簡(jiǎn)介：EJSESPECIALISSUELOADINGONSTRUCTURES20071INTRODUCTIONOTHERPAPERSPRESENTEDINTHISSERIESCONSIDERTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORGRAVITYLOADS,WINDANDEARTHQUAKESTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSAGAINSTSUCHLOADEFFECTSISTOALARGEEXTENTCOVEREDBYENGINEERINGBASEDSTANDARDSREFERENCEDBYTHEBUILDINGREGULATIONSTHISISNOTTHECASE,TONEARLYTHESAMEEXTENT,INTHECASEOFFIRERATHER,ITISBUILDINGREGULATIONSSUCHASTHEBUILDINGCODEOFAUSTRALIABCATHATDIRECTLYSPECIFYMOSTOFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORFIRESAFETYOFBUILDINGSWITHREFERENCEBEINGMADETOSTANDARDSSUCHASAS3600ORAS4100FORMETHODSFORDETERMININGTHEFIRERESISTANCEOFSTRUCTURALELEMENTSTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOCONSIDERTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORFIRESAFETYFROMANENGINEERINGPERSPECTIVEASISCURRENTLYDONEFOROTHERLOADSSUCHASWINDOREARTHQUAKES,WHILSTATTHESAMETIME,PUTTINGSUCHAPPROACHESINTHECONTEXTOFTHECURRENTREGULATORYREQUIREMENTSATTHEOUTSET,ITNEEDSTOBENOTEDTHATDESIGNINGABUILDINGFORFIRESAFETYISFARMORETHANSIMPLYCONSIDERINGTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTUREANDWHETHERITHASSUFFICIENTSTRUCTURALADEQUACYTHISISBECAUSEFIRESCANHAVEADIRECTINFLUENCEONOCCUPANTSVIASMOKEANDHEATANDCANGROWINSIZEANDSEVERITYUNLIKEOTHEREFFECTSIMPOSEDONTHEBUILDINGNOTWITHSTANDINGTHESECOMMENTS,THEFOCUSOFTHISPAPERWILLBELARGELYONDESIGNISSUESASSOCIATEDWITHTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTURETWOSITUATIONSASSOCIATEDWITHABUILDINGAREUSEDFORTHEPURPOSEOFDISCUSSIONTHEMULTISTOREYOFFICEBUILDINGSHOWNINFIGURE1ISSUPPORTEDBYATRANSFERSTRUCTURETHATSPANSOVERASETOFRAILWAYTRACKSITISASSUMEDTHATAWIDERANGEOFRAILTRAFFICUTILISESTHESETRACKSINCLUDINGFREIGHTANDDIESELLOCOMOTIVESTHEFIRSTSITUATIONTOBECONSIDEREDFROMAFIRESAFETYPERSPECTIVEISTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURETHISISTERMEDSITUATION1ANDTHEKEYQUESTIONSAREWHATLEVELOFFIRERESISTANCEISREQUIREDFORTHISTRANSFERSTRUCTUREANDHOWCANTHISBEDETERMINEDTHISSITUATIONHASBEENCHOSENSINCEITCLEARLYFALLSOUTSIDETHENORMALREGULATORYSCOPEOFMOSTBUILDINGREGULATIONSANENGINEERINGSOLUTION,RATHERTHANAPRESCRIPTIVEONEISREQUIREDTHESECONDFIRESITUATIONTERMEDSITUATION2CORRESPONDSTOAFIREDESIGNINGAGAINSTFIREIDBENNETTSNOELARNOLDANDASSOCIATES,MELBOURNEAUSTRALIAIRTHOMASCESARE,VICTORIAUNIVERSITY,AUSTRALIAABSTRACTTHISPAPERCONSIDERSTHEDESIGNOFBUILDINGSFORFIRESAFETYITISFOUNDTHATFIREANDTHEASSOCIATEDEFFECTSONBUILDINGSISSIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERENTTOOTHERFORMSOFLOADINGSUCHASGRAVITYLIVELOADS,WINDANDEARTHQUAKESANDTHEIRRESPECTIVEEFFECTSONTHEBUILDINGSTRUCTUREFIREEVENTSAREDERIVEDFROMTHEHUMANACTIVITIESWITHINBUILDINGSORFROMTHEMALFUNCTIONOFMECHANICALANDELECTRICALEQUIPMENTPROVIDEDWITHINBUILDINGSTOACHIEVEASERVICEABLEENVIRONMENTITISTHEREFOREPOSSIBLETODIRECTLYINFLUENCETHERATEOFFIRESTARTSWITHINBUILDINGSBYCHANGINGHUMANBEHAVIOUR,IMPROVEDMAINTENANCEANDIMPROVEDDESIGNOFMECHANICALANDELECTRICALSYSTEMSFURTHERMORE,SHOULDAFIREDEVELOPS,ITISPOSSIBLETODIRECTLYINFLUENCETHERESULTINGFIRESEVERITYBYTHEINCORPORATIONOFFIRESAFETYSYSTEMSSUCHASSPRINKLERSANDTOPROVIDEMEASURESWITHINTHEBUILDINGTOENABLESAFEREGRESSFROMTHEBUILDINGTHEABILITYTOINFLUENCETHERATEOFFIRESTARTSANDTHERESULTINGFIRESEVERITYISUNIQUETOTHECONSIDERATIONOFFIREWITHINBUILDINGSSINCEOTHERLOADSSUCHASWINDANDEARTHQUAKESAREDIRECTLYAFUNCTIONOFNATURETHEPOSSIBLEAPPROACHESFORDESIGNINGABUILDINGFORFIRESAFETYAREPRESENTEDUSINGANEXAMPLEOFAMULTISTOREYBUILDINGCONSTRUCTEDOVERARAILWAYLINETHEDESIGNOFBOTHTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURESUPPORTINGTHEBUILDINGOVERTHERAILWAYANDTHELEVELSABOVETHETRANSFERSTRUCTUREARECONSIDEREDINTHECONTEXTOFCURRENTREGULATORYREQUIREMENTSTHEPRINCIPLESANDASSUMPTIONSASSOCIATEDWITHVARIOUSAPPROACHESAREDISCUSSED9EJSESPECIALISSUELOADINGONSTRUCTURES2007TEMMAYASSISTINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFOTHERLOADRESISTINGMECHANISMSSEESECTION435WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFORCESDUETORESTRAINTOFTHERMALEXPANSION,FIREDOESNOTIMPOSELOADSONTHESTRUCTUREBUTRATHERREDUCESSTIFFNESSANDSTRENGTHSUCHEFFECTSARENOTINSTANTANEOUSBUTAREAFUNCTIONOFTIMEANDTHISISDIFFERENTTOTHEEFFECTSOFLOADSSUCHASEARTHQUAKEANDWINDTHATAREMOREORLESSINSTANTANEOUSHEATINGEFFECTSASSOCIATEDWITHAFIREWILLNOTBESIGNIFICANTORTHERATEOFLOSSOFCAPACITYWILLBESLOWEDIFATHEFIREISEXTINGUISHEDEGANEFFECTIVESPRINKLERSYSTEMBTHEFIREISOFINSUFFICIENTSEVERITY–INSUFFICIENTFUEL,AND/ORCTHESTRUCTURALELEMENTSHAVESUFFICIENTTHERMALMASSAND/ORINSULATIONTOSLOWTHERISEININTERNALTEMPERATUREFIREPROTECTIONMEASURESSUCHASPROVIDINGSUFFICIENTAXISDISTANCEANDDIMENSIONSFORCONCRETEELEMENTS,ANDSUFFICIENTINSULATIONTHICKNESSFORSTEELELEMENTSAREEXAMPLESOFCTHESEAREILLUSTRATEDINFIGURE2THETWOSITUATIONSDESCRIBEDINTHEINTRODUCTIONARENOWCONSIDERED3FIRESDUETOTRAINSBELOWBUILDING31POSSIBLEAPPROACHESWHATLEVELOFFIRERESISTANCEISREQUIREDFORTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURESHOWNINFIGURE1ONEAPPROACHTOANSWERINGTHISQUESTIONCOULDBETODESIGNTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURETORESISTTHEMOSTSEVEREPOSSIBLEFIREUNTILTHATFIREHASBURNTOUTHOWEVER,IFTHETRAINSTRAVELINGBELOWTHEBUILDINGINCLUDEARANGEOFDIESELLOCOMOTIVESANDFREIGHTCARS,ITMAYNOTBEECONOMICALLYFEASIBLETODESIGNAGAINSTTHEWORSTPOSSIBLEFIREANOTHERMORERATIONALAPPROACHWOULDBETODESIGNTHETRANSFERSTRUCTURALELEMENTSAGAINSTFIRESUCHTHATTHEPROBABILITYOFFAILUREOFTHEMEMBERSINTHEEVENTOFFIREMANYDIFFERENTFIRESWITHDIFFERENTPROBABILITIESOFOCCURRENCEISNOGREATERTHANTHATASSOCIATEDWITHTHENORMALTEMPERATURELOADINGCONDITIONSINTHISAPPROACHACCOUNTMUSTBETAKENOFATHEVARIABILITYASSOCIATEDWITHLOADSAPPLIEDTOTHEBUILDING,BTHEPOSSIBLEFIRETRAINSCENARIOSASCHARACTERISEDBYTHEIRPROBABILITYANDHEATINGCHARACTERISTICS,ANDCTHEEFFECTOFSUCHFIRESONTHERESISTANCEOFTHETRANSFERMEMBERSTHISAPPROACHISNOWFURTHERDESCRIBEDASTHERESISTANCEOFTHESTRUCTURALMEMBERSISREDUCED,THEPROBABILITYOFSTRUCTURALFAILUREISINCREASEDFORAPARTICULARFIREEVENTI,THISPROBABILITYMAYBEDENOTEDASFFIPGIVENTHEVARIABILITYASSOCIATEDWITHTHELOADINGANDRESISTANCEIFTHEFIREEVENTSARECONSIDEREDTOBEINDEPENDENTANDTHEPROBABILITYOFOCCURRENCEOFFIREEVENTIISDENOTEDASIP,THENTHEOVERALLPROBABILITYOFFAILUREFORAGIVENSTRUCTURALELEMENTWHENSUBJECTTOALLPOSSIBLEFIREEVENTSIS∑IFFIITFPPP1ITCANBEARGUEDTHATTHEFIREDESIGNISSATISFACTORYIFTHISPROBABILITYISLESSTHANSOMEACCEPTABLYSMALLVALUEACCP–FOREXAMPLE,THEVALUEADOPTEDFORNORMALTEMPERATUREDESIGNITISGENERALLYACCEPTEDTHATTHENOTIONALPROBABILITYOFFAILUREOFAKEYSTRUCTURALMEMBERSUBJECTTOGRAVITYLOADSANDDESIGNEDINACCORDANCEWITHAUSTRALIANSTRUCTURALANDLOADINGSTANDARDSISABOUT2X104OVERTHELIFEOFTHEBUILDINGTHEADOPTIONOFSUCHAVALUEWOULDBEAPPROPRIATEONTHEBASISTHATITISDIFFICULTTOSEEWHYTHESTRUCTURESHOULDBESAFERINFIRETHANUNDERNORMALTEMPERATURECONDITIONSFIGURE2CONCRETEANDSTEELELEMENTSDETERMINEFIRETEMPERATUREVERSUSTIMEDETERMINETEMPSWITHINMEMBERDETERMINEMEMBERSTRENGTHDETERMINECHANGEINMECHANICALPROPERTIESFIGURE3EFFECTOFFIREONMEMBERWIDTHAXISDISTANCETHICKNESSOFPROTECTION11

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簡(jiǎn)介：3050英文單詞，英文單詞，16500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文5000字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處SOLAKD,TOPALOGLUMTHEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMESINVIEWOFCOMPUTERSCIENCESTUDENTSJPROCEDIASOCIALANDBEHAVIORALSCIENCES,2015,182590595THEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMESINVIEWOFCOMPUTERSCIENCESTUDENTSDUYGUSOLAK,MURATTOPALOGLUABSTRACTCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGIESGROWINGRAPIDLYHASBECOMEANINDISPENSABLEPARTOFMODERNLIFEWHILEMAKINGSOCIALLIFEEASIER,THECHANGESTHATTECHNOLOGYHASBROUGHTALSOBRINGFORTHSOMESECURITYISSUESTHUS,ITISEASIERTOCOMMITCRIMESANDWEAREFACEDWITHCYBERCRIMESTHISSTUDYEXAMINESTHEDIFFERENCESAMONGTHECYBERCRIMEPERCEPTIONSOFUNDERGRADUATESTUDENTSATTRAKYAUNIVERSITYINTERMSOFDEMOGRAPHICFACTORSTHEMETHODOFTHESTUDYWASAQUESTIONNAIRETHATWASGIVENTOLECTURERSANDSTUDENTSATTRAKYAUNIVERSITYSAMPLEANDITWASDESIGNEDTOMEASUREANDASSESSTHELEVELSOFINTERESTINTECHNOLOGY,THESEVERITYOFCYBERCRIMESANDTHEINDIVIDUALS’PERCEPTIONSOFCYBERCRIMESINTERMSOFETHICSANDLAWTHEFINDINGSOFTHESTUDYCANHELPUSDEFINETHELEVELOFCOMMONPERCEPTIONOFCYBERCRIMESANDTHEMEANINGFULDIFFERENCESBETWEENSEPARATEGROUPSKEYWORDSINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIES,CYBERCRIMES,INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYLAW,PERCEPTIONANALYSIS1INTRODUCTIONINFORMATICSHASBEENDEFINEDASTHESCIENCEOFPROCESSINGOFTHEINFORMATIONUSEDINTECHNICAL,ECONOMICANDSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONAREAS,ANDONWHICHSCIENCEHASITSOWNBASIS,PROPERLYANDLOGICALLYVIAELECTRONICMACHINESINPARTICULARKOKSAL,2006THEDEVELOPMENTSINCOMPUTERANDINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESHAVEPENETRATEDINTOANYTHINGINEVERYDAYLIFEGLOBALIZATIONHASGAINEDSPEEDWITHTHEINTERNETBECOMINGMOREPOPULARANDTHEPHYSICALBOUNDARIESHAVEDISAPPEAREDTHISPOPULARITYOFTHEINTERNETHASBROUGHTFORTHTHEISSUESLIKESTORINGANDPROCESSINGINFORMATIONTHEDEVELOPMENTSININFORMATICSHAVEBOTHPROSANDCONSFORHUMANITYSINCETHEECONOMIC,SOCIALANDPOLITICALVALUEOFTHEINFORMATIONHASINCREASED,THEPEOPLEWHOWANTTOCUTCORNERSTOGAINPOWERANDMONEYHAVEBEGUNTOTENDTOWARDSUSINGINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESTOCOMMITCRIMES,SOMETIMESTARGETINGTHETECHNOLOGYITSELFHEREIN,THETERM“CYBERCRIME”BECOMESEVIDENTCYBERCRIMEIS“ANYKINDOFILLEGAL,UNETHICALANDUNAUTHORIZEDBEHAVIORINASYSTEMWHICHPROCESSESINFORMATIONAUTOMATICALLYORTRANSFERSDATA”KESKIN,2009CYBERCRIMECANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOMAINCATEGORIESWHERETHECOMPUTERISUSEDASATOOLORASATARGETHARASSINGANDTHREATENINGPEOPLEONTHEINTERNETORMOBILEPHONES,ANDPUBLISHINGMUSICORBOOKSWITHOUTHAVINGTHECOPYRIGHTSARETWOEXAMPLESOFCYBERCRIMETHEAUTHORITIESPREFERTOEXTENDTHESCOPEOFTHEPUNISHMENTSFORCLASSICCRIMESINSTEADOFADDINGCYBERCRIMECLAUSESTOTHEPRESENTCODESONTHEOTHERHAND,ACTSLIKEDISTORTING,REPLACINGDATAANDBLOCKINGACCESSTOASYSTEMARECRIMESWHERETHEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSARETARGETEDDIRECTLYANDTHEREAREINDEPENDENTCODESANDREGULATIONSINLAWDEFININGTHESCOPEOFTHESECRIMESTODAYCYBERCRIMEISANIMPORTANTPROBLEMGROWINGRAPIDLYTHEREFORE,THENEEDFORLEGALACTSCOMBININGBOTHLAWANDTECHNOLOGYHASRISENDRAMATICALLYHOWEVER,THEREISMUCHTOBEDONETOREDUCETHENUMBEROFCYBERCRIMESTHEFIRSTRECORDEDCYBERCRIMEWASRELEASEDTOTHEPUBLICINAMINNEAPOLISTRIBUNEARTICLE“COMPUTEREXPERTACCUSEDOFCOOKINGTHEACCOUNTBOOKS”O(jiān)NOCTOBER18TH,1966IN1973,ONEOFTHECLASSICEARLYDATADIDDLINGFRAUDSWAS“EQUITYFUNDING”3,NOTACRIME4,DEFINITELYNOTACRIME5”AREUSEDWHEREAS“CERTAINLYRIGHT1,RIGHT2,NEUTRAL3,WRONG4,DEFINITELYWRONG5”STATEMENTSAREUSEDTOEXAMINEMORALATTITUDESTOWARDSCYBERCRIMETHEQUESTIONNAIREFORMWASTAKENFROMTHEMASTERS’THESIS“THEPERCEPTIONANALYSISOFCOMPUTERCRIMESWITHRESPECTTOSOCIOCULTURALLEVELS”BY?LBAS,2009ANDAPPLIEDTOTHESTUDYGROUP25DATAANALYSISSPSS20STATISTICALPACKAGEFORSOCIALSCIENCESWASUSEDFORTHEANALYSISOFTHEDATAPERCENTAGEANDFREQUENCYANALYSISWEREUSEDTODETERMINETHEPERCEPTIONSANALYSISOFCYBERCRIMEINCOMPUTERSTUDENTSTHERELIABILITYCOEFFICIENTFORTHEWHOLESCALEWASFOUND0883FINDINGSINTHISSECTION,FREQUENCYANDPERCENTAGEDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHESTUDENTS’GENDERSANDYEARSOFSTUDYAREPRESENTED35264STUDENTSOFTHEPARTICIPANTSWEREFEMALESAND648118PEOPLEWEREMALES,827STUDENTSWEREFRESHMEN,337STUDENTSWERESOPHOMORES,938STUDENTSWEREJUNIORSANDD,080STUDENTSWERESENIORSACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISRESULTSFORTHEINTERESTINCOMPUTERSANDTECHNOLOGYANDFOLLOWINGTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTSINTHEFIELD611STUDENTSOFTHESTUDENTSREPORTEDTHEYARENOTINTERESTEDINTHESUBJECTANDDONOTFOLLOWTHELATESTDEVELOPMENTSWITH9,918STUDENTSWHOARENOTINTERESTEDBUTFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESINWRITTENANDVISUALMEDIA,2OFTHEPARTICIPANTS44STUDENTSSAIDTHEYAREINTERESTEDINTHESUBJECTSWITHOUTFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESWITHY,3108REPORTINGTHEIRINTERESTINBOTHTHESUBJECTANDLATESTDEVELOPMENTSTHERESULTSSHOWTHATMAJORITYOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEINTERESTINCOMPUTERS,TECHNOLOGYANDTHEINTERNETFOLLOWINGTHEUPDATESANDDEVELOPMENTSCLOSELYACCORDINGTOTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISFORHOWLONGTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNET0,51STUDENTSSAID“IDON’TUSE”0,51STUDENTSSAIDTHEYHAVEBEENUSINGINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESFOR“LESSTHANAYEAR”,419STUDENTS25YEARSY,3108STUDENTS69YEARS,1OFTHESTUDENTSREPORTEDTHATTHEYHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETMORETHAN10YEARSMOSTOFTHESTUDENTSHAVEBEENUSINGTHEINTERNETFOR69YEARSACCORDINGTOTHERESULTSTHEFREQUENCYANALYSISFORTHEPLACEWHERETHESTUDENTSGETCONNECTEDTOTHEINTERNETSHOWTHAT1,357STUDENTSCANACCESSTOTHEINTERNETATHOMEAND8,215STUDENTSUSETHEINTERNETATWORKORATSCHOOLWHILE0,51STUDENTGOESTOINTERNETCAFES1,63STUDENTSREPORTEDUSINGCOMMONAC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簡(jiǎn)介：3400英文單詞，英文單詞，17500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文5450字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處OKEAE,AIGBAVBOACO,DLAMINISACARBONEMISSIONTRADINGINSOUTHAFRICANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYJENERGYPROCEDIA,2017,14223712376CARBONEMISSIONTRADINGINSOUTHAFRICANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYAYODEJIEOKE,CLINTONOAIGBAVBOA,SAMKELISOADLAMINIABSTRACTTHEQUESTFORREDUCTIONOFGREENHOUSEGASESGHGSTHROUGHTHEUSEOFCARBONTRADINGSYSTEMHASBEENONTHEINCREASEASARESULTOFTHEADOPTIONANDPROMOTIONBYNOTABLEWORLDAGENCIESSUCHASUNITEDNATIONSUN,EUROPEANUNIONEU,AMONGOTHERSTHEMITIGATINGAPPROACHESWEREINTRODUCEDBYTHELATERTOCURBANDMINIMIZEAMOUNTOFGHGSPRODUCEDBYMANUFACTURING,CONSTRUCTIONANDOTHERINDUSTRIALANDHEAVYENGINEERINGBASEDINDUSTRIESINVIEWOFITSCONTINUOUSPOPULARITYANDADOPTIONBYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,THISSTUDYEXAMINESTHECONCEPTOFCARBONTRADINGPRINCIPLESANDSYSTEMSANDTHEIRADOPTIONINTHESOUTHAFRICANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYWITHAVIEWTOENHANCINGSUSTAINABILITYOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSGEAREDTOWARDSACHIEVINGOVERALLSUSTAINABLEGOALSHISTORYOFEMISSIONTRADINGANDTHECONCEPTOFGHGSWEREASSESSEDUSINGPREVIOUSANDRELEVANTLITERATUREMATERIALSTHESTUDYFURTHEREXAMINESTHETWOEMISSIONTRADINGSYSTEMS,THATIS,CAPANDTRADEASWELLASBASELINEANDCREDIT,ANDSUGGESTEDTHEEARLIERFORTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYBASEDONTHEIRBENEFITSANDFLEXIBILITYVARIOUSWAYSOFENFORCINGTHESYSTEMWEREALSOHIGHLIGHTEDWITHEMPHASISONTHEWILLINGNESSANDREADINESSOFCONSTRUCTIONEXPERTS,PROFESSIONALS,DEVELOPERS,REGULATORSANDOTHERCONCERNEDSTAKEHOLDERSINREDUCINGGREENHOUSEGASESINTHEEXECUTION,USAGEANDREUSEOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSKEYWORDSCARBONTRADINGCTGLOBALCLIMATECHANGEGCCGREENHOUSEGASESGHGSSUSTAINABLECONSTRUCTIONSC1INTRODUCTIONCLIMATESYSTEMISACOMPLEXANDINTERACTIVESYSTEMTHATCONSISTSOFLIVINGTHINGSANDTHENECESSARYRESOURCESTHATARENEEDEDBYTHEMTOSURVIVETHESERESOURCESINCLUDETHEATMOSPHERELITHOSPHEREANDTHEHYDROSPHEREACCORDINGTOTHEAUSTRALIANACADEMYOFSCIENCE1,CLIMATECHANGEISTHEALTERATIONORVARIATIONINTHEPATTERNOFWEATHERANDRELATEDCHANGESINOCEANS,LANDSURFACESANDICESHEETS,OCCURRINGOVERSCALESOFDECADESORLONGERFURTHERMORE,CLIMATECHANGEISALREADYAMEASURABLEREALITYANDSOUTHAFRICATOGETHERWITHOTHERDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESAREVULNERABLETOTHEIMPACTSTHATGLOBALCLIMATECHANGEGCCBRINGSWITHIT2ASCLIMATESCIENCEANDTHEEARTH’SCLIMATEHAVESHOWNSIGNSOFEVOLUTIONOVERTHERECENTDECADES,THEREHASBEENINCREASINGEVIDENCEOFANTHROPOGENICINFLUENCESONCLIMATECHANGETHATHAVEBEENDISCOVERED3INSUMMARYOFTHECONCEPT,GCCOCCURSMAINLYBECAUSEOFTHECOLLECTIONOFGREENHOUSEGASESGHGWHICHINTURNWARMTHESURFACEOFTHEEARTHANDTHEATMOSPHEREABOVEITTHISCONSEQUENTLYHASSIGNIFICANTIMPLICATIONSONTHERAINFALLWERECEIVETHEGLACIERSANDSEAICEWHICHARESAIDTORETREATANDTHESEALEVELSTOMENTIONAFEW4WHENTHEEARTHSURFACEWARMSUP,ITISACONSEQUENCEOFWHATISPOPULARLYTERMEDTHEGHGEFFECTTHISBASICALLYOCCURSWHENHEATISABSORBEDINTHEEARTHFROMHEATPRODUCEDBYTHESUNLIGHTTHISINTURNWARMSTHEEARTHANDMOSTOFTHEREMAININGHEATISRADIATEDBACKTOTHEATMOSPHEREATALONGERWAVELENGTHTHANTHEONESRECEIVEDFROMTHESUNSOMEOFTHESEWAVELENGTHSARETHENABSORBEDBYGHGSTRAPPEDINTHEATMOSPHEREBEFORETHEYESCAPEINTOSPACE,ANDTHEABSORPTIONOFTHESEWAVELENGTHENERGYTENDSTOWARMTHEATMOSPHEREMORETHANNORMALTHESEGHGSACTLIKEAMIRRORANDREFLECTBACKTOTHEEARTH,SOMEOFTHEHEATENERGYWHICHISMENTIONEDTOHAVEBEENINITSFIRSTPHASETHEFIRSTPHASEWASTERMEDTHE“PILOTPHASE”ASTHECARBONMARKETLOOKEDTOESTABLISHPRICESFORITSOPERATIONITTHENFOLLOWSTHATTHEPILOTPHASEWASTOESTABLISHTHENECESSARYINFRASTRUCTUREFORMONITORING,REPORTINGANDVERIFYINGEMISSIONEMISSIONREDUCTIONSWERELARGELYBASEDONESTIMATES,ANDTHISISPRIMARILYDUETOTHEFACTTHATTHEREWERENORELIABLESOURCESOFDATATORECORDEMISSIONSTABLE1ILLUSTRATESTHEDEVELOPMENTSOFTHEEUETSDATINGBACKTOWHENTHEDIRECTIVEWASESTABLISHEDTABLE1BACKGROUNDANDDEVELOPMENTSOFTHESCHEMEYEAREVENT2003ADOPTIONOFTHEEUETSDIRECTIVE2004ADOPTIONOFTHEEULINKINGDIRECTIVEWITHTHEKP2005BEGINNINGOFTHEEUETSPILOTPHASEPHASEI2007BULGARIAANDROMANIAJOINEDTHEEUETS2008BEGINNINGOFPHASEII2008ICELAND,LEICHTENSTENANDNORWAYJOINEDTHEEUETS2009THE2020ENERGYANDCLIMATEPACKAGEWASADOPTEDWITHAREVISEDDIRECTIVEFORTHETHIRDPHASE2013TO20202010EUETSAVIATIONDIRECTIVE2011EUCOMMISSIONRELEASEDCOMMUNICATION“TOWARDSA2050LOWCARBONECONOMYROADMAP”2012INCLUSIONOFTHEINTERNATIONALAVIATIONINTHEETS2013BEGINNINGOFTHETHIRDPHASEPHASEIII2014IMPLEMENTATIONOFMARKETSTABILITYRESERVEANDBACKLOADINGMEASURESINADDITION,THESOLEPURPOSEOFTHEPILOTPHASEWASTOENSURETHATTHEEUETSFUNCTIONEDEFFECTIVELYAHEADOF2008THISWASTOASCERTAINTHEALLOWANCEOFEUMEMBERSTATESTOMEETTHEIRRESPECTIVECOMMITMENTSUNDERTHEKPTHELINKINGDIRECTIVEALLOWEDBUSINESSESTOUSECERTAINEMISSIONSREDUCTIONUNITSERUGENERATEDUNDERTHEKP,CLEANDEVELOPMENTMECHANISMCDMANDJOINTIMPLEMENTATIONJITHISWASDONESOTHATTHESEBUSINESSESWOULDMEETTHEIREUETSOBLIGATIONTHEMAINGASESCOVEREDBYGREENHOUSEGASESANDSECTORSARECARBONDIOXIDECO2FROMPOWERANDHEATGENERATIONENERGYINTENSIVEINDUSTRYSECTORSINCLUDINGOILREFINERIES,STEELWORKSANDPRODUCTIONOFIRON,ALUMINIUM,METALS,CEMENT,LIME,GLASS,CERAMICS,PULP,PAPER,CARDBOARD,ACIDSANDBULKORGANICCHEMICALSANDCIVILAVIATIONNITROUSOXIDEN2OFROMPRODUCTIONOFNITRIC,ADIPIC,GLYOXALANDGLYOXLICACIDSPERFLUOROCARBONSPFCSFROMALUMINIUMPRODUCTION4DEVELOPMENTOFEMISSIONTRADINGSYSTEMSSINCETHEYEAR2005,THEEUETSHASBEENLABELLEDASEUROPE’SMA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簡(jiǎn)介：SCIENCEDIRECTAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMSCIENCEDIRECTENERGYPROCEDIA002017000–000WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/PROCEDIA18766102?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHE15THINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONDISTRICTHEATINGANDCOOLINGENERGYPROCEDIA14220172371–237618766102?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHE9THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDENERGY101016/JEGYPRO201712169?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHE9THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDENERGYAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMSCIENCEDIRECTENERGYPROCEDIA002017000–000WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/PROCEDIA18766102?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHE9THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDENERGY9THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDENERGY,ICAE2017,2124AUGUST2017,CARDIFF,UKCARBONEMISSIONTRADINGINSOUTHAFRICANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYAYODEJIEOKEA,CLINTONOAIGBAVBOAA,SAMKELISOADLAMINIAADEPARTMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTANDQUANTITYSURVEYING,UNIVERSITYOFJOHANNESBURG2028,SOUTHAFRICAABSTRACTTHEQUESTFORREDUCTIONOFGREENHOUSEGASESGHGSTHROUGHTHEUSEOFCARBONTRADINGSYSTEMHASBEENONTHEINCREASEASARESULTOFTHEADOPTIONANDPROMOTIONBYNOTABLEWORLDAGENCIESSUCHASUNITEDNATIONSUN,EUROPEANUNIONEU,AMONGOTHERSTHEMITIGATINGAPPROACHESWEREINTRODUCEDBYTHELATERTOCURBANDMINIMIZEAMOUNTOFGHGSPRODUCEDBYMANUFACTURING,CONSTRUCTIONANDOTHERINDUSTRIALANDHEAVYENGINEERINGBASEDINDUSTRIESINVIEWOFITSCONTINUOUSPOPULARITYANDADOPTIONBYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,THISSTUDYEXAMINESTHECONCEPTOFCARBONTRADINGPRINCIPLESANDSYSTEMSANDTHEIRADOPTIONINTHESOUTHAFRICANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYWITHAVIEWTOENHANCINGSUSTAINABILITYOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSGEAREDTOWARDSACHIEVINGOVERALLSUSTAINABLEGOALSHISTORYOFEMISSIONTRADINGANDTHECONCEPTOFGHGSWEREASSESSEDUSINGPREVIOUSANDRELEVANTLITERATUREMATERIALSTHESTUDYFURTHEREXAMINESTHETWOEMISSIONTRADINGSYSTEMS,THATIS,CAPANDTRADEASWELLASBASELINEANDCREDIT,ANDSUGGESTEDTHEEARLIERFORTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYBASEDONTHEIRBENEFITSANDFLEXIBILITYVARIOUSWAYSOFENFORCINGTHESYSTEMWEREALSOHIGHLIGHTEDWITHEMPHASISONTHEWILLINGNESSANDREADINESSOFCONSTRUCTIONEXPERTS