONGALLURIETAL,2012HASSONETAL,2004HAYNESANDREES,2006KAUPPIETAL,2010KAYETAL,2008SPIERSANDMAGUIRE,2007SUCHNATURALISTICBRAINDATACANPROVIDEMUCHRICHERBRAINRESPONSESFORRESEARCHANDITTENDSTOBEDIFFICULTTODIRECTLYOBTAINTHEPRECISECONTRASTORDESIGNMATRIXACCORDINGTOTHEEXPERIMENTALDESIGNINORDERTOPROCESSANDANALYZESUCHNATURALISTICBRAINDATA,THEINTERSUBJECTCORRELATIONISCHASSONETAL,2004HASBEENWIDELYUSEDISCISBASEDONTHECORRELATIONBETWEENTWOTEMPORALCOURSESOFTWOPARTICIPANTSGIVENTHESAMESPATIALLOCATION,IE,THEVOXELWITHTHESAMECOORDINATESRECENTLY,BASEDONACOUSTICALFEATUREEXTRACTIONALGORITHMSUSEDINMUSICINFORMATIONRETRIEVAL,MUSICALFEATURESOFTHEMUSICSTIMULUSHAVEBEENEXTRACTEDANDCORRELATEDTOTHETEMPORALCOURSEOFEACHVOXELOFTHEFMRIDATAALLURIETAL,2012DUETOTHELARGEAMOUNTOFVOXELSINFMRIDATA,THENUMBEROFMULTIPLECOMPARISONSINSUCHCORRELATIONANALYSESISLARGEASWELLTHEREFORE,SOMESTATISTICALMETHODSARETYPICALLYUSEDTOAVOIDTHEFALSEALARMONESTRAIGHTFORWARDMETHODISTOREDUCETHENUMBEROFTIMESOFCORRELATIONSFOREXAMPLE,WHENINDEPENDENTCOMPONENTANALYSISICAISAPPLIEDTODECOMPOSEFMRIMCKEOWNETAL,1998,THENUMBEROFICACOMPONENTSUSUALLYLESSTHANHUNDREDSISMUCHSMALLERTHANTHENUMBEROFVOXELSHUNDREDSOFTHOUSANDSTHEDATADRIVENDATAPROCESSINGMETHODS,LIKEICA,HAVEBEENUSEDTOPROCESSNATURALISTICBRAINDATAMALINENETAL,2007YLIPAAVALNIEMIETAL,2009ANDTHESIMILARITYBETWEENTHETEMPORALCOURSESOFTHESTIMULUSANDTHETEMPORALCOURSESOFICACOMPONENTSIE,SPATIALMAPSWASEXAMINEDWEFINDTHATSOMEKEYISSUESINAPPLYINGICATODECOMPOSENATURALISTICBRAINDATAHAVENOTBEENWELLADDRESSEDYETTHISSTUDYISDEVOTEDTOANALYZINGEVERYSTEPFORTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHISADVANCEDMETHODFORICA,THEFASTICAALGORITHMHYV?RINEN,1999WASUSEDSINCE1998MCKEOWNETAL,1998ICAHASBEENEXTENSIVELYUSEDFORTHEFMRIDATAPROCESSINGFORDIFFERENTDEFINITIONSOFSAMPLESANDVARIABLESINTHELINEARTRANSFORMMODEL,THEAPPLICATIONOFICACANBEDIVIDEDINTOTEMPORALICAANDSPATIALICAMCKEOWNETAL,1998ERHARDTETAL,2010CALHOUNETAL,2001HUETAL,2005LEEETAL,2011INTHEFORMER,ANINDEPENDENTCOMPONENTISATEMPORALCOURSEFORTHELATTER,ANINDEPENDENTCOMPONENTISAVOXELSERIES,WHICHCANBEASSEMBLEDINTOASPATIALMAPOFFMRIGIVENTHETYPICALDIMENSIONSOFFMRIDATASETS,THESPATIALICAISUSUALLYPREFERREDBOTHFORTHEPLAUSIBILITYOFTHEUNDERLYINGNEUROPHYSIOLOGICALMODELANDFORCOMPUTATIONALREQUIREMENTSHENCE,THESPATIALICAISCHOSENFORTHEFMRIDATAANALYSISINTHISSTUDYHEREINAFTER,WHENICAISMENTIONED,ITISREFERREDTOSPATIALICAICACANBEFURTHERDIVIDEDINTOINDIVIDUALICAFORANINDIVIDUALDATASETEG,INCLUDINGONEPARTICIPANT’SDATAANDGROUPICAFORTHECONCATENATEDDATASETEG,INCLUDINGMULTIPLEPARTICIPANTS’DATACALHOUNETAL,2009GROUPICACANBEEVENCATEGORIZEDASTHETEMPORALCONCATENATIONAPPROACHEG,MULTIPLEPARTICIPANTS’DATAARECONCATENATEDINTHETIMEDOMAINANDTHESPATIALONEEG,MULTIPLEPARTICIPANTS’DATAARECONCATENATEDINTHESPATIALDOMAINCALHOUNETAL,2009THETEMPORALANDSPATIALAPPROACHESALLOWEXAMININGINDIVIDUALTEMPORALCOURSESANDINDIVIDUALSPATIALMAPS,RESPECTIVELY,ANDTHEYPROVIDECOMMONSPATIALMAPSANDCOMMONTEMPORALCOURSESOVERMULTIPLEPARTICIPANTS,RESPECTIVELYACTUALLY,GROUPICAREQUIRESADDITIONALASSUMPTIONSBESIDESTHOSENEEDEDBYINDIVIDUALICACONGETAL,2013ITISUNKNOWNWHETHERFMRIDATADURINGREALWORLDEXPERIENCESCANMEETTHEADDITIONALASSUMPTIONSCONSEQUENTLY,BOTHINDIVIDUALICAANDGROUPICAAREAPPLIEDTODECOMPOSETHEFMRIDATAHERETOEXAMINEWHETHERSIMILARFINDINGSCANBEOBTAINEDBYBOTHMETHODSNOMATTERWHICHMEANSOFICAISAPPLIED,ITISVERYCRITICALTODETERMINETHENUMBEROFEXTRACTEDCOMPONENTSMODELORDERSELECTIONMOSHASBEENAPPLIEDFORTHISPURPOSELIETAL,2007ANDTHEINFORMATIONTHEORYBASEDMOSALGORITHMSAREOFTENUSED,FOREXAMPLE,AKAIKE’SINFORMATIONCRITERIONAICAKAIKE,1974,MINIMUMDISTANCELENGTHMDLRISSANEN,1978,ANDKULLBACK–LEIBLERINFORMATIONCRITERIONKICCAVANAUGH,1999THISTYPEOFMOSALGORITHMSASSUMESTHEDATAAREINDEPENDENTLYANDIDENTICALLYDISTRIBUTEDANDTHECOLLECTEDBRAINDATAHAVETOBERESAMPLEDTOSATISFYTHISASSUMPTIONFORMOSLIETAL,2007INTHISSTUDY,WEEXAMINEANOTHERRECENTLYDEVELOPEDALGORITHMCALLEDSORTEHEETAL,2010FORMOSOFFMRIDATASORTEISVERYEFFICIENTINTHECOMPUTINGANDDOESNOTREQUIRETHERESAMPLINGPROCESSHEETAL,2010ALTHO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簡介：BANDINGLIGATIONOFHEMORRHOIDSJGASTROINTESTINLIVERDISJUNE2007VOL16NO2,163165ADDRESSFORCORRESPONDENCEMOSCHOSJOHNMD,PHDPAPADIMITRIOU10STRKALAMARIA55131,GREECEEMAILGUTINGRBANDINGHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERSINGLECENTEREXPERIENCEDIMITRIOSPAIKOS1,ANTHIEGATOPOULOU1,JOHNMOSCHOS1,ANASTASIOSKOULAOUZIDIS2,SHIVRAMBHAT2,DIMITRIOSTZILVES1,KONSTANTINOSSOUFLERIS1,DIMITRIOSTRAGIANNIDIS1,IOANNISKATSOS1,ANESTISTARPAGOS11“THEAGENIO”HOSPITAL,THESSALONIKI,GREECE2WARRINGTONGENERALHOSPITAL,CHESHIRE,UKABSTRACTBACKGROUNDHEMORRHOIDSARETHEMOSTCOMMONANORECTALDISORDERINTHEWESTERNWORLDANDAREAMAJORCAUSEOFACTIVE,RELAPSINGORCHRONICRECTALBLEEDINGMANYTREATMENTOPTIONSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDANDTRIEDFOREARLYSTAGEHEMORRHOIDSTHEREISGENERALAGREEMENTTHATRUBBERBANDINGLIGATIONRBLISSAFEANDEFFECTIVEAIMSTOEVALUATETHEEFFECTIVENESSANDCOMPLICATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHRBLPERFORMEDINOUTPATIENTSFORSYMPTOMATICHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERDEVICERESULTSSIXTYCONSECUTIVEPATIENTSUNDERWENTHEMORRHOIDBANDINGWITHTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERTHEMEANTIMEREQUIREDFORONESESSIONWAS62MINTHELONGESTWAS10MINNOMAJORCOMPLICATIONSWERENOTEDMINOREARLYANDLATEBLEEDINGWASREPORTEDIN10AND67RESPECTIVELY,BUTNONEWASSEVEREPAINOCCURREDIN67BUTWASNOTSEVEREINALLCASES,CLINICALANDENDOSCOPICRANGEANDFORMSCORESIMPROVEMENTWASOBSERVEDANDPATIENTSOFALLAGES,INCLUDINGTHEELDERLY,WEREFOUNDTOBETOLERANTTOTHEPROCEDURECONCLUSIONRBLPERFORMEDINOUTPATIENTSFORSYMPTOMATICHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERDEVICEISASSOCIATEDWITHAGOODRESPONSEANDLOWCOMPLICATIONRATEWERECOMMENDTHETECHNIQUEASASAFEANDRELIABLETREATMENTOPTIONKEYWORDSHEMORRHOIDSO’REAGANDISPOSABLEBANDERRUBBERBANDINGLIGATIONINTRODUCTIONHEMORRHOIDSARETHEMOSTCOMMONANORECTALDISORDERINTHEWESTERNWORLD1MANYTREATMENTOPTIONSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDANDTRIEDTHEREISGENERALAGREEMENTTHATRUBBERBANDINGLIGATIONRBLISSAFEANDEFFECTIVESURGERYSHOULDBERESERVEDFOR3RDOR4THGRADEHEMORRHOIDS,“MIXED”HEMORRHOIDSNOTRESPONDINGTORBLORPATIENTSONANTICOAGULANTSTHEIDEALTREATMENTISEASILYLEARNED,COSTEFFECTIVE,GIVESSATISFACTORYRESULTSANDLACKSCOMPLICATIONSRBLISRECOMMENDEDASTHEINITIALMODEOFTHERAPYFORHEMORRHOIDSOFGRADE1TO3OURAIMWASTOEVALUATETHEEFFECTIVENESSANDCOMPLICATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHRBLPERFORMEDINOUTPATIENTSFORSYMPTOMATICHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERDEVICEMATERIALANDMETHODSBETWEENSEPTEMBER2005ANDMARCH2006,60CONSECUTIVEPATIENTS32MEN,28WOMENUNDERWENTRBLWITHTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERALLPATIENTSHADINTERNALHEMORRHOIDSOFGRADE1TO4ACCORDINGTOTHEGOLIGHERGRADINGSYSTEMWHICHISAFOURSTAGEGRADINGFORINTERNALHEMORRHOIDS2ALLPATIENTSHADUNDERGONEUNSUCCESSFULCONSERVATIVETREATMENTTHESTUDYDESIGNWASAPPROVEDBYTHEHOSPITAL’SETHICSCOMMITTEEWRITTENINFORMEDCONSENTWASOBTAINEDFROMEACHPATIENTPATIENTSWITHASSOCIATEDANALFISSURES,ANALSPASMORINFECTIOUSANALPATHOLOGIESANDPATIENTSWHOREFUSEDTOSIGNTHEINFORMEDCONSENTFORMWEREEXCLUDEDFROMTHESTUDYALLPATIENTSWEREPREPAREDFORTREATMENTBYADMINISTRATIONOFASALINESOLUTIONENEMAANDAPPLICATIONOFALOCALANESTHETICOINTMENTXYLOCAINEGEL2ASTRAZENECA,WEBEL,GERMANYINTOTHEANALCANALEARLYCOMPLICATIONSWEREDEFINEDASTHOSEOCCURRINGWITHINAWEEKALLRBLSWEREPERFORMEDONANOUTPATIENTBASISTHEFRONTENDOFTHELOADEDLIGATORWASINITIALLYINSERTEDFULLYINTOTHERECTUMANDTHENSLOWLYWITHDRAWNASITWASANGLEDACUTELYTOPOINTDIRECTLYTOWARDTHESITETOBELIGATED,1CMABOVETHEDENTATELINETHETISSUEWASSUCKEDINTOTHELIGATORBYWITHDRAWINGITSPLUNGERATESTFORPAINWASPERFORMEDBYROTATINGTHELIGATORTHROUGH180OWHILEMAINTAININGSUCTIONIFTHISMANEUVERCAUSEDDISCOMFORTTHELIGATORWASREPOSITIONEDATAHIGHERLEVELSUCTIONWASMAINTAINEDFORATLEAST30SECONDSWHILETHELIGATORWASROTATEDTHROUGH180OSEVERALTIMESTOALLOWANADEQUATEBITEOFTISSUETOBEBANDINGLIGATIONOFHEMORRHOIDS165SUGGESTSRBLFORTREATMENTFORGRADE2HEMORRHOIDSWHILERESERVINGHAEMORRHOIDECTOMYFORGRADE3HEMORRHOIDSORRECURRENCESAFTERRBL11ANOTHERRECENTSTUDYREPORTEDTHATRBLCANBEUSEDTOTREATALLDEGREESOFHEMORRHOIDSWITHSIMILAREFFECTIVENESS12INOURSTUDY,3MONTHFOLLOWUPWASSATISFACTORYREGARDINGALLGRADESOFHEMORRHOIDSAPARTFROMGRADEIVINCONCLUSION,RBLPERFORMEDINOUTPATIENTSFORSYMPTOMATICHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERDEVICEISASSOCIATEDWITHAGOODRESPONSEANDLOWCOMPLICATIONRATEWERECOMMENDTHETECHNIQUEASASAFEANDRELIABLETREATMENTOPTION4FUKUDAA,KAYJIYAMAT,ARAKAWAHETALRETROFLEXEDENDOSCOPICMULTIPLEBANDLIGATIONOFSYMPTOMATICINTERNALHEMORRHOIDSGASTROINTESTENDOSC2004593803845GUPTAPJRADIOFREQUENCYCOAGULATIONVERSUSRUBBERBANDLIGATIONINEARLYHEMORRHOIDSPAINVERSUSGAINMEDICINAKAUNAS2004402322376CLEATORIG,CLEATORMMBANDINGHEMORRHOIDSUSINGTHEO’REGANDISPOSABLEBANDERBUSINESSBRIEFINGUSGASTROENTEROLOGYREVIEW200569737GUPTAPJINFRAREDCOAGULATIONVERSUSRUBBERBANDLIGATIONINEARLYSTAGEHEMORRHOIDSBRAZJMEDRES200336143314388PFENNINGERJL,SURRELLJNONSURGICALTREATMENTOPTIONSFORINTERNALHEMORRHOIDSAMFAMPHYCISIAN1995528218349MACRAEHM,MCLEODRSCOMPARISONOFHEMORRHOIDTREATMENTAMETAANALYSISCANJSURG199740141710SCHWARTZSIPRINCIPLESOFSURGERY,6THED,MCGRAWHILL,NYORK1994,PP,222122911SHANMUGAMV,THAHAMA,RABINDRANATHKS,CAMPBELLKL,STEELERJ,LOUDONMARUBBERBANDLIGATIONVERSUSEXCISIONALHAEMORRHOIDECTOMYFORHEMORRHOIDSCOCHRANEDATABASESYSTREV200520CD00503412IYERVS,SHRIERI,GORDONPHLONGTERMOUTCOMEOFRUBBERBANDLIGATIONFORSYMPTOMATICPRIMARYANDRECURRENTINTERNALHEMORRHOIDSDISCOLONRECTUM20044713641370REFERENCES1LEFFEHEMORRHOIDSPOSTGRADMEDICINE198782951012SUMY,CHIUCT,WUCS,ETALENDOSCOPICHEMORRHOIDALLIGATIONOFSYMPTOMATICINTERNALHEMORRHOIDSGASTROINTESTENDOSC2003588718743O’REGANPJDISPOSABLEDEVICEANDAMINIMALLYINVASIVETECHNIQUEFORRUBBERBANDLIGATIONOFHEMORRHOIDSDISCOLONRECTUM199942683685CONFLICTOFINTERESTNONETODECLARE

簡介：2380單詞，單詞，13萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文3400漢字漢字出處出處NAVASKA,SASIKUMARM,SREEVIDYASABENCHMARKFORMEDICALIMAGEWATERMARKINGC//INTERNATIONALWORKSHOPONSYSTEMS,SIGNALSANDIMAGEPROCESSING,2007AND,EURASIPCONFERENCEFOCUSEDONSPEECHANDIMAGEPROCESSING,MULTIMEDIACOMMUNICATIONSANDSERVICESIEEE,2007237240畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯系信息工程系信息工程系專業(yè)業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程班級(jí)級(jí)姓名名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語簽名年月日BELOSSLESSBECAUSEOFTHESTRINGENTREQUIREMENTSONHIGHQUALITYINMEDICALAPPLICATIONSHOWEVERTHENUMBEROFEMBEDDEDBITSSHOULDBELARGEENOUGHFORTHECLINICIANSTOWRITETHEIRDIAGNOSISREPORTSOMEOFTHEAVAILABLEWATERMARKINGTECHNIQUESUSEDFOREMBEDDINGTEXTINFORMATIONINTOMEDICALIMAGESCANBEFOUNDIN2,3,4POPULARBENCHMARKSTHEIMPORTANTAVAILABLEBENCHMARKSARESTIRMARK,CHECKMARK,OPTIMARKANDCERTIMARKALLTHETHESEBENCHMARKSSHARETHECOMMONINEFFICIENCYOFPROVIDINGAPLATFORMFOREVALUATINGALLKINDSOFIMAGEWATERMARKINGMETHODSTHISMAKESAROOMFORRESEARCHONDEVISINGABENCHMARKFORALLKINDSOFIMAGEWATERMARKING3ANOVELBENCHMARKFORMEDICALIMAGEWATERMARKINGANIDEALBENCHMARKINGPROCEDURESHOULDINVOLVEEXAMININGTHESETOFMUTUALLYDEPENDENTPARAMETERSOFTHEWATERMARKINGSYSTEMANDITSHOULDCLEARLYOPTIMIZETHETRADEOFFBETWEENVARIOUSCONSTRAINTSOFWATERMARKINGVARIOUSPERFORMANCEMETRICSAREUSEDTOEVALUATETHESEPARAMETERSBASEDONASPECIFICAPPLICATIONTHEREQUIREMENTSOFWATERMARKINGSUCHASIMPERCEPTIBILITY,CAPACITYANDROBUSTNESSAREHAMPERINGEACHOTHERTHEREFORE,ATRADEOFFISESSENTIALBETWEENTHESEPARAMETERSAPROPEREVALUATIONHASTOENSURETHATALLTHESELECTEDREQUIREMENTSAREMETTOACERTAINLEVELOFASSURANCETHEEVALUATIONMETHODFORMEDICALIMAGEWATERMARKINGTECHNIQUESDIFFERSFROMTHEOTHERBENCHMARKSBECAUSEOFTHEFOLLOWINGCONSTRAINTSTHEREQUIREMENTSOFWATERMARKINGSUCHASIMPERCEPTIBILITY,CAPACITYANDROBUSTNESSAREHAMPERINGEACHOTHERTHEREFORE,ATRADEOFFISESSENTIALBETWEENTHESEPARAMETERSAPROPEREVALUATIONHASTOENSURETHATALLTHESELECTEDREQUIREMENTSAREMETTOACERTAINLEVELOFASSURANCETHEEVALUATIONMETHODFORMEDICALIMAGEWATERMARKINGTECHNIQUESDIFFERSFROMTHEOTHERBENCHMARKSBECAUSEOFTHEFOLLOWINGCONSTRAINTS31COVERIMAGESETTHEBENCHMARKINCORPORATESANUMBEROFCOVERIMAGESOFVARYINGSIZETHEMEDICALIMAGESAREAVAILABLEINDIFFERENTMODALITIESSUCHASCT,MRI,US,ANDXRAYTHEHOSPITALINFORMATIONSYSTEMCONTAINSINTEGRATEDMEDICALIMAGEDATABASEANDRETRIEVALSYSTEMTHATENABLESDOCTORSTOBROWSEPATIENTIMAGESATANYTIMESUCHASYSTEMALLOWSMEDICALIMAGESINDIFFERENTMODALITIESTOBEINTEGRATEDINTOANIMAGEDATABASESERVERWITHTHEDICOMSTANDARDDIGITALWATERMARKINGCANIMPERCEPTIBLYEMBEDMESSAGESWITHOUTCHANGINGIMAGESIZEORFORMATSOTHEWATERMARKEDMEDICALIMAGECANCONFORMTOTHEDICOMFORMAT32CAPACITYTHOUGHTHECAPACITYOFWATERMARKISEXPRESSEDINBITSPERPIXEL,MORECONVENIENTUNITTHATCANBEGENERALLYAPPLIEDTOEPRTEXTDATAHIDINGINMEDICALIMAGESIS

簡介：3600英文單詞，英文單詞，18500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文6100字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處MCKAYFH,SINGHA,SINGHS,ETALSTREETVENDORSINPATNA,INDIAUNDERSTANDINGTHESOCIOECONOMICPROFILE,LIVELIHOODANDHYGIENEPRACTICESJFOODCONTROL,2016,70281285STREETVENDORSINPATNA,INDIAUNDERSTANDINGTHESOCIOECONOMICPROFILE,LIVELIHOODANDHYGIENEPRACTICESFIONAHMCKAY,ARBINDSINGH,SANGEETASINGH,SUVAJEEGOOD,RICHARDHOSBORNEABSTRACTSTREETFOODVENDINGISFUNDAMENTALTODAILYLIFEINMANYLOWANDMIDDLEINCOMECOUNTRIESWHEREMUCHOFTHEURBANPOPULATIONRELYONFOODPROVIDEDBYSTREETVENDORSWHILESTREETVENDORSAREKNOWNTOBEIMPORTANTPROVIDERSOFFOODLIMITEDRESEARCHHASINVESTIGATEDVENDOR’SHYGIENEPRACTICESANDTHEIRSOCIOECONOMICCIRCUMSTANCESININDIATHEAIMSOFTHISSTUDYWERETOINVESTIGATETHEHYGIENICPRACTICESOFFOODVENDORSANDTHECONTEXTOFTHEIRSOCIOECONOMICANDLIVINGCIRCUMSTANCESSTRUCTUREDINTERVIEWSWERECONDUCTEDWITH31STREETFOODVENDORSINPATNA,INDIATHEINTERVIEWSEXPLOREDISSUESAROUNDVENDING,HYGIENEPRACTICES,PLANNING,ANDFINANCIALSTABILITYFINDINGSFROMTHISSTUDYINDICATETHATFOODVENDORSAREAWAREOFGOODBASICHYGIENEPRACTICESDESPITEHAVINGLOWLEVELSOFLITERACY,LOWINCOMES,ANDLIMITEDJOBSECURITYKEYWORDSSTREETVENDORINDIAFOODENVIRONMENTSTREETFOODFOODSAFETYANDHYGIENE1INTRODUCTIONOVERTHELASTTWODECADES,INDIAHASEXPERIENCEDSIGNIFICANTECONOMICGROWTHANDCHANGE,INCLUDINGASUBSTANTIALINCREASEINGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDPANDPERCAPITAINCOMETHESECHANGESHAVEMEANTTHATTHATOVER60MILLIONINDIANSHAVEBENEFITEDFROMIMPROVEDLIVINGCONDITIONSPLANNINGCOMMISSION,2013DESPITETHESECHANGES,MANYPUBLICHEALTHIMPROVEMENTSHAVEFAILEDTOKEEPPACEWITHTHEINCREASEDPROSPERITYLIFEEXPECTANCYATBIRTHREMAINSLOWINDIA,68WORLDAVERAGE,71,INFANTMORTALITYRATES48PER1000AREHIGHERTHANTHEGLOBALAVERAGE32PER1000,ANDTHEAVERAGEFORTHESOUTHEASTASIANREGION34PER1000,ANDOVERONEQUARTEROFINDIA’SPOPULATIONLIVEBELOWTHEPOVERTYLINE,ORONLESSTHANUS125PERDAYHORTONWHO,2016PASTDECADESHAVESEENANINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFPEOPLEMOVINGFROMRURALTOURBANAREASINSEARCHOFWORKCOFFEY,PAPP,BUTSCH,SAKDAPOLAK,TACOLI,BUKHARI,PIKUDASAMAPUNDO,CLIMAT,XHAFERI,SUNEETHA,MANJULA,CORTESEETAL,2016,THISSTUDYSOUGHTTOINTERVIEWATLEAST30VENDORSACONVENIENCESAMPLINGSTRATEGYWASDESIGNEDSOTHATANUMBEROFSITESAROUNDTHECITYCOULDBEREPRESENTEDINTHESTUDYTHEINTERVIEWSWERECOMPLETEDATTHEVENDOR’SCARTORSTALLBYTHEFIRSTAUTHORWITHTHEASSISTANCEOFAMEMBEROFNASVIWHOAIDEDWITHRECRUITMENTANDTRANSLATIONTOBUILDREPORTBETWEENVENDORSANDTHERESEARCHER,VENDORSWEREMADEAWAREOFTHESTUDYBYTHEIRAREALEADERSTHESELEADERSARETHEDAYTODAYPOINTOFCONTACTBETWEENNASVIANDTHEVENDORSTHEFIRSTAUTHORALSOMETMANYOFTHEVENDORSATANAWARDCEREMONYFORTHOSEVENDORSWHOHADRECENTLYCOMPLETEDAHYGIENETRAININGCOURSEBOTHOWNERSANDSTAFFWEREELIGIBLEFORINTERVIEWANOBSERVATIONALCHECKLISTDEVELOPEDFORTHISSTUDY,MODELLEDONTHATOFLUCANETAL2013,WASALSOUSEDTOGATHERINFORMATIONONTHEFOODSERVICEUNITINCLUDINGTHETYPEOFFOODPREPARED/SERVEDINTHEUNIT,ANDTHEGENERALHYGIENEAROUNDTHESTALLTHEPRESENCEOFRUBBISH,WATERORRODENTSDETAILEDFIELDNOTESWERETAKEN,ANDALLINTERVIEWSWERERECORDEDFORANYLATERCLARIFICATIONAPPROVALFROMTHESTUDYWASOBTAINEDFROMTHEDEAKINUNIVERSITYETHICSCOMMITTEETHEDESCRIPTIVEDATAWEREANALYSEDUSINGBASICDESCRIPTIVESTATISTICSTOCHARACTERISETHESAMPLECATEGORICALDATAWEREREPORTEDUSINGSIMPLEFREQUENCIESANDPERCENTAGES,WHILECONTINUOUSDATAWEREPRESENTEDASMEANS,MEDIANSANDSTANDARDDEVIATIONS3RESULTS31ENVIRONMENTALCHARACTERISTICSINTOTAL31VENDORSACROSSTHREESITESWEREINTERVIEWEDTHEDEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICSAREPRESENTEDINTABLE1THEAVERAGEAGEOFVENDORSWAS34YEARSSD104,RANGE1761MOSTOFTHEPARTICIPANTSWEREMALEN28,ANDMOSTWEREMARRIEDN28WITHATLEASTONECHILDN24WHILEMOSTOFTHEPARTICIPANTSHADCOMPLETEDSOMESCHOOLINGN20,OVERONETHIRDWEREILLITERATEN11ONLYTWOOFTHEPARTICIPANTSOWNEDTHEHOUSEINWHICHTHEYWERELIVINGINPATNA,WITHMOSTPARTICIPANTSN25RENTINGTHEIRCURRENTHOMEATANAVERAGEOFRS2137PERMONTHSD745,RANGE1000E4000OFTHOSERENTINGINPATNA,EIGHTOWNEDAHOMELOCATEDINTHEIRFAMILYVILLAGEONEPARTICIPANTWASLIVINGONHISCART,WHILETHREEOTHERSWERELIVINGINHOMESTHATWEREPROVIDEDBYTHEGOVERNMENTORASINONECASE,ONCHURCHLANDINEXCHANGEFORASMALLAMOUNTOFGARDENINGMAINTENANCEVENDORSREPORTEDANAVERAGEMONTHLYINCOMEOFRS10,629SD4912,RANGE400025,000,ANDWHILEMOSTWERETHESOLEPROVIDERFORTHEIRFAMILIES,WITHANAVERAGEHOUSEHOLDSIZEOFSEVEN,THEAVERAGEMONTHLYHOUSEHOLDINCOMEWASSLIGHTLYHIGHERATRS12,177SD6157,RANGE600030,000,ASSOMEPARTICIPANTSRECEIVEDASMALLAMOUNTOFINCOMEFROMFARMLANDORTHEWORKOFOTHERFAMILYMEMBERSMOSTOFTHEVENDORSOWNEDTHECARTTHATTHEYWORKEDATN28,WITHSEVERALALSOEMPLOYINGSTAFFTOASSISTTHEMWITHDAYTODAYTASKSVENDORSWERETYPICALLYLOCATEDINVISIBLECLUSTERSOFBETWEEN7AND22VENDORS,OFTENWITHSEVERALVENDORSINEACHCLUSTERSELLINGTHESAMEFOODONLYONEVENDORWASISOLATEDFROMANYCLUSTERTHISVENDORHADRECENTLYMOVEDTOPATNAFROMHISVILLAGETOINCREASEHISINCOMEPOTENTIALHEANDTHREEOTHERSWERETHEONLYVENDORSWHOHADBEEN

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簡介：SHORTCOMMUNICATIONSTREETVENDORSINPATNA,INDIAUNDERSTANDINGTHESOCIOECONOMICPROFILE,LIVELIHOODANDHYGIENEPRACTICESFIONAHMCKAYA,,ARBINDSINGHB,SANGEETASINGHB,SUVAJEEGOODC,RICHARDHOSBORNEAADEAKINUNIVERSITY,SCHOOLOFHEALTHANDSOCIALDEVELOPMENT,FACULTYOFHEALTH,GEELONG,BURWOODCAMPUS,221BURWOODHIGHWAY,MELBOURNEVIC3125,AUSTRALIABNATIONALASSOCIATIONOFSTREETVENDORS,PATNA,BIHAR,INDIACDEPARTMENTOFNONCOMMUNICABLEDISEASESANDENVIRONMENTHEALTH,WHOREGIONALOFFICEFORSOUTHEASTASIA,NEWDELHI,INDIAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED9DECEMBER2015RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM28MAY2016ACCEPTED31MAY2016AVAILABLEONLINE4JUNE2016KEYWORDSSTREETVENDORINDIAFOODENVIRONMENTSTREETFOODFOODSAFETYANDHYGIENEABSTRACTSTREETFOODVENDINGISFUNDAMENTALTODAILYLIFEINMANYLOWANDMIDDLEINCOMECOUNTRIESWHEREMUCHOFTHEURBANPOPULATIONRELYONFOODPROVIDEDBYSTREETVENDORSWHILESTREETVENDORSAREKNOWNTOBEIMPORTANTPROVIDERSOFFOODLIMITEDRESEARCHHASINVESTIGATEDVENDOR’SHYGIENEPRACTICESANDTHEIRSOCIOECONOMICCIRCUMSTANCESININDIATHEAIMSOFTHISSTUDYWERETOINVESTIGATETHEHYGIENICPRACTICESOFFOODVENDORSANDTHECONTEXTOFTHEIRSOCIOECONOMICANDLIVINGCIRCUMSTANCESSTRUCTUREDINTERVIEWSWERECONDUCTEDWITH31STREETFOODVENDORSINPATNA,INDIATHEINTERVIEWSEXPLOREDISSUESAROUNDVENDING,HYGIENEPRACTICES,PLANNING,ANDFINANCIALSTABILITYFINDINGSFROMTHISSTUDYINDICATETHATFOODVENDORSAREAWAREOFGOODBASICHYGIENEPRACTICESDESPITEHAVINGLOWLEVELSOFLITERACY,LOWINCOMES,ANDLIMITEDJOBSECURITY?2016ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONOVERTHELASTTWODECADES,INDIAHASEXPERIENCEDSIGNIFICANTECONOMICGROWTHANDCHANGE,INCLUDINGASUBSTANTIALINCREASEINGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDPANDPERCAPITAINCOMETHESECHANGESHAVEMEANTTHATTHATOVER60MILLIONINDIANSHAVEBENEFITEDFROMIMPROVEDLIVINGCONDITIONSPLANNINGCOMMISSION,2013DESPITETHESECHANGES,MANYPUBLICHEALTHIMPROVEMENTSHAVEFAILEDTOKEEPPACEWITHTHEINCREASEDPROSPERITYLIFEEXPECTANCYATBIRTHREMAINSLOWINDIA,68WORLDAVERAGE,71,INFANTMORTALITYRATES48PER1000AREHIGHERTHANTHEGLOBALAVERAGE32PER1000,ANDTHEAVERAGEFORTHESOUTHEASTASIANREGION34PER1000,ANDOVERONEQUARTEROFINDIA’SPOPULATIONLIVEBELOWTHEPOVERTYLINE,ORONLESSTHANUS125PERDAYHORTONWHO,2016PASTDECADESHAVESEENANINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFPEOPLEMOVINGFROMRURALTOURBANAREASINSEARCHOFWORKCOFFEY,PAPP,BUTSCH,SAKDAPOLAK,TACOLI,BUKHARI,PIKUDASAMAPUNDO,CLIMAT,XHAFERI,SUNEETHA,MANJULA,ALMOSTONETHIRDN?10HADBEENVENDINGATTHESAMELOCATIONFORMORETHAN10YEARS,WITHMANYMENTIONINGTHATTHEYHADTAKENOVERTHEBUSINESSFROMTHEIRFATHER,WHOTOOHADBEENVENDINGATTHESAMELOCATIONFORMANYYEARSONLYEIGHTPARTICIPANTSHADRECEIVEDFORMALHYGIENETRAININGBEINGOFFEREDBYNASVIATTHETIMEOFTHISSTUDY,HOWEVER,MOSTOFTHEREMAINDERWERESCHEDULEDTOCOMPLETETHETRAININGATSOMEPOINTINTHEFUTUREDESPITETHESMALLNUMBEROFPARTICIPANTSWHOWEREFORMALLYTRAINED,MOSTVENDORSHADSOMEFORMOFWASTEDISPOSALUSUALLYARUBBISHBINORBAGNEARBY,ANDMOSTHADWATERNEARTHEIRFOODPREPARATIONAREATHISWASTYPICALLYINTHEFORMOFBOREWATERSTOREDINALARGEPLASTICDRUMFOURPARTICIPANTSREPORTEDTHATTHEYPAIDRS30EACHDAYFORTHISWATERMOSTPARTICIPANTSHADSOAPAVAILABLE,WHETHERTHEYHADTHEIROWNORSHAREDWITHANEIGHBOUR,ANDMOSTWEREABLETODESCRIBETHELINKBETWEENUNHYGIENICFOODANDILLNESSMANYPARTICIPANTSSPOKEOFTHEINSECURENATUREOFSTREETVENDINGTHESEVENDORSDESCRIBEDSITUATIONSWHERETHEYFELTHARASSEDBYTHEMUNICIPALAUTHORITIESORPOLICETHESEPARTICIPANTSDESCRIBEDSITUATIONSWHERETHEYWEREASKEDTOLEAVETHEAREA,HADTHEIRCARTORFOODDESTROYED,ORHADTHEIRCARTSCONFISCATEDANDHADTOPAYAFINEORBRIBETORETRIEVETHEIRCARTANDCOOKINGEQUIPMENTTHESEPARTICIPANTSSPOKEOFTHEINSECURITYTHEYFELTINTHEIRPROFESSIONANDFORTHEIRFAMILIESWHENSPEAKINGABOUTTHEJOBSTHATTHEYWISHFORTHEIRCHILDREN,MANYPARTICIPANTSIDENTIFIEDTHISVULNERABILITYANDINSECURITYASTHEREASONTHATTHATDIDNOTWANTTHEIRCHILDRENVENDING32VENDORHEALTHANDWELLBEINGMOSTVENDORSTOOKTHEOPPORTUNITYTOWORKLONGHOURSASAWAYTOINCREASETHEIRINCOMEVENDORSREPORTEDWORKINGONAVERAGE,OVER11HEACHDAY,WITHMANYWORKINGSEVENDAYSAWEEKBECAUSEOFTHEIRALREADYLIMITEDINCOMES,THOSEVENDORSWHOWORKEDEVERYDAYSAIDTHATTHEYONLYTAKEADAYOFFWORKDURINGFESTIVALS,ORINTHECASEOFILLNESSORANEMERGENCYFEWERTHANHALFOFTHEVENDORSREPORTEDBEINGSICKRECENTLYTABLE1VENDORDEMOGRAPHICSAGEN20ANDUNDER26521E301341931E4010323OVER406194SEXMALE28903YEARSOFSCHOOLING0113551E54136E910322MORETHAN106194MARRIED28903NUMBEROFDEPENDENTCHILDREN072261265261943516144135T7226AVERAGEAGEOFCHILDRENYEARS133RANGE6MONTHSE40YEARSFAMILYTYPEJOINTLIVINGWITHSOMEEXTENDEDFAMILY14452NUCLEAR17548NUMBEROFPEOPLEINHOUSE13973E592916E912387MORETHAN107226HOUSINGSTATUSRENTINPATNA25806OWNINVILLAGE8OWNINPATNA265OTHER4104MONTHLYPERSONALINCOMERSAVERAGE10,629SD4912,RANGE4000E25,000UPTO600051366001E10,0001651610,001E15,0006194OVER15,0014104MONTHLYHOUSEHOLDINCOMERSAVERAGE12,177SD6157,RANGE6000E30,000UPTO600041046001E10,0001445210,001E15,000619415,001E20,0005136OVER20,000265MONTHLYHOUSEHOLDEXPENDITURERSAVERAGE8451SD4040,RANGE4000E18,000UPTO6000144526001E10,000929010,001E15,000513615,001E20,000397FHMCKAYETAL/FOODCONTROL702016281E285283