簡介：附表附表3外文翻譯外文翻譯出處出處ENERGYANDBUILDINGS,2002,342155162歐洲辦公建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量及其改善歐洲辦公建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量及其改善摘要摘要室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量（簡稱IEQ）是辦公建筑的一個重要的質(zhì)量方面。這種觀點在歐洲的一種新的方法論和軟件中得到認可，這種方法論和軟件是針對改善辦公建筑的。（改善辦公建筑的研究簡稱TOBUS）在改善辦公建筑的研究中，把居住者對室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的不滿做了一個詳細列表，同時這個列表也被作為建筑物和供熱通風(fēng)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)特性的一個列表。根據(jù)建筑物和系統(tǒng)的特性與建筑物的用途之間的關(guān)系，可以找到引起問題的不同的可能性原因，并且可以選擇改善的可能性措施。一種關(guān)系方案應(yīng)包括以下這些關(guān)系研究對象及其類型，辦公建筑內(nèi)居住人員的抱怨，引起這些抱怨的可能性原因以及消除這些抱怨的措施之間的關(guān)系。而且，這種關(guān)系方案還要包括與所選的研究對象無關(guān)的原因和措施。用來定性和定量研究建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量特性的程序也已給出。這篇文章描述了在歐洲的12座建筑中集中在室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量方面的調(diào)查結(jié)果。這篇文章也提到了這個領(lǐng)域研究的一些討論和結(jié)論，都是與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量及其用到的方法和程序相關(guān)的。O2002ELSEVIERSCIENCEBV版權(quán)所有。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量；改善辦公建筑的研究；辦公建筑；調(diào)查問卷1序言室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量是辦公建筑的一個重要方面。從建筑物內(nèi)居住人員的角度來看，理想的狀況應(yīng)該是這樣一種室內(nèi)環(huán)境，它能使所有的居住人員滿意（就是他們沒有抱怨），并且不會不必要地增加疾病和受傷的危險性和嚴重性。按照歐洲的89/106/EWG條例，建設(shè)項目必須以這樣一種方式來進行設(shè)計和建造，即它不會對居住者和鄰居的衛(wèi)生和健康造成威脅。按世界衛(wèi)生組織所言，“健康是一種完全的身體，精神和社交的健康狀態(tài)，而且不僅僅是缺少疾病和衰弱?！辈唤】档氖覂?nèi)環(huán)境將會導(dǎo)致雇員的生產(chǎn)效率下降，并且致使因病離職的人數(shù)增加。我們現(xiàn)在面對的問題是居住人員的健康狀況遠不夠理想。我們創(chuàng)造一種更健康解決問題的措施↓←相互影響最適宜的解決方法表1改善辦公建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的方法第一步考察前收集信息來找出建筑物內(nèi)存在的與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量相關(guān)的問題（抱怨或是評論）。作一個清單，用來收集從建筑管理人員和技術(shù)人員那里得到的關(guān)于建筑結(jié)構(gòu)及服務(wù)的信息。作一個調(diào)查問卷，收集居住人員可以察覺到的舒適和不滿的信念。下面這些程序組成第一步?分發(fā)和收集居住人員的調(diào)查問卷（包括對居住者的選擇，這也會收到一種調(diào)查問卷）和建筑管理人員的清單?分析調(diào)查問卷和建筑管理人員的清單?對問題列表（包括不滿和評論）以及與研究對象相關(guān)或無關(guān)的原因進行推斷?選擇要考察的辦公室和研究對象第二步考察在第一步中發(fā)現(xiàn)的每一個問題，都可以找到一個可能的原因。在給審核員的列表清單中提供了一些與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量相關(guān)的額外信息，而這些信息是不可以從居住人員的調(diào)查問卷和建筑管理人員的清單中獲得的。下面這些程序組成第二步；?審核員根據(jù)清單作出觀點評價?選擇問題的起因?選擇與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量相關(guān)的研究對象第三步考察后分析所有收集的信息，準確的找出問題的起因，給出由研究對象引發(fā)的問題的解決措施，并且對不是由研究對象引發(fā)的問題提出建議。下面這些程序組成第三步；?選擇室內(nèi)環(huán)境改善措施?檢查其相互影響?確定室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量特性21關(guān)系方案

簡介：附錄翻譯原文EXPERIMENTALSTUDYONVISIBILITYOFEXITSIGNSINBUILDINGSLTWONG,KCLODEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGSERVICESENGINEERING,THEHONGKONGPOLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY,HONGKONG,CHINARECEIVED26NOVEMBER2003RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM19JANUARY2006ACCEPTED23FEBRUARY2006ABSTRACTVISIBILITYOFEXITSIGNSINTERMSOFTHEHEIGHTOFTHESIGNCONTENTWASSTUDIEDEXPERIMENTALLYINAN18MINTERNALCORRIDORFOURFACTORSAFFECTINGTHEVISIBILITYINCLUDINGGRAPHICS,COLOURS,LIGHTINGCONDITIONSANDAGESOFTHEOBSERVERSWEREINVESTIGATEDCOMBINATIONSOFDESIGNATIONSCONTAININGTHEENGLISHANDCHINESEWORDSEXIT,FIVEDIRECTIONALINDICATORSANDTWOEXITSYMBOLSINDIFFERENTCOLOURSUNDERNORMALANDEMERGENCYLIGHTINGCONDITIONSWEREPRESENTEDTO30OBSERVERSOFDIFFERENTAGEGROUPSTODETERMINETHEIRVISIBILITYTHESIGNHEIGHTSDETECTED,IDENTIFIEDANDIDENTIFIEDWITHCONFIDENCEWEREMEASUREDINCREASEDHEIGHTFORCORRECTIDENTIFICATIONWASFOUNDFORANEXITSIGNCONTAININGTWOSYMBOLSASCOMPAREDTOASIGNCONTAININGONLYONESYMBOLAGREENEXITSIGNWASREPORTEDTOBEHIGHLYVISIBLEITWASALSOREPORTEDTHATATREDUCEDILLUMINATION,THESIGNHEIGHTFORCORRECTIDENTIFICATIONINCREASED?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONEMERGENCYEXITSIGNSAREINSTALLEDTOPROVIDEMARKINGSOFEXITSANDESCAPEROUTESINBUILDINGSANDSHOULDBEABLETOASSISTTHEOCCUPANTSTOLEAVETHEBUILDINGSEFFECTIVELYINCASEOFEMERGENCY1,2EXITSIGNISANESSENTIALINSTALLATIONINBUILDINGSANDTHESPECIFICATIONSARESTATEDINDESIGNGUIDESANDREGULATIONS3–6THOUSANDSOFEXITSIGNSCANBEFOUNDINMANYHIGHRISEBUILDINGSINHONGKONG,EXITSIGNSCONTAININGTHEWORDEXITINENGLISHANDCHINESEOFNOTLESSTHAN125MMHEIGHTARESPECIFIEDFORLOCALBUILDINGS5,6ASIGNSHALLBEDESIGNEDWITHACOMBINATIONOFDIRECTIONALINDICATOR,SYMBOLANDWORDSWHILETHEGENERALDESIGNSHALLFOLLOWTHESTANDARDSPECIFIED4,THECHINESEWORDSHALLREACHAMINIMUMWIDTHOF15MMINVERTICALSTROKESAND10MMINHORIZONTALSTROKES5MOREOVER,THECOLOURPAIROFSIGNCONTENTANDBACKGROUNDSHALLBEGREENANDWHITEGWORWHITEANDGREENWG5,THOUGHBLACKANDGREENBGISBEINGUSEDINSOMEEXISTINGBUILDINGS6COMPREHENSIBLESYMBOLS,WORDSANDDIRECTIONALINDICATORSFOREXITDESIGNATIONWERESTUDIEDANDAPPLIEDTOEXITSIGNDESIGNS7–10BOTHSIGNAGEDESIGNANDILLUMINATIONCONDITIONSAFFECTTHEVISIBILITYOFANEXITSIGN11THECHANGESINVISIBILITYWITHSIZEANDLUMINANCEINTERMSOFTHEVISUALANGLEWERESTUDIEDBYJINETAL13INCREASINGTHECONTRASTOFTHEARROW,ENLARGINGTHEAREAOFTHECHEVRONANDCHANGINGTHEA300MMWIDEWHITESIGNCONTAININGTHEWORDEXITOF150MMHEIGHTWOULDBEIDENTIFIEDCORRECTLYATAMEANDISTANCEOF30M3INHONGKONG,ANEXITSIGNDESIGNEDWITHTHEWORDEXITINENGLISHANDCHINESEANDANEXITSYMBOLOFARUNNINGPERSONISSPECIFIEDFORLOCALBUILDINGS5,6,ANDADIRECTIONALINDICATORSHALLBEUSEDINADIRECTIONALSIGNWITHANEXITSYMBOLORTHEENGLISHANDCHINESEWORDSEXITSYMBOLSE1,E2,WORDSW1,W2ANDDIRECTIONALINDICATORSD1TOD5USEDINTHISSTUDYARESHOWNINTABLE1THEFOLLOWINGARETHEIRSOURCESTHEGRAPHICSOFAPERSONRUNNINGTHROUGHANOPENDOORE17–10ANDAPERSONRUNNINGAWAYFROMFIREE25FROMCURRENTCODESWEREUSEDASTHEEXITSYMBOLSE2ISBELIEVEDTOBEAGOODEXITINDICATIONANDPRESCRIBEDINTHELOCALCODE6THEENGLISHWORDEXITW1CONTRIBUTEDTOACCURATEIDENTIFICATIONOFEXITMESSAGES7–10ANDHASBEENWIDELYADOPTEDINDESIGNGUIDESANDSTANDARDS3–6THECHINESEWORDFOREXITW2HASALSOBEENSPECIFIEDFORLOCALAPPLICATIONS56VISIBILITYOFDIRECTIONALINDICATORSANDTHEIREFFECTIVENESSININDICATINGDIRECTIONWERESTUDIEDEXTENSIVELY7–10ACHEVROND1WASIDENTIFIEDASTHEMOSTVISIBLEANDEFFECTIVEDIRECTIONALINDICATORANDRECOMMENDEDFORBUILDINGENVIRONMENT3ALTERNATIVELY,AN‘ANGELFISH’D2WASFOUNDTOBEEYECATCHINGANDATRIANGLED3OFINCREASEDAREARELATEDTOD1WOULDBEEASILYVISIBLE11,12ANARROWCONTAININGACHEVRONWITHA‘TAIL’D4PRESCRIBEDINBRITISHSTANDARD4HASBEENUSEDINLOCALBUILDINGS5,6ATRIANGLEWITHA‘TAIL’D5WASHYPOTHESIZEDTOHAVEINCREASEDVISIBILITYBECAUSEOFITSINCREASEDAREARELATINGTOTHEARROWD411,12

簡介：大型公共建筑消防應(yīng)急照明電源設(shè)計技術(shù)經(jīng)濟指標的研究摘要本文在實地調(diào)查近年新落成的一些大型公共建筑消防應(yīng)急照明電源設(shè)計存在無法滿足實際需要情況的基礎(chǔ)上，針對技術(shù)規(guī)范亟待完善的電源設(shè)計的重要問題，提出了修改建議，提高應(yīng)急照明的可靠性，改善人員逃生條件，以適應(yīng)“以人為本”“生命至上”的社會發(fā)展趨勢，減少火災(zāi)事故中的人員傷亡。關(guān)鍵詞消防；應(yīng)急照明電；源蓄電；池分散供電引言近年，各地新落成了不少大型公共建筑，尤其是大型體育、文化場館等，這些建筑都是人群高度集中的開放場所，一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)和斷電等事故，容易發(fā)生疏散混亂、相互踩踏造成傷亡事故，提高應(yīng)急疏散照明的可靠性，具有極其重要的意義。但由于一些技術(shù)規(guī)范未能及時修改和統(tǒng)一，設(shè)計時依據(jù)不同，設(shè)計思想有很大差別，無法滿足實際需要，需加以完善。本文對應(yīng)急照明技術(shù)規(guī)范在實踐中遇到的問題，作個簡要分析，以引起從業(yè)者的足夠重視。應(yīng)急照明在火災(zāi)和突發(fā)緊急事故中有著重要的作用，確保消防應(yīng)急照明系統(tǒng)安全可靠的工作意義重大。消防應(yīng)急燈具有三大功能消防應(yīng)急工作照明燈組成的消防工作照明系統(tǒng)，滿足正常工作照度要求；由消防應(yīng)急疏散照明燈組成的消防疏散功能系統(tǒng)，供人員疏散時提供必須的照度而設(shè)置；由低位消防應(yīng)急疏散照明和疏散指示及其他標志形式組成的應(yīng)急疏散標識功能系統(tǒng)，為人員疏散提供明確引導(dǎo)方向及途徑。1有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范有關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范1民用建筑電器設(shè)計規(guī)范GJ162008第3191條“一級負荷應(yīng)由兩個電源供電，當一個電源發(fā)生故障時，另一個電源應(yīng)不致同時受到損壞。一級負荷容量較大或有高壓用電設(shè)備時應(yīng)采用兩路高壓電源。如一級負荷容量不大時，應(yīng)優(yōu)先采用從電力系統(tǒng)或臨近單位取得第二低壓電源，亦可采用應(yīng)急發(fā)電機組，如一級負荷僅為照明或電話站負荷時，宜采用蓄電池組作為備用電源”；2建筑設(shè)計防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1012條火災(zāi)事故照明和疏散照明指示標志可采用蓄電池作備用電源，但連續(xù)供電時間不應(yīng)少于20MIN；3建筑設(shè)計防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1013條消防用電設(shè)備應(yīng)采用單獨的供電回路，并當發(fā)生火災(zāi)切斷生產(chǎn)、生活用電時，應(yīng)能保證消防用電，其配電設(shè)備應(yīng)有明顯標志；4建筑設(shè)計防火規(guī)范GBJ1687第1028條“其疏散走道和疏散門，均宜設(shè)置燈光疏散指示標志”；5火災(zāi)自動報警系統(tǒng)設(shè)計規(guī)范GB5011698第6318條“消防控制室在確認火災(zāi)后，應(yīng)能切斷有關(guān)部位的非消防電源，并接通警報裝置及火災(zāi)應(yīng)急照明燈和疏散標志燈”；要，完全可以做到萬無一失。而且也認為以發(fā)電機作備用電源的應(yīng)急照明供電方式比自帶蓄電池的應(yīng)急燈要高級，要可靠。但從上面的分析中得知，發(fā)生火災(zāi)時，這種傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計已經(jīng)無法滿足應(yīng)急照明的需要?！睉?yīng)急照明”，也叫“事故照明”，其實質(zhì)就是“事故照明”，要充分考慮到發(fā)生火災(zāi)時的具體情況，而不僅僅是非火災(zāi)突然斷電時的情況。而且，從大量的實際火災(zāi)案例看，由于應(yīng)急照明的缺位造成人員踩踏造成的致死致傷的人員數(shù)量之多，足以引起我們對火災(zāi)中應(yīng)急照明的重要性進行重新認識。在實踐中，近年落成的一些大型公用建筑，屢屢出現(xiàn)這樣的事情建筑消防報建時，按照傳統(tǒng)雙回路應(yīng)急電源設(shè)計規(guī)范進行設(shè)計，用發(fā)電機組作應(yīng)急電源，圖紙可以順利通過政府消防主管部門的審核，也能順利通過建筑消防驗收；但在投入使用時，負責(zé)消防日常監(jiān)督管理的政府區(qū)域消防管理單位，卻對應(yīng)急照明提出異議，要求在安全出口、疏散通道上、消防設(shè)備房等重要區(qū)域，安裝自帶蓄電池供電的雙頭應(yīng)急照明燈或筒燈，滿足實際需要，對所謂雙回路供電保證應(yīng)急照明說法不屑一顧。發(fā)生這種情況的原因主要是一些設(shè)計單位沒有充分考慮到實際需要，缺乏實踐經(jīng)驗，加上一些建設(shè)單位也認為，應(yīng)急照明燈影響美觀，無法與日漸高檔的裝修標準相適應(yīng)，沒有必要。另外國家規(guī)定應(yīng)急照明燈具的使用范圍也偏小，相關(guān)技術(shù)規(guī)范沒有把應(yīng)急照明采用自帶蓄電池方式和備用發(fā)電機方式兩者之間的級別差異明確表述，存在不明確的情況，設(shè)計人員認識不深刻，無法滿足大型公共建筑的消防安全需要。在這個問題上，負責(zé)消防日常監(jiān)督管理的政府區(qū)域消防管理單位人員，顯然具有更豐富的工作經(jīng)驗，更了解火災(zāi)發(fā)生時，供電線路和設(shè)備的損壞情況，以及應(yīng)急照明的正常工作對于救生和救災(zāi)的重要性，這樣的要求應(yīng)該說是完全正確的。所以，在一些大型公用建筑上，就會看到這種無奈的現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)竣工投入使用的高檔建筑，在疏散通道、疏散樓梯、安全出口、電梯廳、消防設(shè)備房、大型功能房等重要區(qū)域，以線槽或線管明敷的方式，加裝了必要的自帶蓄電池的雙頭應(yīng)急照明燈，外觀上與其它暗敷的電氣線路很不協(xié)調(diào)。這種事后的改進，既不美觀，也由于重新施工造成經(jīng)濟上的損失和浪費。而且，視管理單位和設(shè)計單位的認識和重視程度不同，對待這個問題的態(tài)度也有很大區(qū)別。設(shè)計單位往往認為設(shè)計依據(jù)充分，大型公共建筑往往又是綜合性的，并非功能單一的建筑，在歸類上有分歧，因此拒絕變更改進，造成一些大型公共建筑此項改造工作困難重重，留下了明顯的消防安全隱患。再加上假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品在使用領(lǐng)域占比例較大。在現(xiàn)實場所發(fā)現(xiàn)很多應(yīng)急照明設(shè)施為不合格產(chǎn)品，特別是應(yīng)急照明燈具、疏散指示標志、不合格產(chǎn)品在使用中占很大的比例，給人員安全疏散和滅火救援留下了很大隱患。以光致型發(fā)光標識牌代替疏散指標。光致型發(fā)光標識牌是一種稀土材料制成的蓄光型標志牌。目前技術(shù)水準下，在日光或日光燈類光源照射10H以上的

