簡介：JMATERSCI4120062195–2200SURFACECHEMICALANALYSISOFTENCELANDCOTTONTREATEDWITHAMONOCHLOROTRIAZINYLMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVENKISTAMAH,CMCARR?TEXTILESANDPAPER,THEUNIVERSITYOFMANCHESTER,MANCHESTER,M601QD,UKEMAILNARAINDRAKISTAMAHMANCHESTERACUKEMAILCHRISCARRMANCHESTERACUKSROSUNEEDEPARTMENTOFTEXTILETECHNOLOGY,UNIVERSITYOFMAURITIUS,REDUIT,,MAURITIUSEMAILSROSUNEEUOMACMUPUBLISHEDONLINE3MARCH2006THEINTERACTIONANDDURABILITYTOLAUNDERINGOFAREACTIVEΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVE,APPLIEDTOTENCELFABRICANDBLEACHEDCOTTONFABRIC,WASINVESTIGATEDUSINGXRAYPHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPYXPSTHEN1SXPSSPECTRAOFTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINTREATEDSUBSTRATESREVEALEDTHEPRESENCEOFTHEAPPLIEDFINISHONTHEFIBRESURFACEANDTHATTHESURFACECONCENTRATIONINCREASEDWITHINCREASINGLEVELOFTHEAPPLIEDFINISHTHEBLEACHEDCOTTONHADARELATIVELYGREATERLEVELOFFIXATIONOFTHECHEMICALFINISHINCOMPARISONTOTHETREATEDTENCELTHEREACTIVEΒCYCLODEXTRINFIXEDONTOTENCELANDBLEACHEDCOTTONWASDURABLETOISOCO6/C2SWASHESC?2006SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,INC1INTRODUCTIONCYCLODEXTRINSARECYCLICOLIGOSACCHARIDES,WITHTHEMAJORCYCLODEXTRINBEINGTHESEVENMEMBEREDRINGDERIVATIVEΒCYCLODEXTRINCYCLODEXTRINSAREBULKYRINGMOLECULES,CAPABLEOFFORMINGINCLUSIONCOMPLEXESWITHAGREATNUMBEROFORGANICCOMPOUNDSANDHAVEFOUNDWIDEAPPLICATIONSINMANYAREAS1–7INTEXTILES,CYCLODEXTRINSAREARELATIVELYNEWCLASSOFDYEINGANDFINISHINGAUXILIARIESCAPABLEOFINFLUENCINGBOTHTHEPROCESSINGOFTHETEXTILEMATERIALSANDTHEIRSERVICEABILITYPROPERTIES1,6–15CYCLODEXTRINSMAYBEBOUNDONTOTHEFIBRESURFACEBYTWODISTINCTINTERACTIONSAWHERENOCOVALENTBONDSEXISTSBETWEENTHECYCLODEXTRINMOLECULESANDTHETEXTILEMATERIAL,ANDPHYSICALBONDINGISTHEMAJORFORCEOFINTERACTIONBWHERETHECYCLODEXTRINMOLECULEISPERMANENTLYFIXEDTOTHETEXTILEMATERIALTHROUGHCOVALENTBONDINGDUETOTHEIRSTRUCTUREANDABILITYTOFORMINCLUSIONCOMPLEXESCYCLODEXTRINSHAVEBEENEVALUATEDWITHAVIEWTOEITHERSLOWLYRELEASINGPERFUMEORABSORBINGUNPLEASANTODOURSONTEXTILESOROTHERMATERIALS11THEYAREPOTENTIALLYUSEFULINDETERGENTSANDOTHERTEXTILECAREPRODUCTS,BUTDUETOTHEIRRELATIVELYWEAKADSORPTIONWOULDBELOST?AUTHORTOWHOMALLCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDDURINGGARMENTLAUNDERINGANDTHEREFORETHEIREFFECTSARENOTPERMANENTANALTERNATIVEAPPROACHTOIMPROVEDURABILITYHASBEENTOCOVALENTLYFIXA“REACTIVE”CYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVETOTHETEXTILEFIBRESURFACEANDTHESERVICEABILITYPROPERTIESOFTHETEXTILEPRODUCTMAYBERENEWEDWITHOUTREAPPLICATIONOFTHEFINISHFORCELLULOSICS,THEMOSTPROMISINGAPPROACHHASBEENTHEUSEOFAMONOCHLOROTRIAZINYLMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVE,WHICHCANBECOVALENTLYFIXEDTONUCLEOPHILICSUBSTRATESBYASUBSTITUTIONREACTIONANDCONTAINSTWOTOTHREEREACTIVETRIAZINYLGROUPSPERCYCLODEXTRINRING1,12–15THEPERCENTAGEFIXATIONOFTHEREACTIVECYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVETOTHESUBSTRATECANBEDETERMINEDBYFABRICWEIGHTGAINGRAVIMETRICMETHOD7ORTHEKJELDAHLMETHOD13ANDALTHOUGHBOTHMETHODSAREREPORTEDTOBESATISFACTORYNEITHERISSURFACESENSITIVENORSHOWSHOWTHEFIBRESURFACEMAYBEADVERSELYAFFECTEDBYTEXTILEPROCESSINGINTHISSTUDY,THEFIBRESURFACESAREEXAMINEDTOMONITORTHEDEPOSITIONANDINTERACTIONOFTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVESANDITSDURABILITYTOLAUNDERINGTHEXRAYPHOTOELECTRONSPECTROSCOPYXPSTECHNIQUEHASBEENUSEDTOCHARACTERIZETHENATUREOFTHESURFACESPECIESOUTER10NMONBOTHTENCELANDCOTTONFIBRESTREATEDWITHMCT00222461C?2006SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,INCDOI101007/S10853006718