簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題ENERGYEFFICIENTBUILDINGDESIGN外文作者RUNMINGYAOANDALANSHORT文獻出處DESIGNANDMANAGEMENTOFSUSTAINABLEBUILTENVIRONMENTS，2018179202如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文4636單詞，30458字符字符就是印刷符，中文8175漢字。（如果字數(shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學校都是要求選取外文的一部分內容進行翻譯的。）ENERGYEFFICIENTBUILDINGDESIGNABSTRACTTHISCHAPTERCOVERSTHEBASICCONCEPTSOFPASSIVEBUILDINGDESIGNANDITSRELEVANTSTRATEGIES,INCLUDINGPASSIVESOLARHEATING,SHADING,NATURALVENTILATION,DAYLIGHTING,ANDTHERMALMASSINENVIRONMENTSWITHHIGHSEASONALPEAKTEMPERATURESAND/ORHUMIDITYEGCITIESINTEMPERATEREGIONSEXPERIENCINGTHEURBANHEATISLANDEFFECT,WHOLLYPASSIVEMEASURESMAYNEEDTOBESUPPLEMENTEDWITHLOWANDZEROCARBONTECHNOLOGIESLZCSTHECHAPTERALSOINCLUDESTHREECASESTUDIESONERESIDENTIAL,ONEDEMONSTRATIONAL,ANDONEACADEMICFACILITYTHATINCLUDESANINNOVATIVEPASSIVEDOWNDRAFTCOOLINGPDCSTRATEGYTOILLUSTRATEASELECTIONOFPASSIVEMEASURESLEARNINGOUTCOMEONSUCCESSFULCOMPLETIONOFTHISCHAPTER,READERSWILLBEABLETO1SUMMARIZETHEPHYSICALPROCESSESUNDERPINNINGTHEENERGYTHERMALBALANCEINBUILDINGS2FULLYGRASPTHEKEYCONCEPTSGOVERNINGPASSIVEARCHITECTURE/DESIGN3UNDERSTANDHOWEFFICIENTDESIGNCONTRIBUTESTOENERGYANDCARBONREDUCTION4COMPREHENDHOWSIMULATIONTOOLSCANAIDTHEDESIGNPROCESS5IDENTIFYDIFFERENTVENTILATIONSTRATEGIESUSEDINAND6OBSERVEHOWENERGYEFFICIENTDESIGNBENEFITSACTUALBUILDINGSTHROUGHDIFFERENTCASESTUDIESSKEYWORDSBUILDINGENVELOPEDOWNDRAFTNATURALVENTILATIONPASSIVEDESIGNPASSIVESOLARTHERMALMASS103STRATEGICDESIGNITISINCREASINGLYRECOGNIZEDTHAT,ULTIMATELY,ABUILDING’SPERFORMANCEISLARGELYDETERMINEDBYITS‘STRATEGIC’DESIGNASCONSIDEREDWITHINTHEEARLIESTSTAGESOFAPROJECTFOREXAMPLE,DECISIONSABOUTPLANDEPTH,ORIENTATION,ANDFENESTRATIONTHEGLAZINGSCHEMEAREALLKEYSTRATEGICELEMENTSOFTHEDESIGN,WHICHINFLUENCETHEPOTENTIALFORDAYLIGHTANDNATURALVENTILATION,WHICHINTURNDETERMINETHEDEMANDFORHEATINGANDCOOLINGTHESEEARLYDESIGNDECISIONSHAVEINEVITABLEKNOCKONEFFECTSFORPLANTANDEQUIPMENT,WHICHHAVEAMAJORIMPACTONBUILDINGENERGYPERFORMANCEBUILDINGDESIGNISANITERATIVEPROCESS,OFTENREQUIRINGTHEDESIGNTEAMTORETHINKFUNDAMENTALASPECTSANINTEGRATEDBUILDINGDESIGNSTRATEGYSHOULDBECONSIDEREDATTHEEARLIESTDESIGNSTAGEORTHEEXERCISEWILLBECOMEONEOFREMEDIALDESIGNINTERVENTIONTOCORRECTAFLAWEDDESIGNRETROSPECTIVELYATTHESTRATEGICDESIGNSTAGE,THEISSUESCONCERNINGTHEINTERRELATIONSHIPBETWEENARCHITECTUREANDENGINEERINGSHOULDBEADDRESSED,WHILECONFIRMINGTHEIRRESPECTIVECONTRIBUTIONTOTHEENERGYEFFICIENCYOFTHEBUILDINGINFORMEDDECISIONSWHICHAFFECTTHEHOLISTICCONCEPTOFTHEBUILDINGNEEDTOBETAKENDURINGTHISSTAGE,SOTHATMEMBERSOFTHEDESIGNTEAMCANPROCEEDWITHDETAILEDDESIGNWORK,FULLYAWAREOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHECOMPONENTSANDTHEBUILDINGASAWHOLERESOURCESMUSTBEMADEAVAILABLETOHELPINFORMTHOSEINTHEDECISIONMAKINGPROCESS,WHODETERMINETHEFUNDAMENTALSTRATEGIES104ENERGYCONSUMPTIONINBUILDINGSESTIMATINGENERGYCONSUMPTIONFORSPACEHEATINGSHANDSPACECOOLINGSCINBUILDINGS,INVOLVESCALCULATIONOFASSOCIATEDHEATGAINSANDLOSSESWHENAROOM’SHEATLOSSESAREGREATERTHANITSHEATGAINS,MECHANICALHEATINGISREQUIREDWHEREASIFHEATGAINSAREGREATER,COOLINGISREQUIREDTOMAINTAININDOORTHERMALCOMFORTFIGURE101ILLUSTRATESHEATGAINSANDLOSSESWITHINAROOMAKEYPRINCIPLEOFPASSIVEDESIGNISTOPREVENTHEATLOSSINWINTERBYINSULATIONANDTHEMAXIMIZINGOFSOLARGAINANDREDUCEHEATGAINSINSUMMERPARTICULARLYBYMINIMIZINGSOLARGAINSTHERESULTINGCOMBINATIONREDUCESHEATINGANDCOOLINGLOADSHEATGAINSSOLARGAINHEATDIRECTLYTRANSMITTEDTOTHEINDOORENVIRONMENTTHROUGHGLAZINGAND

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題THEASSESSMENTOFBIDDINGSTRATEGYOFIRANIANCONSTRUCTIONFIRM外文作者BESMAEELI,MRAVANSHADNIA,MTBANKI文獻出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFMANAGEMENTSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGMANAGEMENT,VOLUME4,2018ISSUE2如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2900單詞，18388字符字符就是印刷符，中文4686漢字。（如果字數(shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學校都是要求選取外文的一部分內容進行翻譯的。）THEASSESSMENTOFBIDDINGSTRATEGYOFIRANIANCONSTRUCTIONFIRMABSTRACTARRIVINGATTHEFINALBIDPRICEISACRITICALDECISIONWHICHISMOSTLYDONETHROUGHEXPERIENCEANDINTUITIONSAS,MANYFACTORSAFFECTTHEFINALPROPOSEDPRICE,NOQUANTIFIEDDECISIONPROCESSESMAYLEADTOIRRATIONALLOWORHIGHPROPOSEDPRICESTHEREFORE,VARIOUSATTEMPTSHAVEBEENDONETOPROPOSESYSTEMATICMODELSTOTRACKANDANALYZETHEBIDDINGTRENDSTHISPAPERFOCUSESONTHEPREVIOUSTRENDSOFTHEBIDDINGPRICESTOESTIMATEPROPERBIDDINGCOSTINTHEIRANIANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYTHEPRICESMIGHTBEINFLUENCEDBYENVIRONMENTALCHARACTERISTICSSUCHASCOMPETITORS’POLICIES,THENUMBEROFTENDEREDPROJECTS,THENUMBEROFCONTRACTORSCOMPETINGINTHECURRENTTENDER,PROJECTCHARACTERISTICS,ANDTHECLIENTTHESUBJECTOFBIDDINGPRICECANBEINVESTIGATEDTHROUGHTHECLIENTVIEWORTHECONTRACTORVIEWTHISPAPERATTENDSTHESECONDAPPROACHTHISPAPERPRESENTAQUANTITATIVEANALYSISOFIMPACTOFNUMBEROFBIDDERSONPROJECTBIDPRICESTHESTUDYFOUNDTHATINCREASINGTHENUMBEROFBIDDERSWILLRESULTINDECREASEDPROJECTBIDPRICESKEYWORDSBIDDINGSTRATEGY,STATISTICALANALYSIS,NUMBEROFBIDDERSTHEAUTHORSRIGHTFULLYSTATEDTHATTHEREISARENEWEDINTERESTINTHECOMPETITIVEBIDDINGPROBLEMANDINDICATEDTHATOVERTHELASTFIVEDECADESTHEREHASBEENARELATIVELYMODESTADDITIONTOTHESTATEOFTHEARTOSAMAMOSELHI,ANDTAREKHEGAZY4SUGGESTEDTHATBIDDINGSTRATEGYMODELSBEGROUPEDINTOTHREEMAINCATEGORIES1MODELSBASEDONPROBABILITYTHEORYEG,FRIEDMAN19565ANDGATES19676TOMAXIMIZETHEEXPECTEDPROFIT2MODELSBASEDONDECISIONSUPPORTSYSTEMSEG,AHMADANDMINKARAH19877TOACCOUNTFORTHEMULTIATTRIBUTEDNATUREOFBIDDINGDECISIONSAND3NEWLYEMERGINGMODELSBASEDONARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCETECHNIQUESEG,TAVAKOLIARIDUTOMO19898TOCONSIDERTHEHEURISTICANDUNSTRUCTUREDNATUREOFSUCHADECISIONPROBLEMTHEREISAGREATVOLUMEOFLITERATURECONCERNEDWITHBIDDINGSTRATEGIESTHEBASICASSUMPTIONOFALLTHEBIDDINGCALCULATIONSISTHATARELATIONSHIPEXISTSBETWEENTHETENDERSUMANDTHEPROBABILITYORCHANCE’OFWINNINGTHECONTRACT3THEAIMOFPROBABILISTICMODELSISTOEXPRESSTHISNUMERICALLYINENTERINGABIDDINGCOMPETITIONITISASSUMEDTHATTHECONTRACTORSFIRSTESTIMATETHEIRCOSTSANDTHENADDAMARKUPTOCOVERPROFITORAMARKUPTOCOVERCONTRIBUTION,IEPROFITANDCOMPANYOVERHEADSIILITERATURESURVEYRESEARCHERSHAVEBEENCONCERNEDWITHTHEPROBLEMOFBIDDINGSTRATEGYSINCETHEMID1950SSINCEFRIEDMAN’S5MATHEMATICALMODEL,WHICHISKNOWNTOBETHEFIRSTONE,THELITERATUREHASBEENFLOODEDWITHMANYBIDDINGMODELSHOWEVER,MOSTOFTHESEMODELSREMAINEDINACADEMICCIRCLESANDDIDNOTFINDTHEIRWAYINTOTHEPRACTICALWORLD3FAYEK1PRESENTSACOMPETITIVEBIDDINGSTRATEGYMODELFORUSEINSETTINGAMARKUPFORCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSFAYEKETALSTUDIEDBIDDINGPRACTICESINAUSTRALIANANDCANADIANCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRIES9,10JASELSKISANDTALUKHABA11FOCUSONBIDDINGCONSIDERATIONSINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,CONSIDERINGTHEINHERENTRISKSEXISTINGSPECIFICALLYINTHESECOUNTRIESREGARDINGTHISISSUEWANOUSETAL12HADAQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYAMONGSYRIANCONTRACTORSLIETAL13APPLIESARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKSFORCONSTRUCTIONMARKUPESTIMATIONEACHOFTHESESTUDIESHADVALUABLECONTRIBUTIONSTOBIDDINGANDMARKUPDECISIONSSEPARATELY

簡介：RESEARCHONINTELLIGENTONLINEINSULATIONMONITORINGDEVICEOFSHIP’SACPOWERGRIDCHENGXIANGXINMARITIMECOLLEGEOFSHANDONGJIAOTONGUNIVERSITYWEIHAI,CHINACHENGXIANGXINSOHUCOMWUSHUOMARITIMECOLLEGEOFSHANDONGJIAOTONGUNIVERSITYWEIHAI,CHINAWUSHUO84163COMABSTRACTTHEINSULATIONMONITORINGOFSHIPPOWERSYSTEMISANIMPORTANTMEASURETOREMOVEFAULTSANDHIDDENTROUBLESITSCONDITIONCONCERNSTHESECURITYOFPOWERSYSTEMANDOPERATIONSAFETYOFSHIPSCONVENTIONALSHIPPOWERSYSTEMINSULATIONMONITORINGISHARDTOACCURATELYMONITORTHEINSULATIONRESISTANCEDECREASINGORPRECISELYLOCATETHEGROUNDINGBRANCHITTAKESMUCHTIMEANDENERGYTORULEOUTTHEINSULATIONFAILURETHISPAPERINTRODUCESTHEINTELLIGENTONLINEINSULATIONMONITORINGDEVICEBASEDONZEROSEQUENCECURRENTDETECTINGMETHOD,DUALFREQUENCYINJECTIONMETHODANDSCMCONTROL,ITCANACCURATELYANDEFFICIENTLYMONITORTHESHIPPOWERGRIDANDGUARANTEETHEOPERATIONSAFETYOFSHIPSKEYWORDSSHIPPOWERGRIDSHORTCIRCUITINSULATIONRESISTANCEINSULATIONMONITORING?INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSHIPBUILDINGTECHNOLOGYANDTHEINCREASINGTONNAGEOFSHIP,THEMODERNSHIPPOWERSYSTEMCAPACITYHASBEENCONTINUALLYGROWINGACCORDINGLY,ITSDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKSTRUCTUREHASBECOMEMORECOMPLEXANDTHEPOWERGRIDSHAVEBECOMEMORECOMPLEXANDINTENSIVEUNDERTHEHARSHCONDITIONOFHIGHTEMPERATURE,VIBRATION,SHOCK,OILMIST,HUMIDITY,SALTSPRAY,FUNGUS1,THESHIPPOWERGRIDHASBROUGHTALOTOFINFLUENCESTOTHESHIP’SELECTRICALINSULATIONPROPERTIES,WHICHRESULTSINHIGHINCIDENCEOFPOWERSYSTEMINSULATIONFAILURE,THUSFREQUENTLYLEADSTOTERRIBLEACCIDENTS,ASMINORASELECTRICALEQUIPMENTMALFUNCTIONORDAMAGE,ASMAJORASFIRE,COLLISIONANDSINKINGDISASTERLIMITEDBYTECHNICALMEANS,ITHASBEENDIFFICULTTOMONITORTHESTATEOFCOMPLEXBRANCHINSULATIONONCETHEMONITORFAILUREHAPPENS,THEREISNOOTHERWAYTOFINDOUTINSULATIONFAILUREPOINTSEXCEPTMANUALOPERATION,WHICHNOTONLYAFFECTSOPERATIONBYSUPPLYINTERRUPTIONS,BUTALSOHURTSCREWPHYSICALANDMENTALHEALTHBECAUSEOFHIGHLABORINTENSITYTHUS,THESHIP’SPOWERSYSTEMINSULATIONREALTIMEMONITORINGHASTHEEXTREMELYVITALSIGNIFICANCETOTHESECURITYANDCONTINUITYOFPOWERSUPPLYSYSTEMⅡBRIEFINTRODUCTIONSOFTHESHIPPOWERGRIDTHEREARETWOTYPESOFSHIPPOWERGRID,ACPOWERGRIDANDDCPOWERGRIDTHEDCPOWERGRIDISSELDOMUSED,THUSWILLNOTBEANALYZEDINTHISPAPERTHREEPHASEACMAINLYUSEDINTHEPOWERSYSTEMONSHIPHASTHEFOLLOWINGTHREEFORMS1ACTHREEPHASETHREEWIREINSULATEDSYSTEMTHREEPHASETHREEWIRESYSTEM2ACTHREEPHASEFOURWIRESYSTEMWITHNEUTRALEARTHEDTHREEPHASEFOURWIRESYSTEM3THREEWIRESYSTEMWITHNEUTRALGROUNDINGUSINGTHEHULLASTHENEUTRALWIRELOOPWHATTHESHIPPOWERSYSTEMREGULARLYUSESISACTHREEPHASEINSULATEDSYSTEM2ONEOFTHEGREATADVANTAGESOFTHISSYSTEMISTHATWHENSHORTCIRCUITCURRENTTOEARTHOCCURSONONEPHASEITWILLNOTCAUSEPOWEROUTAGE,THUSENSURESTHECONTINUITYANDRELIABILITYOFSHIPPOWERSUPPLYⅢINTELLIGENTINSULATIONMONITORINGDEVICEANADVANCEDINTELLIGENTONLINEINSULATIONMONITORINGANDWARNINGDEVICETHATCANMONITORTHEINSULATIONANDLOCATETHEFAULTYBRANCHISINSTALLEDINASHIPPOWERSYSTEMITSHIGHMEASUREMENTACCURACY,ACCURATEPOSITIONINGANDHIGHAUTOMATIONDETERMINESITSDOMESTICLEADINGLEVELTHEMAINCHARACTERISTICSAREASFOLLOW2010INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONINTELLIGENTSYSTEMDESIGNANDENGINEERINGAPPLICATION9780769542126/102600?2010IEEEDOI101109/ISDEA2010175219UNKNOWNVARIABLESOFRESISTANCERANDCAPACITANCEC,TWOEQUATIONSMUSTBEPROVIDEDTOOBTAINTHEVALUESOFRANDCDUALFREQUENCYINJECTIONMETHODCANMEASURETHEVALUESOFVOLTAGEUABANDCURRENTI0BYINJECTINGTWODIFFERENTFREQUENCYSIGNALSINTOPOWERGRID,ANDTHENTWOEQUATIONSCANBEOBTAINEDTOSOLVETHEVALUEOFRANDCACCORDINGTOFIG1BTHEEQUATIONSCANBELISTEDASTHEFOLLOWINGI1UAB1/RJ2ΠF1CUAB11I2UAB2/RJ2ΠF2CUAB22INTHEFORMULARBRANCHINSULATIONRESISTANCEVALUECEQUIVALENTDISTRIBUTEDCAPACITANCEVALUEOFTHEBRANCHF1,F2FREQUENCYVALUEOFTHETWOLOWFREQUENCYSIGNALSI1RESULTINGEARTHLEAKAGECURRENTBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF1I2RESULTINGEARTHLEAKAGECURRENTBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF2UAB1RESULTINGVOLTAGEDROPOFTHEINSULATIONRESISTANCEBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF1UAB2RESULTINGVOLTAGEDROPOFTHEINSULATIONRESISTANCEBYTHEALONEACTIONOFSIGNALSOURCEWITHTHEFREQUENCYVALUEF2INSULATIONRESISTANCEVALUESCANBEOBTAINEDBY1AND2KF2/F1INTHEFORMULAUAB1MAMPLITUDEOFUAB1UAB2MAMPLITUDEOFUAB2I1MAMPLITUDEOFI1I2MAMPLITUDEOFI2ACCORDINGTOMEASURINGTHEVOLTAGEVALUESOFUAB1,UAB2ANDTHEEARTHLEAKAGECURRENTOFEVERYLOADEDBRANCHI1,I2,WHICHAREALLCORRESPONDINGTOTHEFREQUENCIESINJECTEDINTOTHEPOWERGRIDF1,F2,THEINSULATIONRESISTANCEOFEVERYLOADEDBRANCHAGAINSTEARTHCANBEOBTAINEDTHROUGH3THUSTHEINSULATIONFAULTBRANCHCANBEDISTINGUISHEDDIGITALFILTERINGMETHODISALSOUSEDTOELIMINATETHEEFFECTOFPOWERFREQUENCYINUAB1,UAB2ANDI1,I2ⅤSYSTEMCONFIGURATIONS4ACCORDINGTOTHEPRINCIPLEMENTIONEDABOVE,THEHARDWAREBLOCKDIAGRAMOFMONITORINGDEVICEISDESIGNED,SEEFIG2WHENTHEZEROSEQUENCECURRENTDETECTINGMETHODISUSED,MULTIPLEXERCONTROLLEDBYSINGLECHIPMICYOCOSCMSYSTEMCOLLECTSTHEPOWERFREQUENCYLEAKAGECURRENTDATAOFEVERYBRANCH,AFTERCOMPARISONWITHTHEPRESETVALUE,THEFAULTBRANCHISDISTINGUISHEDWHENTHEDUALFREQUENCYINJECTIONMETHODISUSED,SCMSYSTEMGIVESINSTRUCTIONTOTHESINEWAVECODERTHESINEWAVECODERWILLGENERATEALOWFREQUENCYSINEWAVESIGNALF1BYD/ACONVERTING,POWERAMPLIFYINGANDTRANSFORMER’SISOLATEDBOOSTING,THESIGNALISINJECTEDINTOTHEPOWERGRIDBOTHMULTIPLEXERANDA/DCONVERTERARECONTROLLEDBYSCMSYSTEMFIRSTTHEPOWERGRIDVOLTAGETOEARTHTRANSFORMEDBYVOLTAGEMEASUREMENTUNITISCOLLECTED,THELEAKAGECURRENTAFTERAMPLIFYINGOFEVERYBRANCHALSOISCOLLECTEDONEBYONE,ANDTHENTHELEAKAGECURRENTIF1OFEVERYBRANCHCORRESPONDINGTOTHELOWFREQUENCYF1ANDVOLTAGEUF1ISOBTAINEDBYDIGITALFILTERINGINTHESAME212222212211ABMABMMABMMABMUUKRKIUIU???????（3）AMPLIFIERMULTIPLEXERAMPLIFIERVOLTAGEMEASURINGPOWERGRIDSCMSYSTEMMULTIPLEXERA/DCONVERTERSINEWAVECODEROPTIONSWITCHD/ACONVERTERTRANSFORMERISOLATINGPOWERAMPLIFIERPOWERGRIDBRANCHSENSOROFPOWERGRIDAMPLIFIERMULTIPLEXERAMPLIFIERVOLTAGEMEASURINGPOWERGRIDSCMSYSTEMMULTIPLEXERA/DCONVERTERSINEWAVECODEROPTIONSWITCHD/ACONVERTERTRANSFORMERISOLATINGPOWERAMPLIFIERPOWERGRIDBRANCHSENSOROFPOWERGRIDFIGURE2HARDWAREBLOCKDIAGRAMOFMONITORINGDEVICE221

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題PROTECTIONANDUTILIZATIONOFTHEANCIENTBUILDINGLINKINHISTORYANDFUTURE外文作者WEIMO,YABINGCAI文獻出處ADVANCEDMATERIALSRESEARCHVOLUMES518523，201244734476如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文2024單詞，11001字符，中文3144漢字。PROTECTIONANDUTILIZATIONOFTHEANCIENTBUILDINGLINKINHISTORYANDFUTUREKEYWORDSANCIENTBUILDING,PROTECTION,UTILIZATION,USE,EXPANSIONABSTRACTTHROUGHSTUDYDIALECTICALRELATIONBETWEENPROTECTIONANDUTILIZATIONOFTHEANCIENTBUILDINGS,THEYCOMPLEMENTEACHOTHERANDPROMOTEWESHOULDBECLEARPRINCIPLESOFPROTECTINGTHEANCIENTBUILDINGS,RATIONALUSEANDDEVELOPTHEVALUEOFTHEANCIENTBUILDINGSANDACHIEVESUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINTRODUCTIONANCIENTBUILDINGSTANDFORTHEMEMORYOFTHECITY,ASYMBOLOFURBANDEVELOPMENTANDTHEUPSANDDOWNS,ISAHEAVYANCIENTHISTORYANDCULTURE,FROMWHICHWECANFINDTHESOULOFCHINESEARCHITECTUREANCIENTBUILDINGSOFTHELONGHISTORYDATINGAREVERYIMPORTANTCULTURALHERITAGEANDALSOVERYIMPORTANTECONOMYHOWTOKEEPTHEANCIENTHISTORYANDCULTUREAVAILABLEFORFUTUREGENERATIONS,ANDPROMOTE,WHICHINVOLVESTHEPROTECTIONOFTHEBUILDINGANDUTILIZINGTHEPROTECTIONANDUSEOFTHEANCIENTBUILDINGANCIENTPROTECTIONSHOULDBEVARIED,ACCORDINGTOEXISTINGINFORMATIONANDTHEANCIENTHISTORYNOW,WESHOULDESTABLISHDIFFERENTPROTECTIONSCHEMETHENATUREOFTHEHISTORICALBUILDINGS,SUCHASTHERUINSOFYUANMINGYUAN,WEDONOTNEEDSUPERFLUOUSTOREBUILDITTHEREARESOMEHISTORICALBUILDINGS,NOTONLYHASACERTAINMEMORABLE,BUTALSOCONTINUETOPLAYAROLEINCARRYINGCAPABILITIESTOMEETTHENEEDSOFMODERNPEOPLEUNDERSPECIFICCIRCUMSTANCES,SUCHAHISTORICALBUILDINGSINTHEFORM,ANDMAYALSOADOPTNEWTECHNOLOGYANDNEWCRAFTINSHANGHAI“SHIKUMEN”THEOLDBUILDINGSWEREINJECTEDINTOVOGUEELEMENTSANDREFORMAS“NEWFIELD”ANDALEADINGINTERNATIONALLEISURE,CULTURE,RECREATIONCENTERSLIJIANGINYUNNANAFTERTHEEARTHQUAKERECONSTRUCTIONANDRETURNOFSUCCESSINTHEWORLDCULTURALHERITAGE,AFAMOUSTOURISTRESORTZHOUZHUANG,WUZHEN,TONGLI,NANXUNINZHEJIANGSUCCESSFULDEVELOPMENTOFJIANGNANWATERCOUNTRYTHEOLDTOWNANDTOURISMBOOMANCIENTUSEOFMETHODSANDPRINCIPLESBUILDINGOFTHEPROTECTIONOFTHEOBJECTIVEISTOUSE,WHICHISINORDERTOBETTERPROTECTIONCLEARANCIENTUSEOFMETHODSANDPRINCIPLES,TOCORRECTLYHANDLERELATIONSWITHTHEPROTECTIONOFSYNDROMEDIFFERENTIATION“RESEARCHBUILDINGSOFHISTORICALANDCULTURALRELICSPROTECTIONWORKWITHTHEONLYLOGICALTHINGTHEREISNODOUBTTHATTHEPROTECTIONOFCULTURALRELICSANDREPAIRTHEOLDHOUSEFROMTHEMAINMETHODISTOSTRENGTHENTHEPROTECTIONOFUNDERSTANDING,WHICHISINSEPARABLEFROMTHESTUDYOFARCHITECTUREBUTINCULTURALRELICSPROTECTIONINTERMSOFEXPERTISEANDKNOWLEDGEOFHISTORYISNOTENOUGH,BUTMOREIMPORTANTTOESTABLISHACORRECTCONCEPTOFPROTECTIONTHISISCLEARLYTHELOGICALMUSTACQUIREKNOWLEDGEANDKNOWTHELOGICALONLYBYADEEPUNDERSTANDINGOFHISTORYCANHAVEBOTHCHINESEANDFOREIGNCOUNTRIESALLAGREED”1CORRECTIDEASCOMEFROMTHEPROTECTIONOFTHETHEORYANDPRACTICELAW,ANDTHROUGHPRACTICEANDTIMEOFTHEINSPECTIONCERTIFICATEISCORRECTANCIENTUSEOFFORMSPROTECTIONISTOUSE,THEUSEOFTHEFORMSCANBEDIVERSIFIEDWESHOULDLETTHEANCIENTBUILDINGSOFHISTORICALANDCULTURALVALUESREFLECTEDIN,ANDBEENHANCED,BUTALSOCONSIDERTHEUSEOFMODERNNEEDS,WITHINNOVATIVEIDEAS,CREATIVEIDEAS,INNOVATIVEMEANSTOENHANCETHEVALUEOFTHETIMESOFANCIENTBUILDINGSTHEUSEOFANCIENTBUILDINGSMAINLYINTHEFOLLOWINGTYPES