簡介：THEDISCUSSIONOFWATERSAVINGTECHNOLOGYABOUTWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEINBUILDINGQIJUNFENG1,,YANGYANYAN2,HULINPENG31SCHOOLOFMUNICIPALANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,JILININSTITUTEOFARCHITECTUREANDCIVILENGINEERING,CHANGCHUN,PRCHINA2DEPARTMENTOFTHERMALENERGYENGINEERING,COLLAGEOFAUTOMOBILEENGINEERING,JILINUNIVERSITY,CHANGCHUN,PRCHINA3YATAIREALESTATEDEVELOPMENTCO,LTDCHANGCHUN,CHANGCHUN,PRCHINAJLSQJF126COMABSTRACTACCORDINGTOTHEPRESENTSITUATIONOFBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,ANALYZINGTHEWATERSAVINGTECHNIQUESOFBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGETOACHIEVEEFFECTIVEUTILIZATIONOFWATERRESOURCETHEWATERSAVINGTECHNIQUESMAINLYINCLUDEREASONABLYLIMITINGTHEPRESSUREOFWATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSANDAVOIDINGOVERPRESSUREFLOWPERFECTINGHOTWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMANDREDUCINGINEFFECTUALCOLDWATERADOPTINGWATERSAVINGWATERDISPENSINGFIXTURESANDSANITARYWAREPROMOTINGTHEUTILIZATIONOFHIGHQUALITYPIPEANDVALVEANDIMPROVINGTHECURRENTCONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLASWELLASDEVELOPINGANDPROMOTINGTHETECHNOLOGYOFUTILIZATIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERKEYWORDSBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEWATERCONSERVATIONTECHNIQUESIINTRODUCTIONWATERISASTRATEGICRESOURCEWHICHISRELATEDTOHUMANSURVIVALANDDEVELOPMENTTHETOTALWATERRESOURCESINOURCOUNTRYRANKSSIXTHINTHEWORLD,BUTTHEPERCAPITAPOSSESSIONOFWATERRESOURCESISONLYAQUARTEROFWORLDAVERAGETHEDISTRIBUTIONOFWATERRESOURCESISEXTREMELYUNEVENINOURCOUNTRY,ANDTWOTHIRDSOFCITIESNATIONWIDEHAVEVARYINGDEGREESWATERSHORTAGEINRECENTYEARS,CITYLIFESUFFERSGROWINGSHORTAGEOFWATERRESOURCESANDWATERPOLLUTION,WHICHNOTONLYDISTRESSTHEPEOPLESLIVELIHOODBUTALSOHASBECOMEAMAJORCONSTRAININGFACTORTHATPREVENTINGSOCIOECONOMICSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTTHEREFORE,WESHOULDFOCUSONWATERSAVINGCONSTRUCTIONWATERSAVINGISSYSTEMENGINEERINGEXCEPTFORFORMULATINGRELEVANTLAWSANDREGULATIONSRELATEDTOWATERSAVING,STRENGTHENINGDAILYMANAGEMENTANDPUBLICEDUCATION,USINGPRICELEVERAGETOPROMOTEWATERSAVING,INADDITIONEFFECTIVETECHNICALMEASURESSHOULDBETAKENTOENSURETHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFCONSTRUCTIONWATERSAVINGTHOROUGHLY1IIREASONABLELIMITTHEPRESSUREOFWATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSANDAVOIDOVERPRESSUREFLOWINARTICLE335OFCODEFORDESIGNOFBUILDINGOFWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,DOMESTICWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSHOULDBEVERTICALDIVISIONTHEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFRESIDENTIALWATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSISLESSTHAN035MPA,WHILEOFFICEBUILDING’SISLESSTHAN045MPAINSPECIALCIRCUMSTANCESTHEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREISLESSTHAN055MPA。ALTHOUGHTHECODEMAKESCERTAINRESTRICTIVEPROVISIONFORTHEMAXIMUMPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYFITTINGSANDSERVICEPIPE,THISISCONSIDEREDFROMPREVENTINGTHEDAMAGECAUSEDBYHIGHPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYFITTINGSNOTFROMTHEANGLEOFPREVENTINGOVERPRESSUREFLOWANEXPERIMENTALRESULTOFAWATERSAVINGTAPSHOWSTHATTHEMAXIMUMFLOWRATEIS046L/SWHENTAPFULLYOPEN,THECORRESPONDINGDYNAMICPRESSUREIS022MPAANDHYDROSTATICPRESSUREIS03MPAACCORDINGTOTHERATEDFLOWQ015L/SWHICHISREGARDEDASTHESTANDARD,THEFLOWRATEWHENWATERSAVINGTAPFULLYOPENIS3TIMESOFTHERATEDFLOWINANOTHERMEASUREDSURVEYFOR67TAPS,THEREWERE47TAPSWHICHEXCEEDEDTHERATEDFLOW2THEOVERLIMITRATIOREACHES61THEREFORE,THEPROBLEMOFOVERPRESSUREFLOWINWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMISSERIOUSANDFOLLOWINGMEASURESSHOULDBEADOPTEDAREASONABLYDETERMINETHEPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYTHEPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREASHOULDBEACTEDACCORDINGTOCODEFORDESIGNOFBUILDINGOFWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,WHILETHEBESTUSEHYDRAULICPRESSUREOFSANITARYWARESISBETWEEN010MPAAND020MPA,MOSTOFTHEMAREINOVERPRESSUREFLOWINRECENTYEARS,BRANCHPIPEDECOMPRESSIONWASWIDELYUSEDINPROJECTS,WHICHBECAMEANIMPORTANTMEASUREFORWATERSAVINGINTHELOWERPARTOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREA,THEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYAFTERDECOMPRESSIONSHOULDTAKELOWVALUEASPOSSIBLEONTHECONDITIONTHATITSATISFIESTHEDEMANDOFRATEDFLOWOFSANITARYWARES’WATERSUPPLYFITTINGSITISSUGGESTEDTHAT,INHIGHERPARTOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREA,DECOMPRESSIONMEASURESSHOULDBETAKENWHENTHELOWESTHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFSANITARYWARES’WATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSISMORETHAN015MPABADOPTDECOMPRESSIONMEASURESPROPERLYALLOCATINGRELIEFFITTINGINWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMMEANSTHATHYDRAULICPRESSURESHOULDBELIMITEDWITHINLIMITINGVALUEANDREDUCETHETHREATOFOVERPRESSUREFLOW2010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONDIGITALMANUFACTURINGHYDRAULICVALVEISTHEUPGRADINGPRODUCTSOFFLOATVALVESINTHESAMECONDITIONS,WESHOULDGIVEPRIORITYTOTHESELECTIONOFTHEBETTERWATERSAVINGVALVESVIIMPROVETHECURRENTCONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLACCORDINGTOTHECURRENTCODEINOURCOUNTRY,FIREPOOLSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDWHENMUNICIPALWATERSUPPLYPIPELINES,WATERSUPPLYPIPESORNATURALWATERCANNOTMEETFIREDEMANDWHENTHEMUNICIPALWATERSUPPLYPIPELINEISBRANCHEDORTHEREISONLYONEWATERINLETPIPEEXCEPTFORSECONDRESIDENTIALBUILDINGTHEVOLUMEOFFIREPOOLSHOULDMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSOFINDOORANDOUTDOORWATERUSEWITHINTHEFIREDURATIONTIMEINTHISWAY,THEVOLUMEOFFIREPOOLOFEVERYHIGHRISEBUILDINGISVERYLARGEBYCALCULATED,THEVOLUMEWILLBEFROMSEVERALHUNDREDSOFCUBICMETERSTOMORETHANSEVERALTHOUSANDCUBICMETERSGENERALLYTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLHASTWOWAYS,NAMELYTHECOMBINATIONOFFIREPOOLANDDRINKINGWATERTANK,THECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLINDEPENDENTLYINTHECASEOFCOMBINATIONOFFIREPOOLANDDRINKINGWATERTANK,SINCEMOSTBUILDINGS’FIREWATERSTORAGEISMUCHGREATERTHANDRINKWATERSTORAGE,DRINKWATERSTAYSTOOLONGINTANKTORESULTPOORWATERQUALITYBECAUSEOFTHEEXHAUSTOFRESIDUALCHLORINETHEREFORE，DRINKINGWATERTANKANDFIREPOOLSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDSEPARATELYINTHENEWBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONNOTONLYTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLINDEPENDENTLYOCCUPIESVALUABLEBUILDINGSPACETHATCOSTSALOTOFCONSTRUCTIONINVESTMENT,BUTALSOFIREWATERISEASYTOBESMELLYBECAUSEOFFIREWATER’SLOWERFREQUENCYOFUSEINORDERTOENSUREFIREWATERQUALITY,WEHAVETOREPLACEFIREWATERREGULARLYWHICHRESULTSINWASTEOFWATERRESOURCETHEREFORE,IPUTFORWARDSOMESUGGESTIONSABOUTTHECONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLAADAPTTHEREGIONALCOOPERATIONMODEOFFIREPOOLWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCITYCONSTRUCTION,THEDENSITYOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSGROWSQUICKLYGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTSSHOULDCOORDINATETHERELEVANTUNITSANDDEPARTMENTSTOPROMOTETHATTHEADJACENTBUILDINGSINTHESAMEBLOCKSHARETHESAMEFIREPOOLANDESTABLISHSHAREDCONTROLCENTERACCORDINGTOTHEACTUALSITUATIONTHEDESIGNOFFIREPOOLSHOULDBEACCORDANCEWITHTHEMAXIMFIREWATERVOLUMEOFBUILDINGUSERELEVANTBENEFICIARIESUNDERTAKECERTAINCOSTACCORDINGTOTHESCALEOFBUILDINGINTHISWAY,WECANSAVEINVESTMENT,REDUCEWASTEWATER,ANDENSURETHEFIREWATERBDEVELOPRECLAIMEDWATERASTHESOURCEOFFIREWATERATPRESENT,SOMECITIESWITHSEVEREWATERSHORTAGESINOURCOUNTRYHAVECARRIEDOUTTOEXPLORETHECONSTRUCTIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERSYSTEMITDEMANDSTHATRECLAIMEDWATERSYSTEMSHOULDBEESTABLISHEDINTHEPUBLICBUILDINGS,ESPECIALLYINLARGEHOTELS,GUESTHOUSES,ETCIFWEDEVELOPRECLAIMEDWATERASTHESOURCEOFFIREWATER,THESOURCEOFDRINKINGWATERCANBESAVEDINLARGEQUANTITYIFWERECYCLERECLAIMEDWATERREASONABLY,UTILIZERECLAIMEDWATERANDCOMBINEITWITHFIREWATERTOFORMEFFECTIVECIRCULATION,THESECONDARYPOLLUTIONPROBLEMCAUSEDBYTHELONGTIMESTAYOFFIREWATERCANBESOLVEDCMAKEFULLUSEOFMUNICIPALWATERRESOURCESWITHTHECONTINUOUSDEVELOPMENTANDPROMOTIONOFCITYWATERSUPPLYNETWORKS,THECAPACITYANDRELIABILITYOFMUNICIPALWATERSUPPLYAREGREATLYIMPROVEDWHENMUNICIPALWATERLINENETWORKCANSATISFYTHEDEMANDOFFIREWATERDURINGFIREHAZARD,THEINDOORFIREPOOLWASSUGGESTEDTOBECANCELEDANDDIRECTLYDRAWWATERFROMMUNICIPALWATERPIPENETWORKSVIIDEVELOPANDPROMOTETHETECHNOLOGYABOUTUTILIZATIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERTHEWATERSAVINGOFBUILDINGMEANSNOTONLYTOREDUCETHENEEDOFWATER,BUTALSOTOINCREASETHEAVAILABLEWATERINTHEREGIONSWITHSEVEREWATERSHORTAGE,TOENHANCETHEEFFICIENCYOFUSAGEOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERISANIMPORTANTPARTOFWATERSAVINGRECLAIMEDWATERISNOPOTABLEWATEROFKINDSOFDRAINAGEWATERAFTERPROCESSEDCOMPLYINGWITHTHEWATERQUALITYSTANDARDITCANBEUSEDASTOILETFLUSHING,URBANGREENING,VEHICLESWASHING,FIRE,ETCWITHINLIFE,THEMUNICIPALADMINISTRATION,THEENVIRONMENTACCORDINGTOTHEDATA,AFTERUSEOFWATERREUSESYSTEM,RESIDENTIALWATERCONSUMPTIONWILLSAVE3040ANDATTHESAMETIMETHEEMISSIONSWILLREDUCE3550COMMERCIALRESIDENTIALDISTRICTCANSAVE70SCIENTIFICRESEARCHINSTITUTIONCANSAVEWATERAROUND40FORGENERALRESIDENTIALCOMMUNITYITCANSAVE305WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCITYANDTHEIMPROVEMENTOFLIVINGSTANDARDS,THECITY’SWATERCONSUMPTIONWILLCONTINUETOINCREASEINTHEAREAWITHTHESHORTAGEOFAVAILABLEWATERRESOURCES,THEPRICEOFWATERWILLMAINTAINACERTAINGROWTHRATE,THUSTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHESECONDWATERRESOURCEISECONOMICALLYVIABLEITISTHEEFFECTIVEMEASURESFORRECLAMATIONOFSEWAGEANDWATERSAVING,ITALSOISTHEINEVITABLEDIRECTIONOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFWATERSAVINGSIMILARTORECLAIMEDWATER,RAINRECYCLINGISTHERAINWATERTHROUGHCOLLECTION,STORAGE,HANDLING,ANDTOBEUSEDASMISCELLANEOUSWATERSINCE1980,EUROPE,JAPANANDOTHERCOUNTRIES,ONEAFTERANOTHER,HAVECARRIEDOUTINVESTIGATIONABOUTRAINWATERCOLLECTIONANDUTILIZATIONRESEARCHSHOWSTHAT,IFRAINWATERCOLLECTIONANDUTILIZATIONSYSTEMISESTABLISHED,THECOLLECTION,PROCESSINGANDRECYCLINGOFRAINWATERNEARBY,USEDFORFLUSHINGTOILET,CLEANINGVEHICLES,AFFORESTING,SPRAYINGSTREETS,ORASASUPPLEMENTFOR671670

簡介：EFFECTOFNANOSILICAONTHECOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGYOFPOLYPROPYLENE/POLYOLEFINELASTOMERBLENDSSHLEEA,MKONTOPOULOUA,,CBPARKBADEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,QUEEN’SUNIVERSITY,KINGSTON,ONK7L3N6,CANADABDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALANDINDUSTRIALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFTORONTO,TORONTO,ONM5S3G8,CANADAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED25OCTOBER2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM8JANUARY2010ACCEPTED11JANUARY2010AVAILABLEONLINE18JANUARY2010KEYWORDSNANOCOMPOSITESTHERMOPLASTICOLEFINBLENDSCOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGYABSTRACTTHISPAPERREPORTSTHEEFFECTOFNANOSILICASIO2ONTHEMORPHOLOGYOFCOCONTINUOUSIMMISCIBLEPOLYPROPYLENEPP/POLYOLEFINELASTOMERPOEBLENDSTHEUNFILLEDBLENDSDISPLAYPHASEINVERSIONANDACOCONTINUOUSSTRUCTUREATARATIOOF50/50PP/POEBYWEIGHTUPONADDITIONOFSIO2INTHEPRESENCEOFMALEATEDPPCOMPATIBILIZERAFINERSTRUCTURE,CONSISTINGOFELONGATEDPOEPARTICLESDISPERSEDWITHINTHEPPPHASEISOBTAINEDTHISTRANSFORMATIONISASSOCIATEDTOTHEPRESENCEOFFINELYDISPERSEDSIO2PARTICLESTHATARELOCALIZEDEXCLUSIVELYWITHINTHEPPMATRIXTHEIMPACTPROPERTIES,FLEXURALANDYOUNG’SMODULIOFTHEBLENDSINCREASESIGNIFICANTLY,POINTINGTOASYNERGISTICEFFECTARISINGFROMTHEPRESENCEOFTHEREINFORCEDPPPHASE,CONTAININGHIGHAMOUNTSOFTHEFINELYDISPERSEDELASTOMERICPHASE?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONPOLYMERBLENDINGISUSEDEXTENSIVELYTODEVELOPNEWMATERIALSTHATEXHIBITAFAVORABLECOMBINATIONOFPROPERTIES,DEPENDINGONTHESELECTIONOFBLENDCOMPONENTSASMOSTPOLYMERSAREIMMISCIBLE,THEIRBLENDSFORMMULTIPHASESYSTEMSWITHVARIOUSMORPHOLOGIESANDSYNERGISTICPROPERTIESTHENATUREOFTHESTRUCTURESCREATEDDURINGPROCESSINGDEPENDSUPONSEVERALFACTORS,SUCHASTHEMATERIALPROPERTIESOFTHENEATPOLYMERSINTERFACIALTENSION,RHEOLOGICALPROPERTIES,PROCESSINGCONDITIONSSHEARRATEANDMIXINGTIMEANDTHERELATIVEAMOUNTSOFMATERIALUSEDTHETYPEOFMORPHOLOGYDETERMINESTOALARGEEXTENTTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEBLENDS,THUSPROPERCONTROLOFTHEMORPHOLOGYPLAYSAKEYROLEININDUCINGDESIRABLEPROPERTIESTOTHEBLENDSTHEDROPLET/MATRIXMORPHOLOGY,WHICHIMPARTSFAVORABLEIMPACTANDOTHERMECHANICALPROPERTIES,ASINTHECASEOFHIGHIMPACTPOLYSTYRENEANDPOLYPROPYLENE,HASBEENWIDELYSTUDIEDCOCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGIESHAVEALSODRAWNSIGNIFICANTINTEREST1,BECAUSETHEYHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOWIDENTHEAPPLICATIONRANGEFORPOLYMERBLENDSDUETOTHEIRINTERCONNECTEDNATURE1–4COCONTINUOUSMORPHOLOGIESEXHIBITINTERESTINGPROPERTIESRELEVANTTOCONDUCTIVITYORPERMEABILITYOWINGTOTHEPERCOLATIONOFTHETWOPHASESAWIDERANGEOFTECHNIQUESTODETERMINETHECOCONTINUITYREGIONANDTHERESULTINGSTRUCTURES,INCLUDINGSOLVENTEXTRACTION5–9,MICROSCOPY10–14ANDRHEOLOGY10,15–17HAVEBEENDESCRIBEDINTHELITERATUREEXTENSIVERESEARCHDURINGTHELASTDECADEHASCONFIRMEDTHEINFLUENCEOFNANOPARTICLEADDITIONONTHEMORPHOLOGYOFPOLYMERBLENDSITISNOWWIDELYACCEPTEDTHATINTHEPRESENCEOFNANOPARTICLES,SUCHASORGANOCLAYSANDNANOSILICA,THEDROPLETMATRIXMORPHOLOGYSHIFTSTOWARDAFINERDISPERSIONOFTHEMINORPHASETHESELECTIVELOCALIZATIONOFTHENANOFILLERINONEOFTHEPHASES,TYPICALLYTHEMATRIXORTHEINTERPHASE,SEEMSTOBEKEYTOEXPLAININGTHISPHENOMENONPOSSIBLEEXPLANATIONSTHATHAVEBEENOFFEREDINCLUDECOMPATIBILIZINGEFFECTSDUETOFILLERADSORPTIONATTHEINTERFACEOFTHETWOPOLYMERS,RESULTINGINAREDUCTIONINTHEINTERFACIALTENSION18–20HOWEVERTHESEMECHANISMSAREOBVIOUSLYNOTDOMINANTWHENTHEFILLERRESIDESINTHEMATRIX21INTHATCASEITHASBEENSPECULATEDTHATEXFOLIATEDCLAYPLATELETSORWELLDISPERSEDNANOPARTICLESSURROUNDEDBYANIMMOBILIZEDBOUNDLAYEROFPOLYMERMAYHINDERPARTICLECOALESCENCEBYACTINGASPHYSICALBARRIERS22–24ONTHEOTHERHAND,THEREAREQUITEAFEWREPORTSOFNANOFILLERSFAVORINGTHEFORMATIONOFCOCONTINUOUSSTRUCTURESINVARIOUSBLENDCOMBINATIONS25–30INSOMECASES,THEFORMATIONOFADOUBLEPERCOLATEDSTRUCTURE,WHERECONDUCTIVEFILLERSSUCHASCARBONNANOTUBESAREDISPERSEDINONEOFTHECOCONTINUOUSPHASESISDESIRABLEANDISDONEONPURPOSE,SINCEITCANRESULTINFAVORABLECONDUCTIVEPROPERTIES31,32ITISTHEREFORECLEARTHAT,APARTFROMTHEOBVIOUSEFFECTTHATNANOFILLERSHAVEONTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEBLENDS,THEYCANALSOGENERATEAMOREINDIRECTEFFECT,THROUGHTHECONTROLOFTHEIRMORPHOLOGYCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELT16135333079FAXT16135336637EMAILADDRESSMARIANNAKONTOPOULOUCHEEQUEENSUCAMKONTOPOULOUCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTPOLYMERJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/POLYMER00323861/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JPOLYMER201001018POLYMER5120101147–1155FOURBLOCKSOFKNEADINGDISCSHAVINGPOSITIVET30?,NEUTRAL90?,ANDNEGATIVE?30?STAGGEREDANGLESANDTWOLEFTHANDEDSCREWELEMENTS,TOPROVIDEGOODDISPERSIVEANDDISTRIBUTIVEMIXINGTHESCREWSPEEDWAS200RPM,RESULTINGINANEXTRUSIONRATEOF25KG/HTHETEMPERATUREPROFILEINTHEEXTRUDERFROMTHEFEEDINGSECTIONTOTHEDIEWAS60?C–200?C–205?C–205?C–210?C–210?C–200?CFORALLBLENDSTHESECONDITIONSWERESELECTEDBECAUSEPRIORWORKHASSHOWNTHATTHEYPROVIDETHEOPTIMUMDISPERSIONOFNANOSILICASILICAWASADDEDTOTHE50/50PP/POEBLENDSATLOADINGSRANGINGFROM1TO5WTPPGMANWASUSEDTOIMPROVETHEDISPERSIONOFSIO2RESULTINGINAPPMATRIXCOMPOSITIONOFPP/PPGMAN90/10ANTIOXIDANT03PHRWASADDEDTOALLFORMULATIONS23MECHANICALPROPERTIESTENSILEPROPERTIESWEREMEASUREDUSINGANINSTRON3369UNIVERSALTESTER,ATCROSSHEADSPEEDSOF50MM/MINDUMBBELLSHAPEDSPECIMENSWERECUTWITHATYPEVDIEACCORDINGTOASTMD638FROM15MMTHICKSHEETS,WHICHWEREPREPAREDBYCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGOFTHECOMPOUNDEDSAMPLESATAPPROXIMATELY200?CUSINGACARVERPRESSFLEXURALTESTSWEREPERFORMEDACCORDINGTOASTMD790,PROCEDUREB,ATASPEEDOF1365MM/MINRECTANGULARBARSOFDIMENSIONS127?127?32MMWEREPRODUCEDBYCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGAT200?CNOTCHEDIZODIMPACTTESTSWERECARRIEDOUTUSINGANINSTRONBLIIMPACTTESTERATROOMTEMPERATUREACCORDINGTOASTMD256SPECIMENSOFDIMENSIONS64?127?32MMWEREPREPAREDBYCOMPRESSIONMOLDINGAT200?CATLEAST5SPECIMENSWERETESTEDFOREACHSAMPLEANDTHEAVERAGEVALUESAREREPORTED24MICROSCOPYANDIMAGEANALYSISTHESTATEOFDISPERSIONOFTHEFILLERWASASSESSEDBYTEMIMAGING,USINGANFEITECNAI20INSTRUMENTULTRATHINSECTIONSWERECRYOMICROTOMEDUSINGALEICAULTRAMICROTOMEANDSTAINEDINRUO4VAPORTOENHANCETHEPHASECONTRASTBETWEENTHEPPANDELASTOMERPHASESFORSEMOBSERVATIONS,SAMPLESWEREFIRSTHOTPRESSEDAT190?C,2TONSFOR1MIN,THENIMMERSEDINLIQUIDNITROGENFOR5MINBEFOREBRITTLEFRACTURETHEELASTOMERPHASEWASETCHEDINNHEPTANEFOR25HAT80?CTHEETCHEDSURFACESWEREOBSERVEDONAJEOLJSM840SCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPETHESEMIMAGESWEREANALYZEDBYUSINGTHESIGMASCANPROIMAGEANALYSISSOFTWARETOESTIMATETHEAVERAGEDIAMETERSOFTHEDISPERSEDELASTOMERPHASEONTHEBASISOFTHEFERRETDIAMETER,WHICHISCALCULATEDBASEDONTHEESTIMATEDAREA,A,OFTHEPARTICLES,ACCORDINGTOD?FFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFI4APR10010203040506070809101020304050POECONTENTWTAVERAGEDOMAINSIZE,ΜMFIG3AVERAGEPOEDOMAINSIZEASAFUNCTIONOFPOECONTENTERRORBARSREPRESENTTHESTANDARDDEVIATIONFIG4PERCENTAGEOFCONTINUITYOFTHEPOEPHASEASAFUNCTIONOFPOECONTENT02040608010012014001020304050607080GECAFRETNIAPPOECONTENTWTFIG5G’INTERFACEASAFUNCTIONOFPOECONTENTAT004RAD/SAND190?C1010010001000010100100010000SHEARRATES1SHEARVISCOSITYPASFIG6SHEARVISCOSITIESOFBLENDCOMPONENTSASAFUNCTIONOFSHEARRATEAT200?CAPP,POEBPP/PPGMAN6PP/PPGMAN/SIO22WTTPP/PPGMAN/SIO2105WTSHLEEETAL/POLYMER5120101147–11551149