362195NNNCLNAOCDFIGURE2CHEMICALSTRUCTUREOFTHEMONOCHLOROTRIAZINYLFUNCTIONALGROUPOFMCTCYCLODEXTRINMOLECULEFROMAFLOODGUNTOENSUREREPRODUCIBILITY,THESAMPLESWEREANALYSEDINDUPLICATEORTRIPLICATEWHEREAPPROPRIATECURVEFITTEDSPECTRAAREPRESENTEDTOCLEARLYDEFINETHEPEAKFORQUALITATIVEANALYSIS3RESULTSANDDISCUSSION31XPSANALYSISOFUNTREATEDANDMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINTREATEDTENCELTENCELISAREGENERATEDCELLULOSICFIBRE,WHICHISFREEOFNATURALIMPURITIESSUCHASNITROGENBASEDPROTEINS,PECTINSANDWAXESTYPICALLYASSOCIATEDWITHRAWUNSCOUREDCOTTONTHEN1SXPSSPECTRUMFORUNTREATED“CLEAN”TENCELSUBSTRATEREVEALEDTHATNITROGENSPECIESWEREABSENTFROMTHEFIBRESURFACES,FIG1SINCETHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINCONTAINSNITROGENBASEDTRIAZINYLFUNCTIONALITIES,ITSNITROGEN“LABEL”COULDBEUTILISEDASANELEMENTALTAGTOESTABLISHTHEPRESENCEOFTHEAPPLIEDFINISHATTHEFIBRESURFACES,FIG2INATYPICALN1SXPSSPECTRUM,NITROGENBOUNDTOCARBONINPRIMARY,SECONDARYORTERTIARYAMINESORAMIDES,OCCURSATABEVALUEOF3990–4002EV16,17THEN1SSPECTRAOFUNWASHEDANDWASHED5TREATEDTENCELCLEARLYINDICATETHEOBVIOUSPRESENCEOFSURFACENITROGENSPECIESATAPPROXIMATELYABEVALUEOF3995EVWHICHMAYBEASSIGNEDTOTHEPRESENCEOFATRIAZINYLSYSTEMOFMCTΒCYCLODEXTRIN,FIGS3AND4NITROGENSPECIESLOCATEDINC3N3AROMATICRINGSYSTEMSWOULDTYPICALLYOCCURATBEVALUESAROUND3992AND3994EV18THEPRESENCEOFNITROGENONTHEFABRICSURFACEINDICATESSTRONGCOVALENTBONDINGBETWEENTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINANDTHECELLULOSICFIBRESURFACE,EVENAFTERFIVEWASHES32XPSANALYSISOFTENCELTREATEDWITHVARYINGLEVELSOFMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINTENCELFABRICSWERETREATEDWITHINCREASINGLEVELSOFTHEMCTΒCYCLODEXTRINDERIVATIVETODEMONSTRATETHEBUILDUPPROPERTIESOFTHEFINISHONTOTHESURFACEOFTHEFIBRETHETREATEDFABRICSWERETHENSUBJECTEDTOMULTIPLEISO105C06/C2SWASHCYCLESINORDERTOASSESSTHEDURABILITYOFTHESURFACEFINISHTHEATOMICNITROGENCONTENT,ASDETERMINEDBYXPS,WASUSEDASAMEASUREOFTHESURFACECONCENTRATIONOFTHEFINISHITISEVIDENTTHATTHEPERCENTAGEATOMIC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簡介：外文原文中文中文52405240字

簡介：1沈陽理工大學學士學位論文附錄A34

簡介：中文中文40354035字畢業(yè)設計論文外文資料翻譯學院學院系化工學院專業(yè)業(yè)化學工程與工藝姓名名學號號外文出處外文出處JOURNALOFSOLGELSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文。指導教師評語該同學翻譯忠于原文，語句比較連貫，意思基本表達清楚，是一篇合格的外文文獻譯文。簽名2013年3月15日用外文寫附件附件1外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文抗反射聚乙烯醇縮丁醛/二氧化硅混合物涂膜的制備與表征PVB防潮性與疏水性的效應摘要摘要本文旨在介紹一種以硅酸乙酯為前驅物，聚乙烯醇縮丁醛為改良劑，通過溶膠凝膠催化方法制得的一種新型的改性抗反射涂膜。而AR涂膜和二氧化硅溶膠通過傅里葉變換紅外吸收光譜、粒子尺寸分析、透射電子顯微鏡、可編程流變儀、紫外可見分光光度法、概率測量法、原子力顯微鏡以及接觸角測量法進行表征。實驗表明，加入4﹪的PVB會大大增加AR涂膜的防潮性。用4﹪的PVB改性的AR涂膜在BK7基片中的光透射率近乎100﹪。對于未改性的AR涂膜與4﹪PVB改性的AR涂膜其水的接觸角分別為51°和53°。也就是說，改性后的涂膜沒有明顯的疏水性。將改性后的涂膜暴露在潮濕的環(huán)境中，其透射率最大值幾乎不變，而未改性的涂膜在兩周內(nèi)其透射率從998﹪急劇下降到965﹪。PVB改性AR涂膜具有良好的防潮性的原因可能是AR涂膜表面的PVB的吸附作用。關鍵字關鍵字抗反射涂層聚乙烯醇縮丁醛防潮性疏水性1引言引言從1980年開始的制備有機無機復合材料開始，溶膠凝膠技術就引起了人們的廣泛興趣。由于它具有很多優(yōu)點，諸如良好的均勻性，低粗糙度，良好的沉積性，產(chǎn)量高，而且在膠片中還有良好的微結構可控制性，溶膠凝膠法在玻璃界已經(jīng)廣泛的用于制備抗反射涂膜（AR涂膜），比如機動車窗，太陽能電池，激光系統(tǒng)。對于AR涂膜，透射率是其最重要的性質之一。然而，對于傳統(tǒng)的純凈二氧化硅涂膜材料，由于其在潮濕環(huán)境下的吸水性，使其透射率大大降低。這個問題使得這些涂膜不能很好的應用到潮濕的環(huán)境中。通常，防潮性隨著涂膜表面的疏水基團的增加而增加。近年來，科研工作者對如何制備AR涂膜做了大量的研究。最有效的方式就是將有機分子或者聚合物支撐疏水基團作為改性劑嫁接到二氧化硅

簡介：中文中文5460字本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文翻本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文翻譯（2013屆）題目學生姓名學生姓名學號指導教師指導教師專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級所在學院所在學院化學工程與材料學院化學工程與材料學院提交日期提交日期2率密度。因此這對于發(fā)展電極提高電化學性能的改性方法是非常重要的。石墨氈電極的各種改性方法已經(jīng)在研究,其中包括金屬電鍍18、19,熱激活20和酸處理12、21、22。電化學氧化技術對于碳基材料的表面處理是一種有效的方法。