,PROFESSIONALS,DEVELOPERS,REGULATORSANDOTHERCONCERNEDSTAKEHOLDERSINREDUCINGGREENHOUSEGASESINTHEEXECUTION,USAGEANDREUSEOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHE9THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDENERGYKEYWORDSCARBONTRADINGCTGLOBALCLIMATECHANGEGCCGREENHOUSEGASESGHGSSUSTAINABLECONSTRUCTIONSC1INTRODUCTIONCLIMATESYSTEMISACOMPLEXANDINTERACTIVESYSTEMTHATCONSISTSOFLIVINGTHINGSANDTHENECESSARYRESOURCESTHATARENEEDEDBYTHEMTOSURVIVETHESERESOURCESINCLUDETHEATMOSPHERELITHOSPHEREANDTHEHYDROSPHEREACCORDINGTOTHEAUSTRALIANACADEMYOFSCIENCE1,CLIMATECHANGEISTHEALTERATIONORVARIATIONINTHEPATTERNOFWEATHERANDRELATEDCHANGESINOCEANS,LANDSURFACESANDICESHEETS,OCCURRINGOVERSCALESOFDECADESORLONGERFURTHERMORE,CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL27849155117EMAILADDRESSEMAYOKGMAILCOMAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMSCIENCEDIRECTENERGYPROCEDIA002017000–000WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/PROCEDIA18766102?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHE9THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDENERGY9THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDENERGY,ICAE2017,2124AUGUST2017,CARDIFF,UKCARBONEMISSIONTRADINGINSOUTHAFRICANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYAYODEJIEOKEA,CLINTONOAIGBAVBOAA,SAMKELISOADLAMINIAADEPARTMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTANDQUANTITYSURVEYING,UNIVERSITYOFJOHANNESBURG2028,SOUTHAFRICAABSTRACTTHEQUESTFORREDUCTIONOFGREENHOUSEGASESGHGSTHROUGHTHEUSEOFCARBONTRADINGSYSTEMHASBEENONTHEINCREASEASARESULTOFTHEADOPTIONANDPROMOTIONBYNOTABLEWORLDAGENCIESSUCHASUNITEDNATIONSUN,EUROPEANUNIONEU,AMONGOTHERSTHEMITIGATINGAPPROACHESWEREINTRODUCEDBYTHELATERTOCURBANDMINIMIZEAMOUNTOFGHGSPRODUCEDBYMANUFACTURING,CONSTRUCTIONANDOTHERINDUSTRIALANDHEAVYENGINEERINGBASEDINDUSTRIESINVIEWOFITSCONTINUOUSPOPULARITYANDADOPTIONBYDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,THISSTUDYEXAMINESTHECONCEPTOFCARBONTRADINGPRINCIPLESANDSYSTEMSANDTHEIRADOPTIONINTHESOUTHAFRICANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYWITHAVIEWTOENHANCINGSUSTAINABILITYOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSGEAREDTOWARDSACHIEVINGOVERALLSUSTAINABLEGOALSHISTORYOFEMISSIONTRADINGANDTHECONCEPTOFGHGSWEREASSESSEDUSINGPREVIOUSANDRELEVANTLITERATUREMATERIALSTHESTUDYFURTHEREXAMINESTHETWOEMISSIONTRADINGSYSTEMS,THATIS,CAPANDTRADEASWELLASBASELINEANDCREDIT,ANDSUGGESTEDTHEEARLIERFORTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYBASEDONTHEIRBENEFITSANDFLEXIBILITYVARIOUSWAYSOFENFORCINGTHESYSTEMWEREALSOHIGHLIGHTEDWITHEMPHASISONTHEWILLINGNESSANDREADINESSOFCONSTRUCTIONEXPERTS,PROFESSIONALS,DEVELOPERS,REGULATORSANDOTHERCONCERNEDSTAKEHOLDERSINREDUCINGGREENHOUSEGASESINTHEEXECUTION,USAGEANDREUSEOFCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTS?2017THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFTHESCIENTIFICCOMMITTEEOFTHE9THINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONAPPLIEDENERGYKEYWORDSCARBONTRADINGCTGLOBALCLIMATECHANGEGCCGREENHOUSEGASESGHGSSUSTAINABLECONSTRUCTIONSC1INTRODUCTIONCLIMATESYSTEMISACO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簡(jiǎn)介：字?jǐn)?shù)英文字?jǐn)?shù)英文23992399單詞，單詞，1430514305字符；中文字符；中文44014401漢字漢字出處出處CRCRMAESTREMAESTRE，F(xiàn)JMFJMLIZLIZáNINTELLIGENTNINTELLIGENTBUILDINGSBUILDINGSCONSIDERATIONSCONSIDERATIONSFORFORITSITSDESIGNDESIGNUSINGUSINGMULTIAGENTMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSJINTERNATIONALSYSTEMSJINTERNATIONALJOURNALJOURNALOFOFENGINEERINGENGINEERINGRESEARCHRESEARCHTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGYIJERT2017,6043841IJERT2017,6043841外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)FACTORSINFLUENCINGTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFASAFETYMANAGEMENTSYSTEMFORCONSTRUCTIONSITESABSTRACTINTHEDESIGNPHASEOFINTELLIGENTBUILDINGS,ITISESSENTIALTOMANAGEMANYSERVICESANDFACILITIES,TODOTHIS,MULTIAGENTSYSTEMSAREAGOODTOOLTOMANAGETHEMTHISARTICLEADDRESSESFUNDAMENTALASPECTSOFMULTIAGENTSYSTEMS,ORIENTEDTOTHEIRINTEGRATIONINTOTHEDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFINTELLIGENTBUILDINGSSENSORS,CONTROLANDACTUATORSMUSTBEINTEGRATEDINTHEINITIALSTAGESOFTHECONSTRUCTIONDESIGNTOHARMONIZETHEDIFFERENTFUNCTIONALITIESTHATAREREQUIREDOFANINTELLIGENTBUILDINGINTHEARTICLE,ONCETHECONCEPTOFINTELLIGENTBUILDINGWASESTABLISHED,THECOMPLEXITYOFITSARCHITECTURALDESIGN,MAKESITCONVENIENTTOHAVEASTRUCTUREOFPROCEDURESTHATSERVESASAGUIDEFORITSINTEGRATEDDESIGN,THISHASBEENTHECENTRALOBJECTIVEOFTHEARTICLE,MULTIAGENTSYSTEMSAREINSTRUMENTOFDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONTHATALLOWTOCOMPOSETHEDIFFERENTSUBSYSTEMSOFCONTROLTHATCHARACTERIZETHEINTELLIGENTBUILDINGSTHEARTICLEPROVIDESAREVIEWOFDIFFERENTAPPROACHESTOMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSAPPLIEDTOBUILDINGCONSTRUCTION,THEBASICELEMENTSOFMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSANDTHESETOFTHEIRSYSTEMSTOBECONSIDEREDINTHEEARLYSTAGESOFDESIGNINGANINTELLIGENTBUILDINGKEYWORDS–ARCHITECTURE,INTELLIGENTBUILDING,MULTIAGENTSYSTEMSLAYOUTOFTHESPACE,INCLUDESGROUPSOFELEMENTSOFARCHITECTURALDESIGN,PARKINGANDTRANSPORTATION,INTERIORARCHITECTURALDESIGNFLEXIBILITYCOMFORT,ITCONSISTSOFSEVERALGROUPSOFELEMENTSOFARCHITECTURALDESIGN,LIFTSSYSTEMS,WASHBASINSANDPROVISIONSOFAPPLIANCES,THERMALCOMFORT,VENTILATIONANDAIRCONDITIONING,LIGHTING,ACCESS,ACOUSTICS,COLOR,ENTERTAINMENTFACILITIES,ETCEFFICIENCYOFWORKOWNOFFICEBUILDINGSANDSERVICES,INCLUDESSEVERALGROUPSOFARCHITECTURALDESIGNELEMENTS,LIFTSANDSTAIRS,APPLIANCESANDRESTROOMS,THERMALCOMFORT,LIGHTING,HIGHTECHNOLOGY,SIGNAGEANDDIRECTORY,PARKINGANDTRANSPORTATION,INSTALLATIONSFORBUILDINGS,ETCCULTURALELEMENTSITISCONSIDEREDASTHE“SOFT“SIDEOFANINTELLIGENTBUILDINGTHEYINCLUDEENTERTAINMENTFACILITIES,PRIVACYREQUIREMENTS,COLORS,INTERIORDECORATING,FOODANDBEVERAGECONTROL,EXTERIORLANDSCAPEANDVIEW,INTERIORPLANTS,RELIGIOUSFACILITATION,CULTUREBASEDINTERIORDESIGN,PROMOTIONACTIVITY,ETCHIGHTECHNOLOGYIMAGEITHASBEENINTERPRETEDFORMANYYEARSASTHEONLYPROVISIONAND/ORCRITERIONOFANINTELLIGENTBUILDINGTHEGROUPSOFELEMENTSAREBROADBANDINTERNET,ELECTRICALSERVICES,OFFICEAUTOMATION,ELECTRONICINSTALLATIONS,INTELLIGENTARTIFICIALCONTROL,WEBPAGE,DIRECTLINES,TELEPHONEARRANGEMENTS,FIBEROPTICNETWORK,BUILDINGSERVICESAUTOMATION,MOBILEPHONECOVERAGE,INSTALLATIONSADVANCEDPARKING,ETCSECURITYANDSTRUCTUREITCONSISTSOFSEVERALIMPORTANTPARAMETERELEMENTSINASMARTBUILDINGELEMENTSINCLUDEEARTHQUAKEMONITORING,STRUCTURALMONITORING,TERRORISTATTACKPRECAUTIONPLAN,FIREPROTECTION,ELECTRICALSAFETY,LIFTRELIABILITY,PUBLICNOTICES,ESCAPEPLAN,ESSENTIALELECTRICALPOWER,PREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEOFBUILDINGSYSTEMS,INDOORAIRQUALITY,SECURITYMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,RISKMANAGEMENT,SAFETYANDCROWDCONTROL,ETCBUILDINGMANAGEMENTINCLUDINGOPERATIONANDMAINTENANCEOFCONSTRUCTION

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