簡介：中文中文9934字出處出處CIVILENGINEERINGANDENVIRONMENTALSYSTEMS,2009,264323338本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）計（論文）外文翻譯外文翻譯（20132013屆）屆）題目目學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級系名稱園林藝術(shù)系指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師2012年12月28日2哈馬碧濱水新城和生態(tài)村代表瑞典兩種類型的可持續(xù)住宅。哈馬碧濱水新城是一個大型的城市住宅開發(fā)項目,而農(nóng)業(yè)村是小型的住宅開發(fā)項目。到了90年代末，10個生態(tài)村已建成或在規(guī)劃的過程中還有70個項目正在瑞典討論中PALMLINDéN1999）。這些類型的可持續(xù)住宅領(lǐng)域有高度特定的生態(tài)目標，但他們的方法是不同的一個是自頂而下，另一個是自底而上的，可達到不同的效果。中國經(jīng)濟改革始于1978年,目的是將中國的計劃經(jīng)濟向市場經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)化。瑞典在20世紀90年代后期放松管制也有類似的目的（SILVEIRA2001）。隨著高速的發(fā)展，中國正面臨能源短缺的問題。在過去的十年中，空調(diào)在建筑中的使用頻率迅速增加，這也是最近夏季電力短缺的主要原因之一。為了應(yīng)對這一挑戰(zhàn)，中國政府制定了十一五計劃（20062010），為國家的可持續(xù)發(fā)展制定了一個發(fā)展藍圖。能源效率是計劃中一個重要的部分。共提出了10個節(jié)能項目高效節(jié)能熱水氣；區(qū)域熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)（CHP）；利用工業(yè)余熱；替代石油；電力系統(tǒng)的能源效率；動力系統(tǒng)的能源效率；建筑物的能源效率；照明設(shè)施的能源效率；政府辦公室的能源效率；建立檢測系統(tǒng)；技術(shù)支持系統(tǒng)的能源效率（中國人民共和國國務(wù)院2006年）。盡管中國政府已經(jīng)建立了能源效率的政策，但在幾十年前它還沒有能力引導(dǎo)房地產(chǎn)市場。1978年以前,幾乎所有的建筑物被計劃由國家出資建設(shè)。今天，大多數(shù)中國房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)項目在以市場為基礎(chǔ)的原則下經(jīng)營，參與中國房地產(chǎn)市場的各種資金大部分來源于私人。在過去的十年中，房地產(chǎn)投資迅速增加（圖2）。圖2年度中國房地產(chǎn)投資（1元≈1/8美元）（資料來源中國國家統(tǒng)計局2006年統(tǒng)計）最初投資者竭盡所能地最大限度提高他們的利潤而忽略其他責(zé)任。當這個早期緊張忙碌的氣氛漸漸平靜下來，中國政府、開發(fā)商、建筑師和消費者開始意識到能源效率的重要性。然而，他們幾乎沒有這方面的經(jīng)驗。政府對房地產(chǎn)市場已經(jīng)建立初步條例，但還遠不夠完整，形勢非常復(fù)

簡介：OVERVIEWARTICLEANALYSISOFBUILDINGENVIRONMENTASSESSMENTFRAMEWORKSANDTHEIRIMPLICATIONSFORSUSTAINABILITYINDICATORSYUYAKAJIKAWATOSHIHIROINOUETHONGNGEEGOHRECEIVED28JUNE2010/ACCEPTED25MARCH2011/PUBLISHEDONLINE23APRIL2011?INTEGRATEDRESEARCHSYSTEMFORSUSTAINABILITYSCIENCE,UNITEDNATIONSUNIVERSITY,ANDSPRINGER2011ABSTRACTGREENCONSTRUCTIONISGAININGINCREASINGATTENTIONINTHEGLOBALCONTEXTHOWEVER,THECONSTRUCTIONOFSUSTAINABLEGREENBUILDINGSANDENVIRONMENTSINVOLVESDIFFERENTTOOLSANDSYSTEMSANDDIVERSEPERSPECTIVESTHEREFORE,THEDEVELOPMENTOFENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENTTOOLSISANIMPORTANTTASKFORMANAGINGGREENHOUSINGANDGREENBUILDINGPROJECTSINTHISPAPER,WEDISCUSSTHEBENEFITS,LIMITATIONS,ANDFUTUREDIRECTIONSOFTHEASSESSMENTFRAMEWORKTHEREAREFOURCHARACTERISTICSOFBUILDINGENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT,IE,COMPREHENSIVENESS,DESIGNGUIDELINE,SIGNALING,ANDCOMMUNICATIONTOOLS,WHICHAFFORDBOTHBENEFITSANDLIMITATIONSWEILLUSTRATETHEROLEOFTHEASSESSMENTFRAMEWORKASAHUBPROMOTINGINTEGRATIONOFDIVERSEKNOWLEDGE,ASADESIGNGUIDELINEENCOURAGINGBETTERDESIGNANDACTION,ASSIGNALINGENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYDESIGNANDACTION,ANDASACOMMUNICATIONTOOLONTHEOTHERHAND,THEREARELIMITATIONS,SUCHASTHEUSEOFAMIXTUREOFQUANTITATIVEANDQUALITATIVEMEASURES,AMBIGUITYOFWEIGHING,LACKOFFINANCIALEVALUATION,ANDLACKOFINVOLVEMENTOFDIVERSEDISCIPLINESANDSTAKEHOLDERSTODEVELOPANEFFECTIVEASSESSMENTFRAMEWORK,THEFOLLOWINGTHREEFACTORSMUSTBECONSIDEREDKNOWLEDGE,POWER,ANDIMPLEMENTATIONWEPROPOSETHATKNOWLEDGEINNOVATION,ACREDIBLEAPPROACHFORASALIENTSOLUTION,ANDCOLLECTIVEACTIONREPRESENTTHEFUTURECHALLENGESOFTHEASSESSMENTFRAMEWORKKEYWORDSSUSTAINABILITYSCIENCE?INDICATORS?KNOWLEDGEINNOVATION?GREENBUILDING?SUSTAINABLECONSTRUCTIONINTRODUCTIONSUSTAINABILITYINDICATORSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDANDPUBLISHEDAROUNDTHEWORLD,ANDTHEREARE894ENTRIESREGISTEREDINTHEDATABASEOFTHECOMPENDIUMOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINDICATORINITIATIVESIISD2010THISWIDEPOPULARITYREFLECTSTHEINCREASINGCONCERNABOUTINDICATORSALTHOUGHCONCERNISALSOCENTEREDONTHEAMBIGUITYOFTHETERMSUSEDINSUSTAINABILITYASSESSMENT,ANDTHEPLURALITYOFPURPOSEINCHARACTERIZINGANDMEASURINGSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTASWELLASTHECONFUSIONOFDATA,ANDMETHODSOFMEASUREMENTPARRISANDKATES2003SUSTAINABILITYINDICATORSAREDEVELOPEDTOREPRESENTWHATISTOBESUSTAINED,WHATISTOBEDEVELOPED,ANDFORHOWLONGPARRISANDKATES2003THESEINDICATORSHAVEEDITEDBYKEISUKEHANAKI,UNIVERSITYOFTOKYO,JAPANYKAJIKAWAWHILEITISESPECIALLYDIFFICULTFORSUCHANAPPROACHTOCOMPAREALTERNATIVEOPTIONSWITHANQUANTITATIVESCALETHEREISATRADEOFFAMONGOPTIONSEXPERTASSESSINGSYSTEMSAREALSOAVAILABLE,BUTTRAINEDASSESSORSARENOTSATISFIEDWITHTHESESYSTEMSPREASSESSMENTTOOLSAREUSEFULINCLARIFYINGTHEOBJECTIVESOFBUILDINGOWNERSATTHEEARLYDESIGNSTAGEANDINSETTINGDESIREDRATINGSASSESSEDINDEXESAREAWARDEDINEACHAREA,EG,ENERGYSAVINGORSECURITY,ACCORDINGTOTHEIRPERFORMANCEMOSTBEAMETHODSPROVIDEQUANTITATIVEDATAPERFORMANCEINDICATORSTOSUPPORTDECISIONMAKINGANDDETERMINETHEPERFORMANCELEVELOFBUILDINGS’RATINGSLABELINGTYPICALLYTAKESTHEFORMOFASINGULAR,EASILYRECOGNIZABLEDESIGNATION,EG,‘GOLD’OR‘EXCELLENT’DIFFERENTTYPESOFBUILDINGSNEEDTOBEASSESSED,FOREXAMPLE,OFFICEBUILDINGS,RESIDENTIALBUILDINGSSINGLEFAMILYORMULTIUNIT,FACTORIES,SCHOOLS,HOSPITALBUILDINGS,COMMERCIALBUILDINGSANDOTHERTYPESOFBUILDINGSDIFFERENTTYPESOFBUILDINGSHAVEDIFFERENTTENDENCIESINENERGYUSEANDARETHEREFOREASSESSEDWITHDIFFERENTBENCHMARKSBEAMETHODSCANEVALUATETHESEDIFFERENTTYPESOFBUILDINGSNEWBUILDINGSANDEXISTINGBUILDINGSAREASSESSEDDIFFERENTLYHOWEVER,THEUSEFULNESSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALBUILDINGASSESSMENTMETHODINTHISRESPECTISDOUBTFULBECAUSETHEREMEDIALWORKNEEDEDTOMAKEACOMPLETEDBUILDINGCOMPLYMAYBETOOEXTENSIVE,COSTLYANDTIMECONSUMINGCRAWLEYANDAHO1999FOREXAMPLE,REPLACINGANEXISTINGVENTILATIONSYSTEMBYINSTALLINGMOREWINDOWSTOALLOWFORNATURALVENTILATIONANDDAYLIGHTMAYBEIMPRACTICABLE,DIFFICULT,OREXPENSIVETOFACILITATEENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENTMETHODSHAVEBEENAPPLIEDPREDOMINANTLYTONEWCONSTRUCTION,BUTWHILEREFURBISHMENTANDMAINTENANCEOFEXISTINGBUILDINGSAREALSOANIMPORTANTPARTOFASUSTAINABLEFUTUREDING2008,EFFORTINTHISAREAISNOTYETSUFFICIENTINTHISPAPER,THEFOLLOWINGFOURMAJORBEATOOLSAREEXPLAINEDINDETAILSUSTAINSCI20116233–246235123

簡介：IMPROVINGENERGYEFFICIENCYTHROUGHTHEDESIGNOFTHEBUILDINGENVELOPEHATICESOZERISTANBULTEKNIKUNIVERSITESIAYAZAGAKAMPUSUREKTORLUKBINASI,34469MASLAKISTANBUL/TURKEYARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED19OCTOBER2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM3MAY2010ACCEPTED6MAY2010KEYWORDSBUILDINGENVELOPEDESIGNHOTELENERGYPERFORMANCEENERGYMODELINGABSTRACTBUILDINGS,THEIRSURROUNDINGSANDRELATEDENTERPRISESPRODUCEMORECO2,GENERATEMOREPOLLUTION,CONSUMEMOREENERGY,ANDWASTEMORENATURALRESOURCESTHANANYOTHERHUMANENTERPRISEORINDUSTRYMOREOVER,CONSIDERABLEPARTSOFTHESEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSARETHERESULTSOFTHELODGINGINDUSTRY1HOTELSAREDESIGNEDASMULTIFUNCTIONALBUILDINGSTOPROVIDEDIFFERENTCOMFORTLEVELSANDSERVICESTOGUESTSITISOFTENDESIROUSTOPAYFOREXCLUSIVEAMENITIESRESORTSAREOFTENDEVELOPEDINUNTOUCHEDANDVERYSENSITIVEECOSYSTEMSWITHLITTLEORNOCONSIDERATIONTAKENFORTHENATURALORCULTURALSURROUNDINGSMOSTSTRATEGIESAPPLIEDINDESIGNANDMANYOFTHESERVICESOFFEREDBYLODGINGESTABLISHMENTSREQUIRETHECONSUMPTIONOFSUBSTANTIALQUANTITIESOFENERGY,WATERANDNONDURABLEPRODUCTSTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHERESOURCEUSESTARTINGFROMTHEBUILDINGDESIGNTOTHEENDUSERSINHOTELFACILITIESISTYPICALLYLOW,ANDTHERESULTINGENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSAREGREATERTHANTHOSECAUSEDBYOTHERTYPESOFCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSOFSIMILARSIZE2DECISIONSTAKENDURINGTHEARCHITECTURALBUILDINGDESIGNPLAYASIMPORTANTAROLEINREDUCINGTHESEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSASDOESTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHEBUILDINGWITHAGOALOFENHANCINGTHEOVERALLENERGYPERFORMANCEOFHOTELBUILDINGS,THISPAPERREPRESENTSARESEARCHDESIGNPROJECT,LOCATEDIN_IZMIRTURKEY,BASEDONTHEEFFECTOFPASSIVESOLARDESIGNTECHNIQUESFORDESIGNINGTHEBUILDINGENVELOPESTODEVELOPANDDEMONSTRATEHIGHPERFORMANCE?