這是因為它可以提供許多類型的表面含氧官能團和增加表面粗糙度與此同時,這技術的控制也相對簡單,可以在溫和條件下進行23。然而,全釩氧化液流電池的石墨氈電極的電化學氧化已經(jīng)很少報道。李等人只報道了,相對于未處理的石墨氈電極全釩氧化液流電池的活性已經(jīng)得到改良。在目前的文章中，VOVO??22/氧化還原反應中的經(jīng)過電化學氧化的石墨氈（被氧化的石墨氈）的激活正被詳細研究。被氧化的石墨氈的表面形態(tài)、潤濕性、表面含氧官能團和電化學性質在電化學氧化程度上呈現(xiàn)正常變化。這些結果有助于理解石墨氈的電化學氧化機理,這研究也為確定全釩氧化液流電池電極活化的最佳工藝參數(shù)提供了有用的理論指導。2．實驗實驗2121材料5毫米厚的聚丙烯腈基石墨氈樣本由上海七杰有限有限公司提供。994從沈陽的海中天精細化工廠購買，濃硫酸質量分OHVOSO424?數(shù)98來自廣州東香港化工廠。22樣品制備聚丙烯腈基石墨氈在電化學氧化前先切成15厘米15厘米大小,然后所有的樣品都用蒸餾水徹底清洗然后在70?C下48H烘干。石墨氈板作為陽極,石墨板作為陰極。電化學氧化在1M硫酸溶液中發(fā)生。石墨氈電極15厘米15厘米用作陽極是由在兩個聚氯乙烯板片之間壓一塊石墨氈做成,其中一個聚氯乙烯板片有10厘米10厘米的孔,石墨氈通過孔與電解液想通。另一邊的石墨氈與石墨片電流收集器連接。石墨氈樣品在100MACM?2的電流密度下對不同的氧化時段進行電氧化。發(fā)生氧化的石墨氈被拿出來用蒸餾水清洗干凈,然后在70?C下48H烘干。23特性

簡介：中文中文5760字出處出處WIJENBERGJHOJ,STEEGHM,AARNTSMP,ETALELECTRODEPOSITIONOFMIXEDCHROMIUMMETALCARBIDEOXIDECOATINGSFROMATRIVALENTCHROMIUMFORMATEELECTROLYTEWITHOUTABUFFERINGAGENTJELECTROCHIMICAACTA,2015,173819826無緩沖劑從三價鉻離子的甲酸鹽電解液中電沉積混合無緩沖劑從三價鉻離子的甲酸鹽電解液中電沉積混合的碳化鉻氧化物鍍層的碳化鉻氧化物鍍層摘要摘要在旋轉的氣缸電極上實現(xiàn)了無緩沖劑從三價鉻離子電解質中電沉積碳化鉻氧化物涂層并實現(xiàn)對質量流量的精確控制。在平衡條件下，在PH23的電解質溶液中，CRIII主要以CRHCOOH2O52的形式存在。電沉積的機理是通過對電流密度的控制，由于析氫反應PH升高，三價鉻配體離子快速逐步地去離子化。三種不同的制度可以根據(jù)相關的電流密度和質量流量定義。低電流密度時電極上沒有沉積，只是因為在電極上形成了可溶性的CRHCOOOHH2O4（制度1）。在一定的閾值電流密度下CRHCOOOH2H2O3沉積在電極上（制度2）。沉淀中的一部分三價鉻被還原為鉻金屬和甲酸溶液分解導致了鉻碳化物的形成。在制度2下沉淀物的組成和數(shù)量很大程度上依賴于電流密度、質量流量和電解時間。在高電流密度下，酸堿平衡進一步轉變?yōu)镃RHCOOOH3H2O2，在電極上形成組成主要為鉻氧化物的沉淀（制度3）。與制度2形成鮮明對比，制度3中沉淀的數(shù)量和組成隨著電流密度、質量流量和電解時間幾乎不變。
11簡介簡介鉻鍍層被廣泛應用于很多領域，包括包裝領域的鋼鐵鍍鉻（ECCS）。ECCS包括一個精確尺寸的低碳鋼，底層是非常薄的鉻金屬鍍層，頂層是鉻氧化物。ECCS在高速連續(xù)的鋼帶鍍層線上被連續(xù)生產(chǎn)，通過一個或更多的單元大約一米寬的足夠長的鋼帶被運輸?shù)姆浅？?。鋼帶的快速運動導致了大量的湍流，導致了高的傳質速率。高的質量遷移率允許了高電流密度的使用。通常，沉積過程在幾秒內(nèi)完成。ECCS從六價鉻電解質溶液中被生產(chǎn)，但今天六價鉻被認為是一種對環(huán)境有害的物質，有持續(xù)的安全問題。到2017年歐洲已經(jīng)立法禁止使用六價鉻。過去十年的研究吧焦點放在了三價鉻電解質溶液的發(fā)展，因為它是無毒的。