簡介：JOURNALOFWINDENGINEERINGANDINDUSTRIALAERODYNAMICS9120031613–1625QUASISTATICWINDLOADCOMBINATIONSFORLOWANDMIDDLERISEBUILDINGSYTAMURAA,,HKIKUCHIB,KHIBIBATOKYOPOLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY,1583IIYAMA,ATSUGI,KANAGAWA2430297,JAPANBRESEARCHINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,SHIMIZUCORPORATION,3417,ETCHUJIMA,KOTOKU,TOKYO1358530,JAPANABSTRACTFLUCTUATINGSURFACEPRESSUREMEASUREMENTSAREMADEFORFOURFLATROOFEDBUILDINGMODELSWITHSQUAREORRECTANGULARPLANSINORDERTOEXAMINEWINDLOADCOMBINATIONSTHEFLUCTUATINGPRESSURESAREINTEGRATEDOVERALLTHEIRSURFACESANDRESULTSAREOBTAINEDOFALONGWINDFORCE,ACROSSWINDFORCE,VERTICALFORCE,ALONGWINDOVERTURNINGMOMENT,ACROSSWINDOVERTURNINGMOMENTANDTORSIONALMOMENTONTHEIRFRAMESTHEMAXIMUMWINDFORCECOMPONENTANDOTHERSIMULTANEOUSLYOBSERVEDWINDFORCECOMPONENTSAREEXAMINED,ANDSOMEINTERESTINGFACTSREGARDINGTHEWINDFORCECOMBINATIONSAREDISCUSSEDONTHEBASISOFABSOLUTEVALUECORRELATIONS,PHASEPLANEEXPRESSIONSANDSOONTHEMAXIMUMNORMALSTRESSESINTHECOLUMNMEMBERSOFSIMPLEFRAMEMODELSARETHENEXAMINEDINORDERTODIRECTLYCHECKTHEWINDLOADCOMBINATIONEFFECTSR2003ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSLOWRISEBUILDINGQUASISTATICWINDFORCEALONGWINDFORCEACROSSWINDFORCETORSIONALMOMENTCOMBINEDLOADEFFECTSWINDFORCECORRELATIONINTERNALFORCENORMALSTRESS1INTRODUCTIONTHENECESSITYOFCAPTURINGTHEMAXIMUMWINDFORCESWASFIRSTINTRODUCEDBYDAVENPORT1ASAGUSTFACTORBASEDONTHECONCEPTOFTHEMAXIMUMWINDLOADEFFECTS,DAVENPORT2FIRSTDISCUSSEDTHERELIABILITYOFWINDLOADINGONLOWRISEBUILDINGS,ANDSUGGESTEDSOMEIMPORTANTFACTORSFORITSASSESSMENTHISPAPEREMPHASIZEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFMORESOPHISTICATEDWINDLOADESTIMATIONFORLOWRISEARTICLEINPRESSCORRESPONDINGAUTHORFAX81462429547EMAILADDRESSYUKIOARCHTKOUGEIACJPYTAMURA01676105/SEEFRONTMATTERR2003ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJWEIA200309020SIMULTANEOUSLYSAMPLEDEVERY000128SFORTHELOWRISEBUILDINGMODELS,154AND110SAMPLESOF10MINLENGTHINFULLSCALECONVERSIONWEREANALYZEDFORA?14AND16FLOW,RESPECTIVELYFORTHEMIDDLERISEBUILDINGMODELS,28SAMPLESAND7SAMPLESWEREANALYZEDTHETUBINGEFFECTSWERENUMERICALLYCOMPENSATEDBYTHEGAINANDPHASESHIFTCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEPRESSUREMEASURINGSYSTEM10INCIDENTALLY,AHUGENUMBEROFSAMPLESWEREANALYZEDFORTHELOWRISEBUILDINGMODELS,BECAUSEITWASALSOINTENDEDTOUSETHEMTOEXAMINETHEENSEMBLEAVERAGEDINSTANTANEOUSPRESSUREPATTERNSCAUSINGEXTREMEWINDLOADEFFECTS113QUASISTATICWINDLOADFORCESTHEFLUCTUATINGPRESSURESWEREINTEGRATEDTOOBTAINQUASISTATICWINDFORCESFDANDFLVERTICALLIFTFTBASEOVERTURNINGMOMENTSMDANDMLANDBASETORSIONALMOMENTMTTHEYAREEXPRESSEDINNONDIMENSIONALFORMSBASEDONTHEMEANVELOCITYPRESSUREQHATROOFHEIGHT,EG,ALONGWINDFORCECOEFFICIENTCD?FDQHBHACROSSWINDFORCECOEFFICIENTCL?FLQHBHANDTORSIONALMOMENTCOEFFICIENTCMT?MTQHBHRFORWINDDIRECTION0?,WHERER?DB2TD2T122WHENASIMPLEFRAMEWITHACOLUMNATEACHCORNERISASSUMED,THEABOVEWINDFORCECOEFFICIENTSCDCLANDCMTAREPROPORTIONALTOVECTORIALLOADEFFECTSSHEARFORCES,BENDINGMOMENTSINACORNERCOLUMNFORTHEALONGWINDDIRECTION,THEACROSSWINDDIRECTIONANDNORMALTOADIAGONAL,RESPECTIVELYTHUS,THESETHREEQUANTITIESCANBEARTICLEINPRESSTABLE1WINDTUNNELMODELSANDFLOWSMODELBMMDMMHMMLOWRISE,SQUAREPLANLS20020050LOWRISE,RECTANGULARPLANLR17012050MIDDLERISE,SQUAREPLANMS200200200MIDDLERISE,RECTANGULARPLANMR200100200FLOWSCALEPOWERLAWINDEX1/250A?1614FIG1WINDTUNNELMODELYTAMURAETAL/JWINDENGINDAERODYN9120031613–16251615

簡介：THEOPENCIVILENGINEERINGJOURNAL,2010,4,65716518741495/102010BENTHAMOPENOPENACCESSTHEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTINCONCRETEMMAGESWARI1,ANDDRBVIDIVELLI21RESEARCHSCHOLAR,STRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANNAMALAIUNIVERSITY,ANNAMALAINAGAR,600002,TAMILNADU,INDIA2PROFESSOROFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANNAMALAIUNIVERSITY,ANNAMALAINAGAR,600002,TAMILNADU,INDIAABSTRACTSHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPUSEDINCONCRETEMAKINGLEADSTOGREENERENVIRONMENTINSHOPS,NEARBYCHIDAMBARAMMANYSHEETGLASSCUTTINGSGOTOWASTE,WHICHARENOTRECYCLEDATPRESENTANDUSUALLYDELIVEREDTOLANDFILLSFORDISPOSALUSINGSGPINCONCRETEISANINTERESTINGPOSSIBILITYFORECONOMYONWASTEDISPOSALSITESANDCONSERVATIONOFNATURALRESOURCESTHISPAPEREXAMINESTHEPOSSIBILITYOFUSINGSGPASAREPLACEMENTINFINEAGGREGATEFORANEWCONCRETENATURALSANDWASPARTIALLYREPLACED10,20,30,40AND50WITHSGPCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH,TENSILESTRENGTHCUBESANDCYLINDERSANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHUPTO180DAYSOFAGEWERECOMPAREDWITHTHOSEOFCONCRETEMADEWITHNATURALFINEAGGREGATESFINENESSMODULUS,SPECIFICGRAVITY,MOISTURECONTENT,WATERABSORPTION,BULKDENSITY,VOIDS,POROSITYLOOSEANDCOMPACTSTATEFORSANDSANDSDAWEREALSOSTUDIEDTHETESTRESULTSINDICATETHATITISPOSSIBLETOMANUFACTURECONCRETECONTAININGSHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPWITHCHARACTERISTICSSIMILARTOTHOSEOFNATURALSANDAGGREGATECONCRETEPROVIDEDTHATTHEPERCENTAGEOFSGPASFINEAGGREGATEISLIMITEDTO1020,RESPECTIVELYKEYWORDSSHEETGLASSPOWDER,MECHANICALPROPERTIES,FINENESSMODULUS,BULKDENSITY,MOISTURECONTENTINTRODUCTIONDURINGTHELASTDECADESITHASBEENRECOGNIZEDTHATSHEETGLASSWASTEISOFLARGEVOLUMEANDISINCREASINGYEARBYYEARINTHESHOPS,CONSTRUCTIONAREASANDFACTORIESUSINGWASTEGLASSINTHECONCRETECONSTRUCTIONSECTORISADVANTAGEOUS,ASTHEPRODUCTIONCOSTOFCONCRETEWILLGODOWN1WASTEGLASSESAREUSEDASAGGREGATESFORCONCRETE24INCHENNAITHEREISAPLACECALLEDCHIDAMBARAMWHEREMOSTOFTHECOLOREDSHEETGLASSESFROMWINDOWSAREPACKEDASAWASTEANDSENTTOLANDFILLTHEPLAINSHEETGLASSESCANBERECYCLED,BUTITISCOSTLYTOREMOVETHECOLOROFCOLOREDGLASSESANDRECYCLEAGAINESTIMATEDCOSTFORHOUSINGISMOREANDSOMECONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSLIKENATURALSANDAREALSOBECOMINGRARE5ATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADEFORALONGTIMETOUSEWASTEGLASSESASANAGGREGATEINCONCRETE,BUTITSEEMSTHATTHECONCRETEWITHWASTEGLASSESALWAYSCRACKS2,6VERYLIMITEDWORKHASBEENCONDUCTEDFORTHEUSEOFGROUNDGLASSASACONCRETEREPLACEMENT7THESEWASTESTORAGEDISPOSALSAREBECOMINGASERIOUSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMESPECIALLYFORCHIDAMBARAMWHEREPLACEDISPOSALSITESARELACKINGHENCETHEREISANEEDFORRECYCLINGMOREANDMOREWASTEMATERIALSTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDFINEAGGREGATEFORTHEMAKINGOFCONCRETEISTHENATURALSANDMINEDFROMTHERIVERBEDSHOWEVER,THEAVAILABILITYOFRIVERSANDFORTHEPREPARATIONOFCONCRETEISBECOMINGSCARCEDUETOTHEEXCESSIVENONSCIENTIFICMETHODSOFMININGFROMTHERIVERBEDS,LOWERINGOFWATERTABLE,SINKINGOFTHEBRIDGEPIERS,ETCAREBECOMINGCOMMONADDRESSCORRESPONDENCETOTHISAUTHORATTHERESEARCHSCHOLAR,STRUCTURALENGINEERING,ANNAMALAIUNIVERSITY,ANNAMALAINAGAR,600002,TAMILNADU,INDIATEL9942365816EMAILMAG_RAJABISHEKREDIFFCOMTREATS5THEPRESENTSCENARIODEMANDSIDENTIFICATIONOFSUBSTITUTEMATERIALSFORTHERIVERSANDFORMAKINGCONCRETERECENTLY,SOMEATTEMPTSHAVEBEENMADETOUSEGROUNDGLASSASAREPLACEMENTINCONCRETE810THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTOPRESENTTHERESULTSOFEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSONPHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMADEWITHSHEETGLASSPOWDERCONCRETENATURALFINEAGGREGATEISSUBSTITUTEDBYWEIGHTBYSHEETGLASSPOWDERATRATESVARYINGFROM10,20,30,40AND50PERCENTAGESCOMPRESSIVE,TENSION,ANDFLEXURALSTRENGTHAREEVALUATEDANDCOMPAREDUPTO180DAYSOFAGESSPECIFICPROPERTIESOFCONCRETEMATERIALSANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERAREALSOSTUDIEDMATERIALSANDMETHODSTHERAWMATERIALS,USEDFORTHISSTUDYARENATURALCOARSEAGGREGATE,FINEAGGREGATE,SHEETGLASSPOWDERSGPAGGREGATEAND53GRADESPORTLANDCEMENTTHESHEETGLASSUSEDFORTHISSTUDYWASCOLLECTEDFROMTHEPOINTSINCHIDAMBARAMTALUKATCUDDALOREDISTRICTSHEETGLASSISCONVERTEDINTOFINEAGGREGATEASSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG1ANDTHEPROCEDUREFORMAKINGSHEETGLASSCRETEISSHOWNINFLOWCHARTFIG2SHEETGLASSCOLLECTEDFROMSHOPSISSHOWNINFIG3,SHEETGLASSCRUSHEDISSHOWNINFIG4ANDSHEETGLASSPOWDERISSHOWNINFIG5SHEETGLASSPOWDERUSINGSIEVESIZEFROM475MMONWARDSISSHOWNINFIG6TABLE1SHOWSTHEFINENESSMODULUSRESULTSOFS,SGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPANDS50SGPFIG3SHOWSTHEFINEAGGREGATEMATERIALOFGRADINGCURVEANDALSOSGP,S10SGP,S20SGP,S30SGP,S40SGPS50SGPAND100SGPTHESANDUSEDFORTHESTUDYWASLOCALLYAVAILABLERIVERSANDCONFORMINGTOGRADINGZONEIIIOFIS3831970THECOARSEAGGREGATEWASATHEUSEOFSHEETGLASSPOWDERASFINEAGGREGATEREPLACEMENTTHEOPENCIVILENGINEERINGJOURNAL,2010,VOLUME467FIG3SHEETGLASSFIG4CRUSHEDSHEETGLASSFIG5SHEETGLASSPOWDERFIG6SIEVEANALYSISOFTHEMATERIALSTABLE1FINENESSMODULUSPARAMETERSANDCOARSESGP90S10SGP80S20SGP70S30SGP60S40SGP50S50SGPSPECIFICGRAVITY26527301327327322315314WATERABSORPTION83045156958504542MOISTURECONTENT37000525724222020BULKDENSITYDRYLOOSESTATEKG/M314681450131015101530154015401520VOIDS40839575354525152POROSITY28927363435343334BULKDENSITYDRYCOMPACTSTATEKG/M315121640153016201650170017001690VOIDS353934504949474646POROSITY25925333232313131FLAKINESSINDEX10ELONGATIONINDEX961TABLE2PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFMATERIALSOXIDESIO2A2O3FE2O3CAOMGOSO3LOINA2OK2OPERCENTAGEBYMASS722011307009022011MATERIALFINENESSMODULUSSANDS221SGP21690S10SGP22580S20SGP19870S30SGP19760S40SGP18450S50SGP182

簡介：ORIGINALARTICLESURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSFORISTANBULMETROTUNNELSEXCAVATEDBYEPBTBMSGERCELEBIHCOPURIOCAKRECEIVED13JULY2009/ACCEPTED15MARCH2010/PUBLISHEDONLINE27MARCH2010?SPRINGERVERLAG2010ABSTRACTINTHISSTUDY,SHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSAREPREDICTEDFORTWINTUNNELS,WHICHARETOBEEXCAVATEDINTHECHAINAGEOF0850TO0900MBETWEENTHEESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSOFTHEISTANBULMETROLINE,WHICHIS4KMINLENGTHTHETOTALLENGTHOFTHEEXCAVATIONLINEIS212KMBETWEENESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRTUNNELSAREEXCAVATEDBYEMPLOYINGTWOEARTHPRESSUREBALANCEEPBTUNNELBORINGMACHINESTBMSTHATHAVETWINTUBESOF65MDIAMETERANDWITH14MDISTANCEFROMCENTERTOCENTERTHETBMINTHERIGHTTUBEFOLLOWSABOUT100MBEHINDTHEOTHERTUBESEGMENTALLININGOF14MLENGTHISCURRENTLYEMPLOYEDASTHEFINALSUPPORTSETTLEMENTPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDWITHFINITEELEMENTMETHODBYUSINGPLAXISFINITEELEMENTPROGRAMEXCAVATION,GROUNDSUPPORTANDFACESUPPORTSTEPSINFEMANALYSESARESIMULATEDASAPPLIEDINTHEFIELDPREDICTIONSAREPERFORMEDFORATYPICALGEOLOGICALZONE,WHICHISCONSIDEREDASCRITICALINTERMSOFSURFACESETTLEMENTGEOLOGYINTHESTUDYAREAISCOMPOSEDOFFILL,VERYSTIFFCLAY,DENSESAND,VERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAY,RESPECTIVELY,STARTINGFROMTHESURFACEINADDITIONTOFINITEELEMENTMODELING,THESURFACESETTLEMENTSAREALSOPREDICTEDBYUSINGSEMITHEORETICALSEMIEMPIRICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEFEMODELPREDICTSWELLTHESHORTTERMSURFACESETTLEMENTSFORAGIVENVOLUMELOSSVALUETHERESULTSOFSEMITHEORETICALANDANALYTICALMETHODSAREFOUNDTOBEINGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEFEMODELTHERESULTSOFPREDICTIONSARECOMPAREDANDVERIFIEDBYFIELDMEASUREMENTSITISSUGGESTEDTHATGROUTINGOFTHEEXCAVATIONVOIDSHOULDBEPERFORMEDASFASTASPOSSIBLEAFTEREXCAVATIONOFASECTIONASAPRECAUTIONAGAINSTSURFACESETTLEMENTSDURINGEXCAVATIONFACEPRESSUREOFTHETBMSSHOULDBECLOSELYMONITOREDANDADJUSTEDFORDIFFERENTZONESKEYWORDSSURFACESETTLEMENTPREDICTION?FINITEELEMENTMETHOD?ANALYTICALMETHOD?SEMITHEORETICALMETHOD?EPBTBMTUNNELING?ISTANBULMETROINTRODUCTIONINCREASINGDEMANDONINFRASTRUCTURESINCREASESATTENTIONTOSHALLOWSOFTGROUNDTUNNELINGMETHODSINURBANIZEDAREASMANYSURFACEANDSUBSURFACESTRUCTURESMAKEUNDERGROUNDCONSTRUCTIONWORKSVERYDELICATEDUETOTHEINFLUENCEOFGROUNDDEFORMATION,WHICHSHOULDBEDEFINITELYLIMITED/CONTROLLEDTOACCEPTABLELEVELSINDEPENDENTOFTHEEXCAVATIONMETHOD,THESHORTANDLONGTERMSURFACEANDSUBSURFACEGROUNDDEFORMATIONSSHOULDBEPREDICTEDANDREMEDIALPRECAUTIONSAGAINSTANYDAMAGETOEXISTINGSTRUCTURESPLANNEDPRIORTOCONSTRUCTIONTUNNELINGCOSTSUBSTANTIALLYINCREASESDUETODAMAGESTOSTRUCTURESRESULTINGFROMSURFACESETTLEMENTS,WHICHAREABOVETOLERABLELIMITSBILGINETAL2009BASICPARAMETERSAFFECTINGTHEGROUNDDEFORMATIONSAREGROUNDCONDITIONS,TECHNICAL/ENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSANDTUNNELINGORCONSTRUCTIONMETHODSO’REILLYANDNEW1982ARIOGLU1992KARAKUSANDFOWELL2003TANANDRANJIT2003MINGUEZETAL2005ELLIS2005SUWANSAWATANDEINSTEIN2006ATHOROUGHSTUDYOFTHEGROUNDBYSITEINVESTIGATIONSSHOULDBEPERFORMEDTOFINDOUTTHEPHYSICALSGERCELEBI?HCOPURMININGENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT,ISTANBULTECHNICALUNIVERSITY,MASLAK,34469ISTANBUL,TURKEYEMAILERCELEBIITUEDUTRIOCAKRAILTRANSPORTATIONDEPARTMENTIETT,ISTANBULMETROPOLITANMUNICIPALITY,ISTANBUL,TURKEY123ENVIRONEARTHSCI201162357–365DOI101007/S1266501005306300KPAOFPRESSURETHROUGHTHEGROUTCANNELSINTHETRAILINGSHIELDTHISMETHODOFCONSTRUCTIONHASBEENPROVENTOMINIMIZETHESURFACESETTLEMENTSTHESTUDYAREAINCLUDESTHETWINTUNNELSOFTHECHAINAGEBETWEEN0850AND0900M,BETWEENESENLERANDKIRAZLISTATIONSGUNGORENFORMATIONOFTHEMIOSENAGEISFOUNDINTHESTUDYAREALABORATORYANDINSITUTESTSAREAPPLIEDTODEFINETHEGEOTECHNICALFEATURESOFTHEFORMATIONSTHATTHETUNNELSPASSTHROUGHTHENAME,THICKNESSANDSOMEOFTHEGEOTECHNICALPROPERTIESOFTHELAYERSARESUMMARIZEDINTABLE2AYSON2005FILLLAYEROF25MTHICKCONSISTSOFSAND,CLAY,GRAVELANDSOMEPIECESOFMASONRYTHEVERYSTIFFCLAYLAYEROF4MISGRAYISHGREENINCOLOR,CONSISTINGOFGRAVELANDSANDTHEDENSESANDLAYEROF5MISBROWNATTHEUPPERLEVELSANDGREENISHYELLOWATTHELOWERLEVELS,CONSISTINGOFCLAY,SILTANDMICADENSESANDOF3MISGREENISHYELLOWANDCONSISTSOFMICATHEBASELAYEROFTHETUNNELISHARDCLAY,WHICHISDARKGREEN,CONSISTINGOFSHELLTHEUNDERGROUNDWATERTABLESTARTSAT45MBELOWTHESURFACETHETUNNELAXISIS145MBELOWTHESURFACE,CLOSETOTHECONTACTBETWEENVERYDENSESANDANDHARDCLAYTHISDEPTHISMARMARASEAAKSARAYOTOGARBAAKEHIR0KM5KMEUROPEANSIDEANATOLIASIDEBOSPHORUSBAKIRKOYIDOHALKALIOLIMPIYATK?YüGüNEYSANAYIATATüRKAIRPORTGOLDENHORNKIRAZLI100000500100015002000250030003500400045005000VIADATGRADERWBOREDTUNNELBOREDTUNNELBOREDTUNNELBOREDTUNNEL1020304050607080CUTCOVERCUTCOVERCUTCOVERCUTCOVERSTRUCTURETYPEKILOMETERFILLCLAYSANDTRAKYAFORMATIONMETROLINE0M250MFIG1MAINROUTEANDGEOLOGICALSECTIONOFESENLERANDBASAKSEHIRMETROLINEOCAK2009TABLE1SOMEOFTHETECHNICALFEATURESOFTHEEPBTBMSHERRENKNECHTLOVATEXCAVATIONDIAMETER6500M6564MSHIELDOUTSIDEDIAMETER645M652MTBMLENGTH768M930MBACKUPLENGTH80M65MTOTALWEIGHT578T534TMAXIMUMCUTTERHEADRPM0–250–60TOTALINSTALLEDPOWER963KW1,622KWCUTTERHEADTYPEMIXEDGROUNDMIXEDGROUNDCUTTERHEADPOWER630KW900KWMAXIMUMTORQUE435TM445TMMAXIMUMTHRUST32000KN54000KNENVIRONEARTHSCI201162357–365359123

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題THEDISCUSSIONOFWATERSAVINGTECHNOLOGYABOUTWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEINBUILDING外文作者QIJUNFENG,YANGYANYAN,HULINPENG文獻出處2017INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONDIGITALMANUFACTURINGPERFECTINGHOTWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMANDREDUCINGINEFFECTUALCOLDWATERADOPTINGWATERSAVINGWATERDISPENSINGFIXTURESANDSANITARYWAREPROMOTINGTHEUTILIZATIONOFHIGHQUALITYPIPEANDVALVEANDIMPROVINGTHECURRENTCONSTRUCTIONOFFIREPOOLASWELLASDEVELOPINGANDPROMOTINGTHETECHNOLOGYOFUTILIZATIONOFRECLAIMEDWATERANDRAINWATERKEYWORDSBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEWATERCONSERVATIONTECHNIQUESIINTRODUCTIONWATERISASTRATEGICRESOURCEWHICHISRELATEDTOHUMANSURVIVALANDDEVELOPMENTTHETHEPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREASHOULDBEACTEDACCORDINGTOCODEFORDESIGNOFBUILDINGOFWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,WHILETHEBESTUSEHYDRAULICPRESSUREOFSANITARYWARESISBETWEEN010MPAAND020MPA,MOSTOFTHEMAREINOVERPRESSUREFLOWINRECENTYEARS,BRANCHPIPEDECOMPRESSIONWASWIDELYUSEDINPROJECTS,WHICHBECAMEANIMPORTANTMEASUREFORWATERSAVINGINTHELOWERPARTOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREA,THEHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFWATERSUPPLYAFTERDECOMPRESSIONSHOULDTAKELOWVALUEASPOSSIBLEONTHECONDITIONTHATITSATISFIESTHEDEMANDOFRATEDFLOWOFSANITARYWARES’WATERSUPPLYFITTINGSITISSUGGESTEDTHAT,INHIGHERPARTOFWATERSUPPLYSUBAREA,DECOMPRESSIONMEASURESSHOULDBETAKENWHENTHELOWESTHYDROSTATICPRESSUREOFSANITARYWARES’WATERDISTRIBUTIONPOINTSISMORETHAN015MPABADOPTDECOMPRESSIONMEASURESPROPERLYALLOCATINGRELIEFFITTINGINWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMMEANSTHATHYDRAULICPRESSURESHOULDBELIMITEDWITHINLIMITINGVALUEANDREDUCETHETHREATOFOVERPRESSUREFLOWREDUCINGVALVECANREDUCEDYNAMICPRESSURE,STATICPRESSUREHAVEGOODRUNNINGCHARACTERISTICSANDHAVEOBVIOUSEFFECTSONTHROTTLINGANDSOUNDABSORBING,WHICHISWIDELYUSEDINTHENEWBUILDINGSHOWEVER,THEPRICEOFREDUCINGVALVEISEXPENSIVE,SOITSHOULDBEUSEDAFTERDOINGANECONOMICCOMPARISONINPOORANDBACKWARDAREASPROPORTIONALVALVEHASSIMPLESTRUCTUREANDREASONABLEPRICEWHICHISRECOMMENDEDTOUSECOMPAREDWITHREDUCINGVALVE,DECOMPRESSIONORIFICEPLATE’SSYSTEMISFAIRLYSIMPLE,ANDHASLESSINVESTMENTASWELLASCONVENIENTMANAGEMENT,BUTDECOMPRESSIONORIFICEPLATECANONLYREDUCEDYNAMICPRESSUREBUTNOTHYDROSTATICPRESSURE,ANDTHEDOWNSTREAMPRESSUREISALWAYSCHANGINGWITHTHEUPSTREAMPRESSUREANDFLOWRATESOITONLYCANBEUSEDUNDERLESSDEMANDONWATERSUPPLYPRESSUREIIIPERFECTHOTWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMANDREDUCEINEFFECTUALCOLDWATERWITHTHEIMPROVEMENTOFPEOPLESLIVINGSTANDARDANDIMPROVEDBUILDINGFUNCTIONS,BUILDINGHOTWATERSYSTEMGRADUALLYBECOMEAINDISPENSABLEPARTOFBUILDINGWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMACCORDINGTOTHESURVEY,MOSTCENTRALHOTWATERSUPPLYSYSTEMEXISTSERIOUSWASTEFULPHENOMENON,WHICHISMAINLYEMBODIEDINWECANNOTOBTAINSATISFACTORYHOTWATERINTIMEAFTEROPENINGHOTWATERAPPARATUS,BUTLETOUTSOMECOLDWATERTONORMALUSETHEPRESENTCODEFORDESIGNOFBUILDINGOFWATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGEPUTSFORWARDTHREEMETHODSOFHOTWATERCIRCULATION,WHICHINCLUDEBRANCHPIPECIRCULATION,STANDPIPECIRCULATIONANDMAINPIPECIRCULATIONLOOPFREEHOTWATER

簡介：7000英文單詞，英文單詞，38萬英文字符，中文萬英文字符，中文11500字文獻出處文獻出處COWLARDA,BITTERNA,ABECASSISEMPISC,ETALFIRESAFETYDESIGNFORTALLBUILDINGSJPROCEDIAENGINEERING,2013,62169181FIRESAFETYDESIGNFORTALLBUILDINGSADAMCOWLARD,ADAMBITTERN,CECILIAABECASSISEMPIS,JOSéTOREROABSTRACTINANYSUBJECTAREARELATEDTOTHEPROVISIONOFSAFETY,FAILUREISTYPICALLYTHEMOSTEFFECTIVEMECHANISMFOREVOKINGRAPIDREFORMANDANINTROSPECTIVEASSESSMENTOFTHEACCEPTEDOPERATINGMETHODSANDSTANDARDSWITHINAPROFESSIONALBODYINTHEREALMOFTALLBUILDINGSTHEMOSTNOTABLEFAILURESINHISTORY,THOSEOFTHEWTCTOWERS,WIDELYACCEPTEDASFIREINDUCEDFAILURES,HAVENOTTOANYSIGNIFICANTEXTENTAFFECTEDTHEWAYTHEYAREDESIGNEDWITHRESPECTTOFIRESAFETYTHISISCLEARLYREFLECTEDINTHESURGEINNUMBERSOFTALLBUILDINGSBEINGCONSTRUCTEDSINCE2001THECOMBINATIONOFTHEMAGNITUDEANDTIMESCALEOFTHEWTCINVESTIGATIONCOUPLEDWITHTHEABSENCEOFMEANINGFULGUIDANCERESULTINGFROMITSTRONGLYHINTSATTHEOUTDATEDNESSOFCURRENTFIREENGINEERINGPRACTICEASADISCIPLINEINTHECONTEXTOFSUCHADVANCEDINFRASTRUCTURETHISISFURTHERREFLECTEDINTHECONTINUALSHIFTFROMPRESCRIPTIVETOPERFORMANCEBASEDDESIGNINMANYPARTSOFTHEWORLDDEMONSTRATINGANEVERGROWINGACCEPTANCETHATTHESEBUILDINGSAREBEYONDTHEREALMOFAPPLICABILITYOFPRESCRIPTIVEGUIDANCEINORDERFORTRUEPERFORMANCEBASEDENGINEERINGTOOCCURHOWEVER,SPECIFICPERFORMANCEGOALSNEEDTOBEESTABLISHEDFORTHESESTRUCTURESTHISWORKSEEKSTOHIGHLIGHTTHECRITICALELEMENTSOFAFIRESAFETYSTRATEGYFORTALLBUILDINGSANDTHUSATTEMPTTOHIGHLIGHTSOMESPECIFICGLOBALPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVESASURVEYOFTALLBUILDINGFIREINVESTIGATIONSISCONDUCTEDINORDERTOASSESSTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFCURRENTDESIGNSINMEETINGTHESEOBJECTIVES,ANDTHECURRENTSTATEOFTHEARTOFFIRESAFETYDESIGNGUIDANCEFORTALLSTRUCTURESISALSOANALYSEDONTHESETERMSTHECORRECTDEFINITIONOFTHEDESIGNFIREFOROPENPLANCOMPARTMENTSISIDENTIFIEDASTHECRITICALKNOWLEDGEGAPTHATMUSTBEADDRESSEDINORDERTOACHIEVETALLBUILDINGPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVESANDTOPROVIDETRULYINNOVATIVE,ROBUSTFIRESAFETYFORTHESEUNIQUESTRUCTURESKEYWORDSTALLBUILDINGSFIRESAFETYSTRATEGIESPERFORMANCEBASEDDESIGN1INTRODUCTIONTHENUMBEROFTALLBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTEDISINCREASINGLYEVERMORERAPIDLYFIG1THEYAREEVOLVINGINHEIGHT,CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALS,USE,ANDCOMPARTMENTALCOMPOSITIONTHEEVOLUTIONOFHEIGHTISSTAGGERINGWHENITISCONSIDEREDTHATUNTILJANUARYOF2010,THETALLESTCOMPLETEDBUILDINGTAIPEI101STOODAT508M,AMANTLENOWHELDBYTHEBURJKHALIFAAT828MTHEINCREASINGNUMBEROF600MBUILDINGSBEINGCONCEIVEDHASLEDTOTHERECENTCOININGOFTHETERMMEGATALLACCORDINGTOSTATISTICSFROMTHECOUNCILONTALLBUILDINGSANDURBANHABITAT1,17OFTHETALLEST100BUILDINGSINTHEWORLD,ASOFTHEENDOF2011,WERECOMPLETEDWITHINTHATYEARTHEDRIVINGFORCESBEHINDTHISPROGRESSIONAREINEVITABLYFINANCIAL,POLITICALANDENVIRONMENTAL,BUTITISMODERNTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTS,BOTHSTRUCTURALANDMATERIAL,WHICHHAVETRULYENABLEDTHECONTINUEDEVOLUTIONOFTHESEBUILDINGSTHETALLBUILDINGOFTODAYISACOMPLETELYDIFFERENTENTITYTOTHATOFADECADEAGOWITHTHEPROPENSITYFORCHANGEEVENGREATERINTHEIMMEDIATEFUTUREADVANCEMENTSINSTRUCTURALENGINEERINGHAVEARISENTOMAKEPOSSIBLETHEINCREASEINHEIGHT,SIZEANDCOMPLEXITY,THEREDUCTIONOFCOSTANDCARBONFOOTPRINTASWELLASARCHITECTURALIMAGINATIONANDECONOMICVERSATILITYOFTHESEBUILDINGSINWHATISCOMINGTOBECONSIDEREDTHEERAOFTHETALLBUILDING,THERECENTEXPLOSIONINNUMBERSHASCAUSEDANUMBEROFENGINEERSANDGOVERNMENTALPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVESTOENABLEASUCCESSFULTALLBUILDINGFIRESAFETYSTRATEGY,ANDASSESSESFAILURESTATISTICSWHICHPROVIDEANINDICATIONOFOURCURRENTABILITYTOSUCCESSFULLYENGINEERTHEPRINCIPLEISSUESIDENTIFIED2FROMPRESCRIPTIONTOPERFORMANCETHETOOLSOFTHEFIRESAFETYENGINEERTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULINVESTIGATIONSARETHOSECONDUCTEDINANATMOSPHEREWHEREALLTHOSEINVOLVEDHAVESUFFICIENTKNOWLEDGETOMAKETHEMOSTOFTHEINVESTIGATIONANDTOTRANSFERTHATNEWKNOWLEDGEINTOTHEDESIGNPROCESSPOSSIBLYTHEGREATESTLEAPFORWARDINFIREENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGECAMEASARESULTOFSUCHAFAILUREINVESTIGATION16INTHISINSTANCEHOWEVERITWASTHEEXTENSIVERESEARCHCARRIEDOUTBYBOTHSIDESDURINGWORLDWARII,SPECIFICALLYWITHTHEINTENTIONOFTHECREATIONOFFAILURETHEEXTENSIVEDEVELOPMENTOFUNDERSTANDINGOFMETHODSBYWHICHFAILURECOULDBEINDUCEDBYFIREMEANTTHATLATER,FOLLOWINGAWIDERANGINGINTERNATIONALRESEARCHCOLLABORATION,THISCOULDBETRANSLATEDINTOSTATEOFTHEARTDESIGNGUIDANCE17THISEXAMPLEISALSOTYPICALOFHOWSOCIALRESPONSIBILITYASSOCIATEDTOFIRESAFETYHASHISTORICALLYBEENTRANSLATEDINTOCODESANDSTANDARDSESTABLISHINGPRESCRIPTIVEREQUIREMENTSFORBUILDINGSPRESCRIPTIVEREQUIREMENTSINDUCESAFETYFACTORSBYCONSTRAININGDESIGNOUTPUTTOPREESTABLISHEDBOUNDSASPECIFICFORMHASBEENSTUDIED,ANDITSRANGEOFPERFORMANCEESTABLISHEDANACCEPTABLEPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVEISIDENTIFIEDTHUSSOISTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEFORMCANBECHANGEDWHILSTSTILLACHIEVINGTHEPERFORMANCEOBJECTIVETHISMETHODOLOGYFORMSTHEBOUNDSTHATARETHENIMPLIEDBYPRESCRIPTIVERULESIFADESIGNERFOLLOWSTHESERULES,THEYWILLFALLWITHINTHEBOUNDSANDTHESAFETYOFTHEDESIGNWILLBEIMPLICITTHEIMPLEMENTEDSOLUTIONWILLINHERENTLYCARRYASIGNIFICANTSAFETYFACTORBECAUSEITHASTOBEROBUSTTOTHEVARIATIONSPERMITTEDWITHINTHEBOUNDSOFTHEPRESCRIPTIVERULESTHEMAGNITUDEOFTHISSAFETYFACTORISHOWEVER,NEVEREXPLICITLYDEFINEDCRITICALLY,THISSYSTEMISFOUNDEDONTHEINITIALFORMIDENTIFIEDFORANALYSISCHANGETHESYSTEMDRASTICALLY,ANDTHESAFETYFACTORCANNOLONGERBEIMPLIEDTHEREHAVEBEENPERIOD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簡介：4800英文單詞，英文單詞，27500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文7900字文獻出處文獻出處AMERICANJOURNALOFENGINEERINGRESEARCHAJER,2016,58164172RISKMANAGEMENTOFPROCUREMENTCHALLENGESTHEIMPLICATIONTOCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSINGHANATIMOTHYADUGYAMFI,PATRICKZIEVIE,VICTORBOATENGABSTRACTITISCLEARTHATPROCUREMENTCHALLENGESHAVEBEENENORMOUSTASKDELVINGTHEMAJORSTAKEHOLDERSINCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYALLOVERTHEWORLDISFRAUGHTWITHCHALLENGESANDTHECASEOFGHANAISNODIFFERENTTHESTUDYSETOUTTOEXAMINERISKMANAGEMENTOFPROCUREMENTCHALLENGESTHEIMPLICATIONTOCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSINGHANATHISSTUDYWHICHWASCONDUCTEDWITHINTHEASHANTIREGIONOFGHANA,PRIMARILYSOUGHTTOIDENTIFYPROCUREMENTCHALLENGESFACINGFIRMSINASHANTIREGIONANDTHEEFFECTIVEMETHODSUSEDTODEALWITHTHOSECHALLENGESTHISSTUDYADOPTEDAQUANTITATIVERESEARCHAPPROACHTHESTUDYUSEDCONVENIENTPURPOSIVESAMPLINGTOSELECT20FIRSTCLASSCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESWITHINTHEASHANTIREGIONFOURMANAGEMENTSTAFFFROMEACHFIRMWASUSED,ANDTHUS,THESTUDYPOPULATIONFORTHE20FIRMSWILLBE80SAMPLEFORTHESTUDYCONSISTEDOF40RESPONDENTSFROMTEN10FIRSTCLASSCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSINTHEASHANTIREGIONTHESECONSTITUTE50OFTHETARGETEDPOPULATIONQUESTIONNAIRESWEREUSEDTOSOLICITDATAANDSTATISTICALTOOLSUSEDTOANALYSETHEDATACOLLECTEDAREDESCRIPTIVETOOLSSUCHASFREQUENCY,ANDPERCENTAGESANDALSOCHISQUARETHESTUDYHASFOUNDTHATRISKASSESSMENTAPPROACHESUSEDBYTHEFIRMSTOIDENTIFYPROCUREMENTCHALLENGESWEREBASEDONTHEPASTEXPERIENCESOFTHEFIRMS,QUANTIFICATIONOFPOSSIBLELOSSES,ANDPREDICTIONSDRAWNFROMSECONDARYDATAALSOTHECHALLENGESTOPROCUREMENTWERETHEUNAVAILABILITYOFINDICESFORBIDSANDCOSTS,UNAVAILABILITYOFCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALS,IMPROPERINVENTORYMANAGEMENT,ANDRISKSWITHWORKINGATHEIGHTTHESTUDYHASESTABLISHEDTHATTHEMETHODSFORDEALINGWITHTHECHALLENGESINCLUDEDDIRECTIMPORTSOFCONSTRUCTIONMATERIALS,THEUSEOFOTHERSUBSTITUTES,MONITORINGINVENTORYANDTRAININGWORKERSONWORKINGATHEIGHTKEYWORDSPROCUREMENT,RISKMANAGEMENT,PROCUREMENTCHALLENGES,RISK,GHANAIINTRODUCTIONRISKISTYPICALLYDESCRIBEDASEVENTSORCONDITIONSTHATMAYHAVEANIMPACTONTHEOBJECTIVESOFPRODUCTION1RISKSTHEREFORECONCERNTHEDEVIATIONOFONEORMORERESULTSOFONEORMOREFUTUREEVENTSFROMTHEIREXPECTEDVALUESTHEIMPACTSOFRISKSMAYBEPOSITIVEORNEGATIVE,BUTGENERALUSAGETENDSTOFOCUSONLYONPOTENTIALHARMTHATMAYARISEAND/ORACCRUEFROMINCURRINGACOSTORFAILINGTOATTAINSOMEPARTICULARBENEFITS2ACCORDINGTO3,RISKMANAGEMENTISAFORMALPROCESSDIRECTEDATIDENTIFICATIONANDASSESSMENTOFANDRESPONSETOPROJECTRISKS,WITHTHEOVERALLGOALOFMAXIMISINGOPPORTUNITIESANDMINIMISINGTHECONSEQUENCESOFARISKEVENTITISTHEREFOREAMANAGEMENTTOOLTHATAIMSATIDENTIFYINGSOURCESOFRISKSANDUNCERTAINTIES,DETERMININGTHEIRIMPACTSANDDEVELOPINGAPPROPRIATEMANAGEMENTRESPONSES45,MAINTAINSTHATASYSTEMATICPROCESSOFRISKMANAGEMENTCANBEDIVIDEDINTORISKCLASSIFICATION,RISKIDENTIFICATION,RISKANALYSISANDRESPONSE,WHERERISKRESPONSECANFURTHERBECATEGORISEDINTOAVOIDANCE,TRANSFER,REDUCTIONANDRETENTIONACCORDINGTO6,THECHOICEOFPROCUREMENTOPTIONIMPLIESDIFFERENTRANGESOFRESPONSIBILITIES,OPPORTUNITIESANDRISKSFORTHEVARIOUSACTORS,ASWELLASDIFFERENTDEGREESOFOFRISKARECOMMUNICATIVECLAIMSTHATHAVECONSTITUTIVEFORCEHOWEVER16AND17,MAINTAINTHATRISKHASBEENCONCEPTUALISED,DEFINEDANDMANAGEDACROSSINDUSTRIALANDSCIENTIFICFIELDS,THUSTHECONCEPTOFRISKHASBEENCONCEPTUALISEDINTERMSOFTHEPROBABILITYOFUNCERTAINFUTUREFOREXAMPLE,18ESTABLISHESTHATARISKISTHEPROBABLEFREQUENCYANDPROBABLEMAGNITUDEOFFUTURELOSSINTHISCONCEPT,RISKISSEENASAPROBABILITY,WHICHREFERSTOTHECONTINUUMBETWEENABSOLUTECERTAINTYANDIMPOSSIBILITYITISALSOADDRESSEDASBOTHAFREQUENCYANDAMAGNITUDECOMPONENT,WHICHSUGGESTSTHATTHEFREQUENCYOFTHERISKCANHAVERELATIONSTOTHEMAGNITUDEANDPROBABILITYOFINCURRINGAFUTURELOSSAGAIN,18,FURTHERASSERTSTHATRISKAPPLIESEQUALLYWELLREGARDLESSOFITSCONCEPTUALISATIONWITHININVESTMENT,MARKET,CREDIT,LEGAL,INSURANCE,INFORMATIONRISK,ORANYOFTHEOTHERRISKDOMAINSTHATARECOMMONLYDEALTWITHINBUSINESS,GOVERNMENT,ANDLIFETHUS,19,NOTETHATTHEFUNDAMENTALNATUREOFRISKISUNIVERSAL,REGARDLESSOFCONTEXTTHUS,20,ESTABLISHESTHATARISKISGENERALLYTHEPROBABILITYOFANUNWANTEDEVENTORTHECAUSEOFANUNWANTEDEVENTWHICHMAYORMAYNOTOCCURSIMILARLY,21,ALSOMAINTAINSTHATRISKISTHEPOTENTIALTHATACHOSENACTIONORACTIVITY,INCLUDINGTHECHOICEOFINACTIONWILLLEADTOALOSSORANUNDESIRABLEOUTCOMETHENOTIONIMPLIESTHATACHOICEHAVINGANINFLUENCEONTHEOUTCOMESOMETIMESEXISTSOREXISTED22CONCEPTUALISINGRISKMANAGEMENTINPROCUREMENTACCORDINGTO4,RISKMANAGEMENTMAYBEDESCRIBEDASASYSTEMATICWAYOFLOOKINGATAREASOFRISKANDCONSCIOUSLYDETERMININGHOWEACHSHOULDBETREATEDRISKMANAGEMENTISTHEREFOREAFORMALPROCESSDIRECTEDATIDENTIFICATIONANDASSESSMENTOFANDRESPONSETOPROJECTRISKS3ITISALSOMANAGEMENTTOOLTHATAIMSATIDENTIFYINGSOURCESOFRISKANDUNCERTAINTY,DETERMININGTHEIRIMPACT,ANDDEVELOPINGAPPROPRIATEMANAGEMENTRESPONSES4FOLLOWINGTHIS,22,MAINTAINTHATTHEOVERALLGOALOFTHERISKMANAGEMENTPROCESSISTOMAXIMISETHEOPPORTUNITIESANDMINIMISETHECONSEQUENCESOFARISKEVENTALSO23,MAINTAINSTHATRISKMANAGEMENTISESSENTIALLYASIXSTEPPROCESSOFRISKMANAGEMENTPLANNING,IDENTIFICATIONOFRISKEVENTS,QUALITATIVERISKANALYSIS,QUANTITATIVERISKANALYSIS,RISKRESPONSEPLANNINGANDRISKMONITORINGANDCONTROLGABELEXPLAINSTHATRISKMANAGEMENTPLANNINGISTHESYSTEMATICPROCESSOFDECIDINGHOWTOAPPROACH,PLAN,ANDEXECUTERISKMANAG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