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONUTILITYEXPENSESREPRESENTTHEFASTESTGROWINGOPERATINGCOSTFORHOTELIERSANDHAVEBEENINCREASINGBYANAVERAGEOF12PERYEARFROM2004TO2006THEREISASIGNIFICANTINCREASEINENERGYUSE,COST,ANDANINCREASEOFGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSTHROUGHTHEHOTELINDUSTRY3THEREISRESEARCHONHOW,WHERE,ANDWHENENERGYISUSEDANDTHESAVINGSWHICHARELIKELYTOOCCURFROMTHESTANDPOINTOFTHEMANAGEMENTOFTHEHOTELFACILITIESHOWEVER,ASIGNIFICANTPARTOFTHEHOTELENERGYCONSUMPTIONCANBEREDUCEDDURINGTHEARCHITECTURALDESIGNSINCETHISHASADIRECTIMPACTONCHOOSINGANDSIZINGTHEMECHANICALSYSTEMOFTHEBUILDINGWHICHINTURNAFFECTSTHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONOFTHEBUILDINGDURINGITSLIFETIMETHEREFOREIDENTIFYINGTHEENERGYCONSUMINGBUILDINGCOMPONENTSISCRITICALFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEBUILDINGDESIGNERS,BUILDINGOWNERSANDUTILITIESTOEXAMINETHEPOSSIBILITIESOFREDUCINGBUILDINGENERGYCONSUMPTION,NOTONLYTHROUGHEFFICIENTBUILDINGSYSTEMSANDMANAGEMENT,BUTALSOWITHBUILDINGARCHITECTURALCHARACTERISTICSTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOSHOWHOWTOREDUCETHEENERGYDEMANDBYPASSIVEDESIGNPROPERLYDESIGNEDBUILDINGSCANSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCEENERGYCONSUMPTIONFURTHERMORELOWERENERGYUSEREDUCESGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONCARBONDIOXIDE,METHANE,NITROUSOXIDEANDREDUCESOPERATIONALCOSTS4RESEARCHTHATHASBEENDONEONHOTELENERGYEFFICIENCYGIVESACLEARUNDERSTANDINGABOUTHOTELENERGYCONSUMPTIONPATTERNSTHEAVERAGEANNUALENERGYINTENSITYFORHOTELSIS87KBTUH/FT22748KWH/M261OFTHISISFROMELECTRICITYAND39ISFROMNATURALGASANDOTHERFUELSTHISTRANSLATESTO531KBTUH/FT216774KWH/M2OFELECTRICITYAND034THERMS/SF10655KWH/M2OFNATURALGASASSHOWNONTABLE1,FIGS1AND23WHENITISCOMPAREDWITHOTHERCOMMERCIALBUILDINGSSUCHASOFFICEANDRETAIL,THEANNUALENERGYINTENSITYOFHOTEL’SISHIGHERTHEAVERAGEANNUALENERGYINTENSITYFOROFFICEBUILDINGSIS798KBTUH/FT2251,57KWH/M2AND815KBTUH/FT2256,93KWH/M2FORRETAILPROPERTIES3THEREFOREEVALUATINGTHEHOTELBUILDINGSTHROUGHENERGYEFFICIENTPERSPECTIVEHASBECOMEMORECRITICALNEVERTHELESSNONEOFTHERESEARCHGIVESANYINFORMATIONABOUTIMPORTANCEOFTHEENVELOPEOFTHEHOTELBUILDINGSINTERMSOFTHEBUILDINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONEXAMPLESOFTHESERESEARCHESFROMLITERATUREAREGIVENBELOWTOPROVETHATNONEOFTHERESEARCHCONDUCTEDSOFARHASCONSIDEREDIMPORTANCEOFTHEBUILDINGENVELOPEINTHEUSA,THEYEARLYAVERAGEENERGYINTENSITYFORLODGINGBUILDINGSIN2007RANGEDFROM15KBTUH/FT248KWH/M2TO300KBTUH/FT2947KWH/M2TYPICALLY,NEARLY75PERCENTOFAHOTEL’SORMOTEL’STOTALENERGYUSECANBEATTRIBUTEDTOSPACETELT905679845188EMAILADDRESSHSOZERHOTMAILCOMCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTBUILDINGANDENVIRONMENTJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/BUILDENV03601323/ESEEFRONTMATTER?2010ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JBUILDENV201005004BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT4520102581E25933THEBUILDINGMODELFORTHEEVALUATION,AHYPOTHETICALMODELWASCREATEDATYPICAL21STORYLIGHTWEIGHTSTRUCTUREDHOTELBUILDINGBASEDONANEXISTINGHOTELWHICHWASCONSTRUCTEDIN1992INIZMIRHASBEENCREATEDTOEVALUATEITSENERGYEFFICIENCY,ASSHOWNONFIGS6E8DURINGTHE90’STHEREWEREN’TANYREGULATIONONENERGYPERFORMANCEOFBUILDINGSINTURKEYTHEMINISTRYOFPUBLICWORKSANDSETTLEMENTMPWSISRESPONSIBLEBODYFORTHEREGULATORYFRAMEWORKOFTHEBUILDINGSECTORREGULATIONONENERGYPERFORMANCEOFBUILDINGSBECAMEEFFECTIVEONDECEMBER200817HOWEVER,THEREISSTILLANEEDFORAMETHODOLOGYTOEVALUATETHEENERGYPERFORMANCEOFTHEBUILDINGANDALSOTHEREARESOMEGAPSESPECIALLYFORBIGSCALEBUILDINGS4ENERGYANALYSISENERGYEFFICIENCYRUNSWEREMADEWITHEQUEST,AFORMSANDGRAPHICSINPUTMODELINGINTERFACETOTHEDOE22ENERGYANALYSISPROGRAM18DEVELOPEDBYUSDEPARTMENTOFENERGYEQUESTISFIG3JANUARYANDJULYTEMPERATUREPROFILESFORPALERMOITALYEQUIVALENTIZMIRTURKEYFIG4JANUARYANDJULYTEMPERATUREPROFILESHIGH,AVERAGE,LOWFORIZMIRTURKEYFIG5WEATHERTESTREFERENCEYEARTRYPALERMOITALYIZMIRTURKEYEQUIVALENTHSOZER/BUILDINGANDENVIRONMENT4520102581E25932583

簡介：IDENTIFYINGELEMENTSOFPOORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYMANAGEMENTINCHINACMTAMA,,SXZENGA,B,ZMDENGAADEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGANDCONSTRUCTION,CITYUNIVERSITYOFHONGKONG,83TATCHEEAVENUE,KOWLOON,HONGKONGBAETNASCHOOLOFMANAGEMENT,SHANGHAIJIAOTONGUNIVERSITY,SHANGHAI,PRCHINARECEIVED9APRIL2002RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM23APRIL2003ACCEPTED12MAY2003ABSTRACTCONSTRUCTIONISONEOFTHEMOSTHAZARDOUSINDUSTRIESDUETOITSUNIQUENATUREMEASUREDBYINTERNATIONALSTANDARDS,CONSTRUCTIONSITESAFETYRECORDSINCHINAAREPOORTHISPAPERAIMSTOEXAMINETHESTATUSOFSAFETYMANAGEMENTINTHECHINESECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRY,EXPLORETHERISKPRONEACTIVITIESONCONSTRUCTIONSITES,ANDIDENTIFYFACTORSAFFECTINGCONSTRUCTIONSITESAFETYTHEFINDINGSREVEALTHATTHEBEHAVIOROFCONTRACTORSONSAFETYMANAGEMENTAREOFGRAVECONCERN,INCLUDINGTHELACKOFPROVISIONOFPERSONALPROTECTIONEQUIPMENT,REGULARSAFETYMEETINGS,ANDSAFETYTRAININGTHEMAINFACTORSAFFECTINGSAFETYPERFORMANCEINCLUDE?POORSAFETYAWARENESSOFTOPMANAGEMENT?,?LACKOFTRAINING?,?POORSAFETYAWARENESSOFPROJECTMANAGERS?,?RELUCTANCETOINPUTRESOURCESTOSAFETY?AND?RECKLESSOPERATIONS?THESTUDYALSOPROPOSESTHATTHEGOVERNMENTSHOULDPLAYAMORECRITICALROLEINSTRICTERLEGALENFORCEMENTANDORGANIZINGSAFETYTRAININGPROGRAMS?2003ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSCONSTRUCTIONOCCUPATIONALACCIDENTSAFETYFACTORANALYSIS1INTRODUCTIONALLOVERTHEWORLD,CONSTRUCTIONISONEOFTHEMOSTHAZARDOUSINDUSTRIESDUETOITSUNIQUENATUREJANNADIANDBUKHAMSIN,2002CONSTRUCTIONSAFETYISALWAYSAGRAVECONCERNFORBOTHPRACTITIONERSANDRESEARCHERSANUMBEROFCAUSESINFLUENCINGSAFETYPERFORMANCEINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYHAVEBEENIDENTIFIEDTHATINCLUDECORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL85227887609FAX85227887612EMAILADDRESSBCTAMCITYUEDUHKCMTAM09257535/SEEFRONTMATTER?2003ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JSSCI200309001SAFETYSCIENCE422004569–581WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/SSCISTRUCTIONMARKETSANDCONSTRUCTIONINSTITUTIONS,ANDMONITORINGCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYTHEROLEOFTHECENTRALMINISTRYISMIRROREDBYTHEPROVINCIALCONSTRUCTIONDEPARTMENTSANDTHOSEOFTHEINDEPENDENTMUNICIPALITIESTHEYARECHARGEDWITHTHERESPONSIBILITYFORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYSEEFIG1UNDERPOWERSINTHERELEVANTLEGISLATIONONCONSTRUCTIONSAFETY,SUCHAS?CONSTRUCTIONLAW?,?INSPECTIONSTANDARDSFORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETY?AND?INSPECTIONSTANDARDSFORLABOURPROTECTIONINCONSTRUCTIONENTERPRISES?,THEMINISTRYOFCONSTRUCTIONANNUALLYHIRESABOUT50SAFETYAUDITORSTOCONDUCTNATIONWIDESAFETYAUDITSTHESCOPEOFTHEAUDITSINCLUDESTHESAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMOFTHECONSTRUCTIONFIRMS,LABOURPROTECTIONMEASURES,SAFETYPITFALLSONCONSTRUCTIONSITESANDSOONINDIFFERENTPROVINCESORMAJORCITIES22SAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMOFCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSPROTECTIONOFLABOURFROMOCCUPATIONALDISEASESANDACCIDENTSINTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYOFCHINAISDEFINEDBYLAWFOREXAMPLE,FORCONSTRUCTIONSITESHAVING50EMPLOYEESORMORE,MAINCONTRACTORSHAVETONOMINATEAFULLTIMESAFETYINSPECTORFORSITESWITHANAREAEXCEEDING10,000M2THEREMUSTBE2–3SAFETYINSPECTORSWHEREVERTHESITEEXCEEDS50,000M2,THEMAINCONTRACTORHASTOESTABLISHASAFETYMANAGEMENTTEAM23CONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSUPERVISORS’INSPECTIONONSAFETYSINCE1989CHINAHASBEGUNADOPTINGTHE?CONSTRUCTIONSUPERVISIONSCHEME?ONEOFTHEPROJECTSUPERVISORENGINEER?SRESPONSIBILITIESISTOMONITORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYCMTAMETAL/SAFETYSCIENCE422004569–581DEPARTMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTMINISTRYOFCONSTRUCTIONDIVISIONOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDEPARTMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONOFPROVINCESANDINDEPENDENTMUNICIPALITIESDIVISIONOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDEPARTMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONOFCOUNTIESANDCITIESCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSCONTRACTORSCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSDIRECTLYLINKEDTOTHECENTRALCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSDIRECTLYLINKEDTOPROVINCESANDINDEPENDENTMUNICIPALITIESFIG1GOVERNANCEHIERARCHYFORCONSTRUCTIONSAFETYMANAGEMENT571