從20世紀70年代中期，商業(yè)化三價鉻電鍍工藝就已經(jīng)被應用于裝飾性鍍層。這種電解質通常含有絡合劑（如甲酸鹽、醋酸、草酸、檸檬酸或甘氨酸）活化穩(wěn)的CRH2O63和PH緩沖液（通常為硼酸）防止水解反應和羥橋反應，這是因為氫的形成導致陰極附近的PH升高最小。MANDICH在鉻化學上發(fā)表了兩部分綜述給出了鉻復合離子的水解、羥橋化、聚合和氧橋化的更進一步的細節(jié)。宋等在旋轉圓盤電極上研究了甲酸和乙酸鹽作為絡合劑的三價鉻鍍液的鍍液組成、傳質和外加電位對鉻沉積的影響。這項研究結果表明，鉻電沉積過程提供，包括66的CROHSO4，258的NA2SO4和710的水分。添加KCL提高電解液的導電率，添加KBR阻止或抑制三價鉻在陽極氧化成六價鉻。通過加入硫酸把電解液的PH調(diào)節(jié)到23。通過使用恒溫浴加熱熱水循環(huán)的雙層玻璃容器使電解液的溫度恒定在50℃。23旋轉圓筒電極設置旋轉圓筒電極裝置使用，被設計為安裝三片的73MM的身體。基板材料的矩形毛坯被卷成一個圓筒形被焊接在SOUDRONICAFB1000罐體焊機。圓筒的高度為113MM。鋼筒的大的表面積（26DM2）有利于表面分析。鍍鉑鈦筒采用MAGNETO制作的特殊陽極BV帶有一個內(nèi)徑為100MM的反電極。鈦的厚度為2MM，鈦涂層的質量為50GM2。該陽極與鋼柱對稱。該陽極通過插入塑料物而部分分離。對主電流密度進行優(yōu)化，使氣缸的局部電流密度與施加在除了兩個邊的幾乎整個表面區(qū)域的電流密度完全相等。用埃爾西版61軟件包計算鋼筒主電流密度的分布。對于計算的主電流分布，兩個微分方程求解這一單元幾何形狀的幾何數(shù)值拉普拉斯方程（▽2Φ0）和歐姆定律（IK▽Φ），其中Φ是電壓V，I是電流密度AM2，K是電導率SM1。當陽極的活動高度為103MM時，鋼筒中心的實際電流密度與所施加的電流密度完全相等。圖一，鋼筒中心（X0）到邊緣（X05H）的主電流的分布。由于較高轉速時有渦旋產(chǎn)生，所以RCE設備的最高轉速為15RPS（轉/秒）相對應Ω0767S07。由于RCS的質量流量與轉速成正比，所以Ω07逐漸從1S07增加到6S07。24表面分析241XRF用X射線熒光光譜儀（XRF）測定鉻的總含量。該儀器具有帶有8個位置的樣品盤，可以測定直徑為40MM的圓形樣品。XRF測定的鋼基體的鉻信號值是修正后的。242XPS通過使用14866EV的ALKΑ單色射線將X射線光電子能譜（XPS）和深度剖面記錄在KRATOSAXISULTRA。測得的光斑大小為700ΜM300ΜM。使用4KEV

簡介：38中文中文29742974字出處出處SENSORSANDACTUATORSBCHEMICAL,2008,13113013051外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文具有高靈敏度的甲醛氣體傳感器的制備及其氣敏特性相對甲醛混有氧化鉻的氧化銦氣體傳感器特性已經(jīng)研究過了。間接加熱式氣體傳感器是用敏感材料進行制備的。最終的材料的狀態(tài)和傳感層的形態(tài)通過X射線衍射和掃描電子顯微鏡分別在焙燒前后觀察到其特點。操作溫度對傳感器響應的影響氧化鉻和氧化銦傳感器的氣體濃度特性的對比已經(jīng)研究過了。結果表明，在低操作溫度該傳感器對于甲醛具有良好的反應性能，使他們成為甲醛氣體檢測最有希望的候選材料。1介紹作為一個重要的工業(yè)化學品，甲醛被應用于制造業(yè)，建筑板，膠合板和漆這樣的材料。此外，它還是消費產(chǎn)品中一個中間添加物，如洗滌劑和肥皂。由于其殺菌性能也可用于藥理學和藥物中。然而，調(diào)查結果表明，因為它是揮發(fā)性有害化合物，所以甲醛會對人體造成許多損害。因此，需要一種有效的方法來監(jiān)測甲醛進而進行氣體環(huán)境測量與控制。制造氣體傳感器被認為是一個理想的監(jiān)測氣體的手段。我們目前的調(diào)查主要涉及與甲醛的檢測。雖然半導體金屬氧化物氣體傳感器提供了對有毒氣體或可燃性氣體的安全檢測，但是他們?nèi)匀挥幸欢ǖ木窒扌?