簡介：JOURNALOFCHROMATOGRAPHYA,7641997177–182DETERMINATIONOFHIGHERFATTYACIDSINOILSBYHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHYWITHELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONTFUSE,FKUSU,KTAKAMURASCHOOLOFPHARMACY,TOKYOUNIVERSITYOFPHARMACYANDLIFESCIENCE14321,HORINOUCHI,HACHIOJI,TOKYO19203,JAPANRECEIVED15APRIL1996REVISED15AUGUST1996ACCEPTED22OCTOBER1996ABSTRACTASYSTEMOFHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROMATOGRAPHYWITHELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONWASDEVELOPEDFORTHESEPARATIONANDDETERMINATIONOFHIGHERFATTYACIDSANOCTADECYLSILICAODSCOLUMNWASUSEDASTHESTATIONARYPHASEANDANETHANOL–ACETONITRILE1090MIXTUREASTHEMOBILEPHASETHEELUATEWASMIXEDWITHAQUINONESOLUTIONWHICHWASCOMPOSEDOF6MM2METHYL1,4NAPHTHOQUINONEAND76MMLICLOINETHANOL–ACETONITRILE1090THROUGHAMIXINGCOILPEAKHEIGHTFOR4HIGHERFATTYACIDSMEASUREDAT2415MVVSSATURATEDCALOMELELECTRODESCEWASLINEARAGAINSTTHEAMOUNTOFACIDBETWEEN20AND1200PMOLFREEFATTYACIDSINVARIOUSOILSAMPLESWEREDETERMINEDBYTHISMETHOD,WHICHWASFOUNDNOTONLYSENSITIVEANDREPRODUCIBLEBUTALSOASIMPLEMEANSFORSEPARATINGANDDETERMININGFREEFATTYACIDSINOILSKEYWORDSELECTROCHEMICALDETECTIONFATTYACIDS1INTRODUCTIONPHOREPRIORTHECOLUMNSEPARATIONISREQUIREDFORSENSITIVEDETECTIONINHPLCMANYDERIVATIZINGMANYATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADEFORTHESEPARATIONLABELLINGREAGENTSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFORTHISANDDETERMINATIONOFFATTYACIDSBYGASCHROMATOGPURPOSE4–13ACATALYSTINSOMECASESISREQUIREDRAPHYGC1–3ANDHIGHPERFORMANCELIQUIDCHROFORCOMPLETEDERIVATIZATIONOWINGTOTHEPOORREACMATOGRAPHYHPLC4–13INCURRENTGCANALYSISTIVITYOFCARBOXYLGROUPS4FORTHEDERIVATIZATIONCOMMONLYEMPLOYEDTODAY,FREEFATTYACIDSAREOFFATTYACIDSWITHSUCHREAGENTS,THEAMOUNTOFGENERALLYCONVERTEDTOTHEIRMETHYLESTERSANDTHENREAGENT,REACTIONTEMPERATUREANDTIMEARECRITICALFORINJECTEDINTOACAPILLARYGCMETHYLATIONANDGCHIGHREACTIONEFFICIENCYANDAVOIDINGANYSIDEPRODCONDITIONS,SUCHASPROGRAMMEDTEMPERATURE,SPLITUCTFORMATIONWATERISOFTENANINCOMPATIBLEENINJECTION,ASWELLASTYPEOFCAPILLARYCOLUMN,CARRIERVIRONMENTFORDERIVATIZATIONREACTIONSANDTOFINDAGAS,ANDDETECTOR,AREALLIMPORTANTDETERMINANTSOFSOLUTIONTOTHISPROBLEM,EXAMINATIONWASMADEOFHIGHACCURACYANDPRECISIONTHEMAINADVANTAGEOFTHEUSEOFAQUEOUSMICELLARSYSTEMSFORDERIVATIZAHPLCWITHFLUORESCENTDETECTIONHPLCFLOFFATTYTION5ALTHOUGHFLUORIMETRICDETECTIONISQUITEACIDSISHIGHSENSITIVITYHOWEVER,OWINGTOTHEWEAKSENSITIVE,FLUORESCENTINTENSITYISLIABLETOVARYOWINGABSORPTIONANDFLUORESCENTPROPERTIESOFFATTYACIDS,TOTHEPRESENCEOFSUBSTANCESINCOMPLICATEDSAMPLESDERIVATIZATIONWITHASTRONGCHROMOPHOREORFLUOROUNLESSTHEREISACLEANUPPROCEDUREFORTHEIRELIMINATIONITISTHUSHIGHLYDESIRABLETODEVELOPASIMPLECORRESPONDINGAUTHORANDRAPIDMETHODTHATREQUIRESNOSUCHPROCEDURE00219673/97/1700COPYRIGHT?1997ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0021967396009065TFUSEETAL/JCHROMATOGRA7641997177–1821793RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTHATAPPLIEDPOTENTIALTHATWOULDGIVETHEREDUCTIONCURRENTOFPROTONATEDQUINONETHEREDUCTIONPOTENTIALOFPROTONATEDQUINONEWAS31VOLTAMMETRICREDUCTIONOFVKINTHEPRESENCELESSNEGATIVETHANTHATOFDISSOLVEDOXYGENTHE3OFFATTYACIDSHALFPEAKPOTENTIALOFTHEFIRSTREDUCTIONWAVEOFOXYGENINETHANOLCONTAINING38MMLICLOWAS4PROTONATIONOFQUINONEATTHEELECTRODESURFACE2730MVVSSCEHOWEVER,THEREMAYHAVEBEENOCCURSPRIORTOITSELECTRONTRANSFERPROTONATEDBACKGROUNDCURRENTDUETOTHEDISSOLVEDOXYGEN,QUINONEISREDUCEDATAPOTENTIALLESSNEGATIVETHANSINCETHEOXYGENWASREDUCEDATPOTENTIALSMORETHATOFQUINONETOGIVEANEWPEAKONTHEVOLTNEGATIVETHAN2300MVVSSCEAMMOGRAMOFQUINONE17,18HIGHERFATTYACIDS,SUCHASPALMITICACID,INANETHANOLSOLUTIONCON32HPLCECDTAININGVKANDLICLOWEREPREVIOUSLYFOUNDTO34GIVERISETOAPEAKOFPROTONATEDVKONTHEINCONSIDERATIONOFTHEABOVE,HPLCECDOFFATTY3VOLTAMMOGRAMOFVKATAPOTENTIALLESSNEGATIVEACIDSWASCARRIEDOUTREVERSEDPHASESEPARATIONOF3THANTHEREDUCTIONPOTENTIALOFVKVKITSELFGAVEHIGHERFATTYACIDSWASDONEUSINGANODSCOLUMN33ACLEARREDUCTIONPEAKAT2720MVVSSCE,ANDAANDAMPOFANETHANOL–ACETONITRILEMIXTURETHEPEAKOFPROTONATEDVKWASNOTEDAT2320MVVSDISSOLVEDOXYGENINMPANDTHEQUINONESOLUTION3SCEAFTERADDINGPALMITICACIDTOTHESOLUTIONTHEWASREMOVEDBYTHEDEGASSORA20MLALIQUOTOFPEAKHEIGHTWASPROPORTIONALTOADDEDACIDCONSOLUTIONCONTAININGFATTYACIDSWASINJECTEDINTOTHECENTRATION16COLUMNTHEELUATEWASMIXEDWITHTHEQUINONETHEHALFPEAKPOTENTIALOFAPEAKOFPROTONATEDSOLUTIONANDTHEFATTYACIDSWASDETECTEDWITHECDVKWASPREVIOUSLYSHOWNTOSHIFTTOAMOREEXAMINATIONWASMADEOFHOWTHERATIOOFACETONI3NEGATIVEPOTENTIALACCOMPANIEDBYANINCREASEINPKTRILETOETHANOLINTHEMPINFLUENCEDTHESEPARATIONAOFTHEADDEDACID17HOWEVER,HALFPEAKPOTENTIALSANDSENSITIVITYFORACIDDETERMINATIONINFIG2,THEOFPREPEAKSFORDIFFERENTHIGHERFATTYACIDSWERERETENTIONTIMEAANDTHEPEAKHEIGHTSBOFSIGNALSESSENTIALLYTHESAME,SINCEACIDSTRENGTHWASNEARLYFOR200PMOLLINOLEIC,OLEIC,PALMITICANDSTEARICACIDTHESAMEEACHFATTYACIDCOULDTHUSBEDETECTEDATWEREPLOTTEDAGAINSTTHERATIOOFTHETWOSOLVENTS,INFIG2RETENTIONTIMEAANDPEAKHEIGHTBASFUNCTIONSOFSOLVENTRATIOOFTHEMOBILEPHASEALINOLEICACID,BOLEICACID,CPALMITICACID,DSTEARICACIDAMOUNTOFACID5200PMOLHPLCCONDITIONSQUINONESOLUTION,6MMVK176MMLICLOINETHANOL–ACETONITRILE34MIXTURESAMPLEVOLUME,20MLCOLUMN,LICHROSPHER100RP18250MM34MMID,5MMCOLUMNTEMPERATURE,ROOMTEMPERATUREFLOWRATE,11ML/MINAPPLIEDPOTENTIAL,2415MVVSSCE

簡介：HINDAWIPUBLISHINGCORPORATIONINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFAGRONOMYVOLUME2012,ARTICLEID543230,7PAGESDOI101155/2012/543230RESEARCHARTICLEIMPROVEMENTOFSOYBEANOILSOLVENTEXTRACTIONTHROUGHENZYMATICPRETREATMENTFVGRASSO,1PAMONTOYA,1CCCAMUSSO,1,2ANDBGMAROTO1,21FACULTADDECIENCIASEXACTAS,F′ISICASYNATURALES,UNIVERSIDADNACIONALDEC′ORDOBA,AVENUEVELEZSARSFIELD1200,5000C′ORDOBA,ARGENTINA2FACULTADDECIENCIASAGROPECUARIAS,UNIVERSIDADNACIONALDEC′ORDOBA,AVENUEVALPARA′ISOS/NO,5000C′ORDOBA,ARGENTINACORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDTOFVGRASSO,FGRASSOAGROUNCEDUARRECEIVED5NOVEMBER2011REVISED14FEBRUARY2012ACCEPTED6MARCH2012ACADEMICEDITORBERTRANDMATTH¨AUSCOPYRIGHT?2012FVGRASSOETALTHISISANOPENACCESSARTICLEDISTRIBUTEDUNDERTHECREATIVECOMMONSATTRIBUTIONLICENSE,WHICHPERMITSUNRESTRICTEDUSE,DISTRIBUTION,ANDREPRODUCTIONINANYMEDIUM,PROVIDEDTHEORIGINALWORKISPROPERLYCITEDTHEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYISTOEVALUATEMULTIENZYMEHYDROLYSISASAPRETREATMENTOPTIONTOIMPROVESOYBEANOILSOLVENTEXTRACTIONANDITSEVENTUALADAPTATIONTOCONVENTIONALPROCESSESENZYMATICACTIONCAUSESTHEDEGRADATIONOFTHECELLSTRUCTURESTHATCONTAINOILIMPROVEMENTSINTERMSOFEXTRACTION,YIELD,ANDEXTRACTIONRATEAREEXPECTEDTOBEACHIEVEDSOYBEANFLAKESANDCOLLETSWEREUSEDASMATERIALSANDHEXANEWASUSEDASASOLVENTTEMPERATURE,PH,ANDINCUBATIONTIMEWEREOPTIMIZEDANDDIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENTSWEREESTIMATEDFOREACHSOLIDEXTRACTIONSWERECARRIEDOUTINACOLUMN,OILCONTENTWASDETERMINEDACCORDINGTOTIME,ANDAMATHEMATICALMODELWASDEVELOPEDTODESCRIBETHESYSTEMTHEOPTIMUMCONDITIONSOBTAINEDWEREPH54,38?C,AND97H,ANDPH58,44?C,AND58HOFTREATMENTFORFLAKESANDCOLLETS,RESPECTIVELYHYDROLYZEDSOLIDSEXHIBITEDAHIGHERYIELDDIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENTSWEREESTIMATEDBETWEEN10?11AND10?10THEHIGHESTDIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENTWASOBTAINEDFORHYDROLYZEDCOLLETS073GOIL/MLAND07GOIL/MLWEREOBTAINEDAT240SINACOLUMNFORCOLLETSANDFLAKES,RESPECTIVELYHYDROLYZEDSOLIDSEXHIBITEDAHIGHERYIELDTHEENZYMATICINCUBATIONACCELERATESTHEEXTRACTIONRATEANDALLOWSFORHIGHERYIELDTHEPROPOSEDMODELPROVEDTOBEAPPROPRIATE1INTRODUCTIONSEEDOILSREPRESENT70OFGLOBALOILPRODUCTION,OFWHICH30ISSOYBEANOILOILSEEDSARETHEMOSTIMPORTANTEXPORTITEMSINARGENTINA1INOILSEEDS,THEVACUOLESWITHINCELLSCONTAINOIL,ANDBOTHCELLWALLSANDVACUOLESHAVETOBEBROKENINORDERTOIMPROVESOLVENTEXTRACTIONTHEREFORE,THEPREPARATIONOFTHESEEDBEFORESOLVENTEXTRACTIONISCRITICALTOMAXIMIZEOILRECOVERYANALTERNATIVEPRETREATMENTTOFACILITATETHERELEASEOFOILFROMTHESEEDCOULDBEENZYMATICDEGRADATIONINTHISWAY,THEPARTIALHYDROLYSISOFSOYBEANSEEDCELLSTRUCTURESWITHAPPROPRIATEENZYMESWOULDINCREASEPERMEABILITY,WHICHWOULDINTURNINCREASEMASSTRANSFER2ANENZYMATICTREATMENTSTAGECOULDBEINCORPORATEDFORINDUSTRIALPURPOSESWITHOUTSIGNIFICANTCHANGESTOCONVENTIONALPROCESSESTHEOILRELEASEOBTAINEDUSINGTHISMETHODCOULDRESULTINAHIGHEREXTRACTIONYIELDAND/ORSMALLERQUANTITIESOFTHEORGANICSOLVENTSUSED3INSOLVENTEXTRACTION,PRETREATEDOILSEEDSPOROUSSOLIDMATRIXCOMEINTOCONTACTWITHAPURESOLVENTORASOLVENTMIXTUREMISCELLATOTRANSFERTHEOILFROMTHESOLIDMATRIXTOTHELIQUIDMEDIUMWHILETHEPRINCIPLEOFEXTRACTIONISRELATIVELYSIMPLE,ITISACOMPLEXMECHANISM4INORDERTODESCRIBETHISPROCESS,THEMASSTRANSFERPHENOMENAINVOLVEDANDTHEEVENTUALRESISTANCETOMASSTRANSFERINTHESOLIDPHASESOLIDSOYBEANANDINTHELIQUIDPHASEHEXANESHOULDBEANALYZEDTHISPROCESSINVOLVESSEVERALPHENOMENAOILISDIFFUSEDTHROUGHTHEINTERNALPORESTOTHESURFACEOFTHESOLIDINTERNALMASSTRANSPORTANDISTHENPASSEDTOTHEBULKLIQUIDBYMEANSOFACONVECTIVEMECHANISMPRODUCEDBYTHECONCENTRATIONDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHESOLUTIONOCCLUDEDINTHEPORESANDTHEBULKSOLUTIONEXTERNALTRANSPORTBECAUSETHEOILTOBEEXTRACTEDISCONTAINEDWITHINANINSOLUBLESOLIDNETWORKWITHOCCLUDEDMISCELLA,THEDIFFUSIONOCCURSMAINLYBETWEENTHEOCCLUDEDSOLUTIONANDTHESOLID,GREATLYAFFECTINGTHEEXTRACTIONRATESINCETHESOLIDMATRIXRESISTSDIFFUSIVETRANSPORT5INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFAGRONOMY3PROPOSEDBYMANYAUTHORS12–14,ANDCARR′INANDCRAPISTE4?C?TDEF?2C?X21WITHTHEFOLLOWINGINITIALANDBOUNDARYCONDITIONSFORANUNLIMITEDANDPERFECTLYAGITATEDVOLUMEOFBULKLIQUIDFORT0,CCO,FORT0,C0,INX?L,XL2THESOLUTIONTO1WASOBTAINEDFORPLATEANDSPHERE,ACCORDINGTOTHESOLIDTHATWASCONSIDEREDTHEFOLLOWINGWASOBTAINEDBYINTEGRATINGEACHSOLUTIONANDTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHATTHESERIESOBTAINEDCONVERGERAPIDLYFORPLATEWITHTHICKNESS2L,QQ08Π2E?Π2DT/2L23FORSPHEREWITHRADIUSR,QQ06Π2E?Π2DEFT/R24BECAUSETHETRIGLYCERIDESPRESENTINVEGETABLEOILHAVEDIFFERENTMOLECULARWEIGHTSANDSTRUCTURES,ITISEASIERTOMEASURETHEAMOUNTOFOILINRELATIONTOSOLIDMASSTHEREFORE,THEC/COCONCENTRATIONRATIOWASTURNEDINTOAQ/Q0QUANTITYRATIOINBOTHEQUATIONS12EQUATIONS3AND4WERELINEARIZEDANDREPRESENTEDACCORDINGTOTIMETTHESLOPEOFBOTHLINESWASUSEDTOEVALUATETHEEFFECTIVEDIFFUSIONCOEFFICIENTSMATHEMATICALMODELFORCOLUMNEXTRACTIONTHEFIXEDBEDWASREGARDEDASASECTIONOFANEXTRACTIONCOLUMNTOWHICHASTEADYSTREAMOFHEXANE,QLO,ISSUPPLIEDANDFROMWHICHTHESAMEFLOWOFMISCELLA,QL,ISEXTRACTEDTHEMASSBALANCESFOREACHPHASEWERETHEFOLLOWINGSOLID?DCSDTKSAVS??CS?KEQCL?5LIQUIDDCLDT?QLCLVLKLAVL??CSKEQ?CL?6INTHEMASSBALANCEESTIMATION,ITWASASSUMEDTHATTHEBEDWASMADEUPOFPOROUSPARTICLESISOTROPICANDSPHERICALPARTICLESFORCOLLETSWITHANDWITHOUTENZYMATICPRETREATMENTANDFORFLAKESWITHENZYMATICTREATMENTTHEOILCONTENTINEACHOFTHESOLIDSISUNIFORMINALLPARTICLES,ANDTHEOILBEHAVESASASINGLECOMPONENT,SINCEITSTRIGLYCERIDESAREHIGHLYSOLUBLEINHEXANE12THESOLIDSCONTAINMACROPORESINWHICHTHEOILGLOBULESRESIDETHESOLVENTPENETRATESTHESEPORESANDDISSOLVESTHEOILINSTANTLY,FORMINGTHEMISCELLASTAGNANTPHASE4,15ANEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPISESTABLISHEDBETWEENTHEOILCONTENTINTHESTAGNANTPHASEINTHEPORESANDTHERESIDUALOILCONTENTINTHESOLIDTHEOILTRANSFEROCCURSFROMTHEPORESTOTHEMISCELLADUETOTHEOILCONCENTRATIONGRADIENTTHECOLUMNLENGTHPARTICLEDIAMETERRATIOISHIGHENOUGHTONEGLECTTHERADIALCONCENTRATIONGRADIENTTHEPOROSITIESOFTHEBEDANDPARTICLEAREUNIFORMANDCONSTANTTHROUGHOUTTHEEXTRACTIONPROCESSNOHEATOFMIXINGISPRODUCED,ANDTHETEMPERATUREISCONSTANTANDUNIFORMTHROUGHOUTTHEEXTRACTIONTHEEQUILIBRIUMRELATIONSHIPDETERMINEDEXPERIMENTALLYINCLUDESTHEEFFECTOFSOLIDMOISTURETHEVOLUMETRICFLOWISCONSTANTBECAUSETHEFLOWOFPUREHEXANESUPPLIEDINTOTHESYSTEMISEQUALTOTHEFLOWOFMISCELLAEXTRACTEDFROMTHESYSTEMTHEMASSTRANSFERCONSTANTSINTHELIQUIDWEREESTIMATEDUSINGTHEEMPIRICALCORRELATIONFORFIXEDBEDSPROPOSEDBYGEANKOPLIS6ANDTHEMASSTRANSFERCONSTANTSINTHESOLIDPHASEWEREESTIMATEDBYEQUALING5MASSBALANCEWITHTHEEQUATIONSTHATDESCRIBETHEDIFFUSIVEPHENOMENON,TAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHECORRECTIONSDUETOMATERIALPOROSITY16THESOLUTIONTO5AND6WASNUMERICALLYFOUNDUSINGMATLAB2008A3RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONOPTIMIZATIONOFENZYMATICTREATMENTTHEAMOUNTOFOILTHATCANBEEXTRACTEDFROMSOYBEANFLAKESUSINGTHESOXHLETMETHODIS16ONTHEDRYBASISDB,AND1854DBFORSOYBEANCOLLETSANINCREASEINYIELDISOBSERVEDFORALLEXPERIMENTALRUNSWITHENZYMATICPRETREATMENTSEETABLE2THERSMANALYSISENABLEDUSTOOBTAINTHEEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSFORTHEENZYMATICAQUEOUSPRETREATMENT,THROUGHWHICHTHEMAXIMUMTHEORETICALYIELDINOILDBISOBTAINEDFOREACHTYPEOFSTARTINGMATERIALTHEANOVAANALYSISSEETABLE3WASUSEDTODEFINETHEPOLYNOMIALCOEFFICIENTSOFTHERESPONSEAFLAKESBOTHLINEARANDQUADRATICEFFECTSOFTEMPERATUREWERESIGNIFICANT,EXCEEDING95OFCONFIDENCELEVELINBOTHCASES,ANDSODIDTHEQUADRATICEFFECTOFINCUBATIONTIMEFORTHEPHVARIABLE,THEVARIATIONWASNOTSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTP005ITCANALSOBEINFERREDTHATTHEREWERENOSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSFORINTERACTIONTERMSBETWEENVARIABLESTHEREFORE,THERESPONSEFUNCTIONWASDEFINEDASY27055–006T–368T2–004T2ERRORBCOLLETSTHEQUADRATICEFFECTSOFTEMPERATUREANDINCUBATIONPHWERESIGNIFICANT,EXCEEDING98OFCONFIDENCELEVELINBOTHCASES,ANDSODIDTHECROSSOVEREFFECTOFPHANDINCUBATIONTIMEFORTHEOTHERLINEARTERMS,THEVARIATIONWASNOTSTATISTICALLYSIGNIFICANTP005ITCANALSOBEINFERREDTHATTHEREWERENOSIGNIFICANTEFFECTSFORINTERACTIONTERMSBETWEENTHETEMPERATUREANDINCUBATIONTIMEVARIABLESTHEREFORE,THERESPONSEFUNCTIONWASDEFINEDASY265660186PHT–310T2–07274PH2ERRORASITCANBEOBSERVED,THEPVALUEINDICATESTHATTHEMODELISSIGNIFICANTFORALLCASESWITHMORETHAN98OFCONFIDENCEONTHEOTHERHAND,THEADEQUACYOFTHEQUADRATICMODELWITH98CONFIDENCE,A1347TOTALERRORFORFLAKESAND0864FORCOLLETS,ANDANONSIGNIFICANTLACKOFFITWITHACONFIDENCELEVELGREATERTHAN96FORTHETWOSTARTINGMATERIALSWASPROVED

簡介：字數(shù)英文字數(shù)英文23352335單詞，單詞，1305713057字符；中文字符；中文39063906漢字漢字作者及出處作者及出處KOLCHEDANTSEVKOLCHEDANTSEVL,L,ADAMTSEVICHADAMTSEVICHA,A,STUPAKOVASTUPAKOVAO,O,ETETALALMEASURESMEASURESTOTOREDUCEREDUCECONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONTIMETIMEOFOFHIGHRISEHIGHRISEBUILDINGSC//E3SBUILDINGSC//E3SWEBWEBOFOFCONFERENCESEDPCONFERENCESEDPSCIENCES,2018,3303062SCIENCES,2018,3303062外文文獻外文文獻MEASURESTOREDUCECONSTRUCTIONTIMEOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSABSTRACTTHEORGANIZATIONALANDTECHNOLOGICALSOLUTIONSFORHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONEFFICIENCYINCREASEARECONSIDERED,PRIMARILY–DECREASEOFTYPICALFLOORCONSTRUCTIONTIMEANDIMPROVEMENTOFBEARINGSTRUCTURESCONCRETEQUALITYTHEESSENCEOFOFFEREDTECHNOLOGYISACONCRETEMIXINGSTATIONANDAPOLYGONMAINLYFORLOADBEARINGWALLPANELSWITHSTARTERBARSCASTINGARELOCATEDONTHEBUILDINGSITEFORREINFORCEDCONCRETECOMPONENTSMANUFACTURINGANDBUTTJOINTSGROUTINGTHEWARMEDUPCONCRETEMIXTURESAREUSEDTHERESULTSOFRESEARCHESANDELABORATIONSCARRIEDOUTBYTHESPSUACEINAREAOFAPRELIMINARYWARMINGUPOFCONCRETEMIXTURESAREPRESENTEDTHEPOSSIBILITYANDFEASIBILITYOFTHEIRUSAGEINHIGHRISEBUILDINGSANDOFEXCESSHEIGHTBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONINCLUDINGCASTINPLACEANDPRECASTEXECUTIONARESHOWNTHEESSENCEOFHEATVIBROTREATINGOFCONCRETEMIXTUREISREVEALEDASAKINDOFPRIORELECTRORESISTIVECURING,ANDTHEACHIEVEDRESULTSAREACCELERATEDCONCRETESTRENGTHGAIN,POWERINPUTSDECREASE,CONCRETEQUALITYIMPROVEMENTITISSHOWNTHATTHELOCATIONOFACONCRETEMIXINGSTATIONONTHEBUILDINGSITEENABLESTOBROADENPOSSIBILITIESOFTHE“THERMOS”METHODUSEANDTOAVOIDCONCRETEMIXTURESWARMINGUPINMEDIUMMASSSTRUCTURESERECTIONCOLUMNS,GIRDERSDURINGTHEHIGHRISEBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTIONITISEXPERIMENTALLYPROVEDTHATTHESPLICEBETWEENPRECASTELEMENTSENCASEDWITHWARMEDUPCONCRETEMIXTUREISEQUALWITHCONJUGATEDELEMENTSINSTRENGTHCONSTRUCTIONINHIGHRISESBUILDINGMENTIONEDPARAMETERSOFCONCRETEPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESAREESTIMATEDRELATIVELYRELATIVECOMPRESSIVE,TENSILE,BENDINGSTRENGTH,ETC,WHATGIVESTHEOPPORTUNITYTOAPPLYTHELABANDFIELDTESTSRESULTSTOCONCRETESOFDIFFERENTCLASSESINADDITIONTOTRADITIONALGOSTOVSKAYATECHNIQUES,FOREXAMPLE,GOST1018090CONCRETEMETHODSOFDETERMININGSTRENGTHONTESTSPECIMENS,FORTESTOFJOINTOFPRECASTMONOLITHICBUILDINGSWASDESIGNEDBYASPECIALTECHNIQUEONACTIVEAREAOFTHE“OLD”CONCRETEWHICHARETHEENDSOFCOMBINEDPANELSTHEVERTICALINCLINEDCHASES4MMWIDEAND6MMDEPTHWEREMADETHECONCRETEMIXTUREOF“NEW“CONCRETEWASWARMEDUPJUSTBEFORETHEPLACINGWITHALTERNATEELECTRICCURRENTOFINDUSTRIALFREQUENCY50HZTO500СAND700СTEMPERATUREANDTHENPLACEDWITHVIBRATIONINSPLICECAVITYFOR“OLD“AND“NEW“CONCRETESSAMPLESSHEARTESTINGPOSTGRADUATESTUDENTMUSTAFINRRCREATEDSPECIALMETHODEXCLUDESTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHETORSIONALMOMENTABOUT“OLD“AND“NEW“CONCRETESCONTACTPLANETHEESSENCEOFCONCRETEMIXTURETHERMALTREATMENTTHATISAKINDOFAPRELIMINARYWARMINGUP,ITSRATIONALAPPLICATIONFIELD,USEDMATERIALS,ANDTHEACHIEVEDEFFECTAREPRESENTEDINWRITINGITISIMPORTANTTONOTEHERETHATONLYAPPLICATIONOFWARMEDUPCONCRETEMIXTURESMADEATSITEPOLYGONENABLESTOGETCONCRETETRANSPORTSTRENGTHINMINIMUMTIMEWITHMINIMUMPOWERINPUTSANDREQUIREDCONCRETEQUALITYPROVIDEDTHEGROUTINGOFBUTTJOINTSBETWEENPRECASTELEMENTSWITHWARMEDUPMIXTUREPROVIDESTHEEQUALITYINSTRENGTHOFTHEJOINTANDCONJUGATEDELEMENTSTHEFEASIBILITYOFACONCRETEMIXINGSTATIONLOCATIONONASITEOFAHIGHRISEBUILDINGCONSTRUCTION,ITSPARAMETERSARESUBSTANTIATEDINWRITINGS3RESULTS31THEMOBILECONCRETEMIXINGSTATIONCMSLOCATIONONHIGHRISEBUILDINGSITE