，如靈敏度，選擇性，長期穩(wěn)定性等等。為了克服半導體金屬氧化物氣體傳感器的缺點，半導體金屬氧化物的制備與摻雜的研究已經(jīng)做過了。氧化銦是一個有希望的具有寬禁帶的半導體材料（370電子伏特），其電子濃度主要取決于計量缺陷的濃度（如氧空位）就像其他金屬氧化物半導體。就傳感機制來說，顆粒的大小，缺陷，表面與界面的性能和化學計量學直接影響了傳感器表面的氧化物種類的狀態(tài)和數(shù)量，最后影響了金屬氧化物傳感器的性能。因此，為了提高并改善氣體傳感性能（敏感性，選擇性，較好的熱穩(wěn)定性和較低的操作溫度），氧化銦通常用于納米結構形式或摻雜合適的貴金屬和金屬氧化物。作為一個單組分氧化物，由于其良好的靈敏度，氧化銦是一種很有前途的氧化性氣體檢測的候選者。因此，當其他金屬氧化物摻雜氧化銦，對于不同的氣體可調(diào)諧的氣體靈敏度也不同。他們已經(jīng)很好的研究了檢測大部分重要氣體的傳感器材料，如乙醇，一氧化碳，二氧化氮，和氫氣。然而，研究很少集中在甲醛傳感器的材料特性。在本次調(diào)查中，用固態(tài)合成技術制備氧化鎘和氧化銦的混合物，通過X射線衍射和掃描電鏡圖像來觀察其特點?；诨k和氧化銦的混合物的間接加熱的氣體傳感器就被制備好了。甲醛傳感器中混合物的特性也就確定了。40操作溫度對反應有重大影響。有趣的是，反應首先逐漸增加，然后隨著操作溫度的提高減少?？梢钥闯觯瑢τ诩兹怏w在低溫范圍內(nèi)，基于氧化鉻和氧化銦的傳感器具有優(yōu)異的氣敏特性。在95攝氏度它展出了對甲醛氣體最高的響應。較低的工作溫度在應用中是一個優(yōu)點。如圖4所示，響應的抵押–氧化銦基于傳感器的氧化鉻和氧化銦在95度操作時的響應展示了對氣體濃度的良好依賴性。該傳感器對酒精和汽油有著非常小的反應，但對于甲醛氣體有著較大響應。百萬分之十的甲醛氣體的反應超過了百萬之八十的甲醛氣體的響應。本反應是大大高于最近報道氧化鋅和氧化鉛，三氧化鎢和氧化鉛，鎳，和基于甲醛氣體的LA068PB032FEO3。這種氣體傳感器展現(xiàn)了對甲醛氣體的較大反應和對酒精與汽油的較高選擇性。這一結果表明，氧化鉻和氧化銦是一個良好的檢測甲醛氣體的氣敏材料，可用于監(jiān)測和控制甲醛氣體。一個良好的反應和快速響應、恢復時間可以用這種傳感器在最佳工作溫度95攝氏度下進行觀察。針對不同甲醛氣體濃度10–100PPM的器皿傳感器如圖5所示。作為一個高靈敏度的傳感器，它可以測量非常低濃度，甚至百萬分之一。隨著甲醛氣體濃度的增加輸出電壓的增加呈線性關系并且有較短的響應時間。響應時間和恢復時間（定義為達到最終平衡值90）為2分鐘，恢復時間為4分鐘。氣敏機理是基于氧化鉻和氧化銦材料的電導的變化。材料的表面對氧的吸收影響了氧化鉻和氧化銦傳感器的導電性。氧的吸附取決于顆粒大小，較大的材料面積，和合適的傳感器操作溫度。隨著空氣中溫度的增加，氧的狀態(tài)被吸附在氧化鉻和氧化銦材料的表面的氧的狀態(tài)在下面的反應中發(fā)生。氧從材料中捕獲電子，導致了空穴濃度的增加和電子濃度的減少。當傳感器接觸甲醛氣體時，被捕獲的電子以吸附狀態(tài)被釋放，導致傳感器電阻減小。因此，氧化鉻和氧化銦傳感器甲醛氣體的減少是敏感的。該傳感器具有良好的穩(wěn)定性（沒有顯示的數(shù)據(jù)）。穩(wěn)定性機制更為復雜和進一步的工作是得到了一一個明確的認識。4總結通過固態(tài)合成技術氧化鉻和氧化銦樣本的制備甲醛探測的傳感材料已被證明是可行的。制作好的傳感器顯示了很大程度的反應，高選擇性，快速反應，和在低操作溫度時良好的恢復性。實驗結果表明了混有氧化鉻的氧化銦氣體傳感器的材料潛力。鳴謝這項工作得到了中國國家自然科學基金會和中國云南省自然科學基金支持。