簡介：中文中文3076字出處出處MAGESWARIM,VIDIVELLIBTHEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTINCONCRETEJOPENCIVILENGINEERINGJOURNAL,2010,46571畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文文獻翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文文獻翻譯院系系土木工程與建筑系年級專年級專業(yè)業(yè)姓名名學(xué)號號附件件THEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTINCONCRETE指導(dǎo)老師評語指導(dǎo)教師簽名年月日2WASTEGLASSESALWAYSCRACKS2,6VERYLIMITEDWORKHASBEENCONDUCTEDFORTHEUSEOFGROUNDGLASSASACONCRETEREPLACEMENT7THESEWASTESTORAGEDISPOSALSAREBECOMINGASERIOUSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMESPECIALLYFORCHIDAMBARAMWHEREPLACEDISPOSALSITESARELACKINGHENCETHEREISANEEDFORRECYCLINGMOREANDMOREWASTEMATERIALSTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDFINEAGGREGATEFORTHEMAKINGOFCONCRETEISTHENATURALSANDMINEDFROMTHERIVERBEDSHOWEVER,THEAVAILABILITYOFRIVERSANDFORTHEPREPARATIONOFCONCRETEISBECOMINGSCARCEDUETOTHEEXCESSIVENONSCIENTIFICMETHODSOFMININGFROMTHERIVERBEDS,LOWERINGOFWATERTABLE,SINKINGOFTHEBRIDGEPIERS,ETCAREBECOMINGCOMMONTREATS5THEPRESENTSCENARIODEMANDSIDENTIFICATIONOFSUBSTITUTEMATERIALSFORTHERIVERSANDFORMAKINGCONCRETERECENTLY,SOMEATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADETOUSEGROUNDGLASSASAREPLACEMENTINCONCRETE810THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTOPRESENTTHERESULTSOFEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSONPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMADEWITHSHEETGLASSPOWDERCONCRETENATURALFINEAGGREGATEISSUBSTITUTEDBYWEIGHTBYSHEETGLASSPOWDERATRATESVARYINGFROM10,20,30,40AND50PERCENTAGESCOMPRESSIVE,TENSION,ANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHAREEVALUATEDANDCOMPAREDUPTO180DAYSOFAGESSPECIFICPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMATERIALSANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERAREALSOSTUDIEDMATERIALSANDMETHODSTHERAWMATERIALS,USEDFORTHISSTUDYARENATURALCOARSEAGGREGATE,FINEAGGREGATE,SHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPAGGREGATEAND53GRADESPORTLANDCEMENTTHESHEETGLASSUSEDFORTHISSTUDYWASCOLLECTEDFROMTHEPOINTSINCHIDAMBARAMTALUKATCUDDALOREDISTRICTSHEETGLASSISCONVERTEDINTOFINEAGGREGATEASSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG1ANDTHEPROCEDUREFORMAKINGSHEETGLASSCRETEISSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG2SHEETGLASSCOLLECTEDFROMSHOPSISSHOWNINFIG3,SHEETGLASSCRUSHEDISSHOWNINFIG4ANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERISSHOWNINFIG5SHEETGLASSPOWDERUSINGSIEVESIZEFROM475MMONWARDSISSHOWNINFIG6TABLE1SHOWSTHEFINENESSMODULUSRESULTSOFS,SGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPANDS50SGPFIG3SHOWSTHEFINEAGGREGATEMATERIALOFGRADINGCURVEANDALSOSGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPS50SGPAND100SGPTHESANDUSEDFORTHESTUDYWASLOCALLYAVAILABLERIVERSANDCONFORMINGTOGRADINGZONEIIIOFIS3831970THECOARSEAGGREGATEWASANORMALWEIGHTAGGREGATEWITHAMAXIMUMSIZEOF20MMIS4562000TABLE2SHOWSTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFSGPANDFINEANDCOARSEAGGREGATETABLE3SHOWSCHEMICALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESGPMATERIALTHECONTROLMIXOFTHECONCRETEWASDESIGNEDWITHAMIXRATIOOFCEMENT/WATER/SAND/COARSEOF1048166361BYWEIGHTTHISMIXDESIGNYIELDEDANAVERAGE28DAYSCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH41MPATHESANDWASREPLACEDWITH10,20,30,40,AND50SGP

簡介：中文中文5351字出處出處ENVIRONMENTALEARTHSCIENCES,2011,622357365外文原文SURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSFORISTANBULMETROTUNNELSEXCAVATEDBYEPBTBMSGERCELEBIHCOPURIOCAKABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,SHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREPREDICTEDFORTWINTUNNELS,WHICHARETOBEEXCAVATEDINTHECHAINAGEOF0850TO0900MBETWEENTHEESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFTHEISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHEEXCAVATIONLINEIS212KMBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRTUNNELSAREEXCAVATEDBYEMPLOYINGTWOEARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMSTHATHAVETWINTUBESOF65MDIAMETERANDWITH14MDISTANCEFROMCENTERTOCENTERTHETBMINTHERIGHTTUBEFOLLOWSABOUT100MBEHINDTHEOTHERTUBESEGMENTALLININGOF14MLENGTHISCURRENTLYEMPLOYEDASTHEFINALSUPPORTSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDWITHFINITEELEMENTMETHODBYUSINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTPROGRAMEXCAVATION,GROUNDSUPPORTANDFACESUPPORTSTEPSINFEMANALYSESARESIMULATEDASAPPLIEDINTHEFIELDPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDFORATYPICALGEOLOGICALZONE,WHICHISCONSIDEREDASCRITICALINTERMSOFSURFACESETTLEMENTGEOLOGYINTHESTUDYAREAISCOMPOSEDOFFILL,VERYSTIFFCLAY,DENSESAND,VERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAY,RESPECTIVELY,STARTINGFROMTHESURFACEINADDITIONTOFINITEELEMENTMODELING,THESURFACESETTLEMENTSAREALSOPREDICTEDBYUSINGSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODELTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSARECOMPAREDANDVERIFIEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATGROUTINGOFTHEEXCAVATIONVOIDSHOULDBEPERFORMEDASFASTASPOSSIBLEAFTEREXCAVATIONOFASECTIONASAPRECAUTIONAGAINSTSURFACESETTLEMENTSDURINGEXCAVATIONFACEPRESSUREOFTHETBMSSHOULDBECLOSELYMONITOREDANDADJUSTEDFORDIFFERENTZONESKEYWORDSSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTION_FINITEELEMENTMETHOD_ANALYTICALMETHOD_SEMITHEORETICALMETHOD_EPBTBMTUNNELING_ISTANBULMETROINTRODUCTIONINCREASINGDEMANDONINFRASTRUCTURESINCREASESATTENTIONTOSHALLOWSOFTGROUNDTUNNELINGMETHODSINURBANIZEDAREASMANYSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESTRUCTURESMAKEUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONWORKSVERYDELICATEDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFGROUNDCONDITIONS,THELONGTERMSETTLEMENTSMAYBECONSIDEREDASVERYLIMITEDTHEREAREMAINLYTHREESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONAPPROACHESFORMECHANIZEDTUNNELEXCAVATIONS1NUMERICALANALYSISSUCHASFINITEELEMENTMETHOD,2ANALYTICALMETHODAND3SEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALMETHODAMONGTHEM,THENUMERICALAPPROACHESARETHEMOSTRELIABLEONESHOWEVER,THERESULTSOFALLMETHODSSHOULDBEUSEDCAREFULLYBYANEXPERIENCEDFIELDENGINEERINDESIGNINGTHESTAGEOFANEXCAVATIONPROJECTINTHISSTUDY,ALLTHREEPREDICTIONMETHODSAREEMPLOYEDFORACRITICALZONETOPREDICTTHESHORTTERMMAXIMUMSURFACESETTLEMENTSABOVETHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900MBETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHPLAXISFINITEELEMENTMODELINGPROGRAMISUSEDFORNUMERICALMODELINGTHEMETHODSUGGESTEDBYLOGANATHANANDPOULOS1998ISUSEDFORTHEANALYTICALSOLUTIONAFEWDIFFERENTSEMITHEORETICALMODELSAREALSOUSEDFORPREDICTIONSTHERESULTSARECOMPAREDANDVALIDATEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT,SITEANDCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTHEFIRSTCONSTRUCTIONPHASEOFISTANBULMETROLINEWASSTARTEDIN1992ANDOPENEDTOPUBLICIN2000THISLINEISBEINGEXTENDEDGRADUALLY,ASWELLASNEWLINESAREBEINGCONSTRUCTEDINOTHERLOCATIONSONEOFTHESEMETROLINESISTHETWINLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIR,WHICHIS212KMTHEEXCAVATIONOFTHISSECTIONHASBEENSTARTEDINMAY2006CURRENTLY,AROUND1,400MOFEXCAVATIONHASALREADYBEENCOMPLETEDTHEREGIONISHIGHLYPOPULATEDINCLUDINGSEVERALSTORYBUILDINGS,INDUSTRIALZONESANDHEAVYTRAFFICALIGNMENTANDSTATIONSOFTHEMETROLINEBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRISPRESENTEDINFIG1

簡介：現(xiàn)代辦公建筑發(fā)展新趨勢現(xiàn)代辦公建筑發(fā)展新趨勢綠色決定價值個性贏得市場綠色決定價值個性贏得市場威廉．克萊因進入二十一世紀后，美國人做過一項統(tǒng)計，發(fā)現(xiàn)美國稅收來源的835來自于寫字樓，而不是工廠。中國的比例估計還沒那么高，但同樣，寫字樓已經(jīng)不再像二十世紀工業(yè)文明時代那樣，僅僅是工廠的管理附屬，僅僅是企業(yè)的接待站，僅僅是管理者的門面，而真正成為了財富的聚集地。因為寫字樓性質(zhì)的這一種根本性變化，寫字樓開發(fā)，自然也越來越關(guān)注使用者，尤其是創(chuàng)造最大價值的員工本身的舒適、健康、個性化需求，能否激發(fā)使用者的靈感，進行更有效率的腦力創(chuàng)造，成為衡量新時代寫字樓的主要標準?，F(xiàn)代辦公建筑開發(fā)，因而出現(xiàn)了以下一些新的趨勢。生態(tài)辦公綠色決定價值好幾年前，IBM就因為環(huán)境因素從中關(guān)村搬了出去，因為IBM的全球?qū)懽謽嵌家裱?2攝氏度的辦公溫度標準，用養(yǎng)熱帶魚的標準養(yǎng)人、養(yǎng)設(shè)備，而中關(guān)村達不到這個要求。大企業(yè)的挑剔顯示了現(xiàn)代寫字樓的最大特征生態(tài)辦公成為一種趨勢，最貴的樓不再是最高的樓，而是環(huán)境最好、最舒適的樓。當然，生態(tài)辦公不僅意味著小環(huán)境的綠色舒適，還意味著針對大環(huán)境的節(jié)能環(huán)保，既讓員工快樂工作，提高效率，更能節(jié)省使用費用，讓老板快樂賺錢。高層生態(tài)寫字樓第2頁對流；建筑與三個三角形的綠化庭園結(jié)合，為大廈雙面均提供了富有生機的綠色空間，讓人感覺就像在園林中辦公一樣?？照{(diào)系統(tǒng)是生態(tài)寫字樓的重要組成部分。像北京世紀財富中心、北京新保利大廈和深圳頂級寫字樓華潤大廈，都采用了VAV變風(fēng)量空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，通過高效的空氣處理設(shè)備、VAV分風(fēng)箱以及高精度的DDC控制器（直接數(shù)字控制器），并配以初效、中效雙級過濾設(shè)備，令樓內(nèi)的空氣更加清新、舒適。在杭州，生態(tài)寫字樓的建設(shè)剛剛起步，像黃龍世紀廣場用的是呼吸幕墻，濱江區(qū)的UT斯達康新大樓大面積采用LOWE玻璃，而黃龍區(qū)的公元大廈，則可以算得上是一個較為全方位的生態(tài)寫字樓，采用了開放式幕墻、外遮陽板、內(nèi)充氬氣的LOWE中空玻璃、新冷媒超級變頻多聯(lián)中央空調(diào)、全熱交換器、節(jié)能水龍頭等一系列材料、設(shè)備，還有一個7000平方米的綠色中央庭院，非常難得。生態(tài)低層庭院式商務(wù)樓生態(tài)辦公更徹底一些，自然是直接搬到郊外的景觀辦公區(qū)，趴在地面上，跟綠化結(jié)合，這在歐美已漸漸成為趨勢，尤其是高科技、需要頭腦創(chuàng)意的企業(yè)。景觀辦公區(qū)來源于霍華德的“花園城市”理念，一般坐落于大城市邊緣的新城，低密度、小體量的辦公樓與優(yōu)美的綠色園林景觀有機結(jié)合，使工作者能在休閑的環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生更多的靈感。最典型的景觀辦公區(qū)是美國的硅谷，由各種各樣的商務(wù)花園群落組成，像著名的甲骨文公司就沿湖建造，整個建筑群在湖邊徐徐展開，景觀如畫。美國科羅拉多州奧羅拉市的水園辦公園區(qū)，人工湖、小水池、瀑布、溪流，營造出夢幻般的水園景色，在里面辦公，自然是神清