簡介：自組裝石墨烯碳納米管復合膜制備超級電容器1中文2890字出處出處THEJOURNALOFPHYSICALCHEMISTRYLETTERS,2009,12467470自組裝石墨烯碳納米管復合膜制備超級電容器DINGSHANYUANDLIMINGDAIDEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,CASEWESTERNRESERVEUNIVERSITY,CLEVELAND,OHIO44106摘要在PEI陽離子存在的條件下，通過還原剝離的氧化石墨制得穩(wěn)定的石墨烯片水溶液分散體系。得到的可溶于水的被PEI改進的石墨烯薄片與有氧酸多層碳納米管經(jīng)順序自組裝形成復合碳薄膜。這些合成膜被證實擁有明確界定的納米孔的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡碳結構，其被期待制成超級電容器，同時顯示接近矩形的伏安循環(huán)，即使在較高的掃描速率1V/S，平均比電為120F/G。關鍵詞納米顆粒和納米結構由于其獨特的電性能、機械性能和大的比表面積，具有二維2D碳納米結構的石墨烯納米薄膜（GNS）將成為一種新型的有前途的材料，在制動器、太陽能電池、場致發(fā)射裝置、場效應晶體管、超級電容器和電池方面有很大的應用前景。17把石墨烯薄膜作為儲能電極的合成膜成為特別有吸引力的選擇項目。8,9在這種情形下，在納米級別上通過控制合成膜的組成和結構來改進合成膜的性能非常關鍵。因此，使石墨烯薄膜具有可控加工的性能是重要的。近來，通過溶液的氧化還原把剝離的石墨轉變成氧化石墨烯GOS制得溶解狀態(tài)的GNS，10溶解狀態(tài)的GNS制成GN功能膜有多種溶液加工方法，如過濾，11溶劑蒸發(fā)成膜，12電泳沉積13和LANGMUIRBLODGETT沉積14。然而上面提到的大部分方法由于薄膜的結構性質難以控制，石墨烯團聚導致的表面積減小將影響其能量儲藏。因此，在儲能方面的應用，我們想用一維1D碳納米管CNTS物理分離二維石墨烯片保持石墨烯高的比表面積。自組裝石墨烯碳納米管復合膜制備超級電容器3圖1A數(shù)碼照片顯示出濃度為025毫克/毫升水性分散的還原氧化石墨烯溶液，在PEI存在下；B在PEIGN體系中分散的單層石墨烯的AFM圖；C剖面顯示厚度的PEIGN片狀。這些獲得的被PEI修飾的石墨烯可進一步利用拉曼光譜儀（圖S1A，支持信息）、傅里葉紅外光譜儀（圖S1B）和X射線光電能譜XPS分析，圖2是GO和被PEI修飾的石墨烯的XPS光譜。圖2A顯示的是PEIGN的XPS光譜，其N的峰與GO的XPS光譜相比，清晰的表明PEI鏈吸附在合成GNS上。正如預期的那樣，在圖2B中的GO的C1S光譜波峰在2881和2863EV，這是由于C＝O和CO鍵的影響。相比之下，PEIGN的C1光譜由于C＝O和CO官能團的存在會出現(xiàn)明顯的波峰降低圖2C。GO的表面氧基團預計達到311，但是在用混合有PEI的肼處理后氧含量降至89。結果表明在PEI和肼的還原下有大量的脫氧反應發(fā)生。這期間，在PEIGN中氧的百分數(shù)達到81，表明PEI鏈連接在石墨烯薄膜。此外，PEIGN的C1S和N1S的XPS光譜表明胺NH2NH3C1S在2878EV和N1S在3995EV和酰胺鍵NC＝O存在，24表明一些PEI鏈已經(jīng)經(jīng)由酰胺鍵的形成在石墨烯表面形成共價連接。圖2和GO和PEIGN的XPS光譜圖2A寬掃描光譜；BGO的XPSC1S光譜；CPEIGN的XPSC1S光譜；DPEIGN的XPSN1光譜。PEIGN表面上大量的NH2基團能夠得到質子（NH3）通過一定的PH調(diào)節(jié)，使

簡介：SURFACEANDCOATINGSTECHNOLOGY1482001171–17802578972/01/SEEFRONTMATTER?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS02578972?01013366ELECTRODEPOSITIONANDSLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEOFNICKELCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGMICRONANDSUBMICRONSICPARTICLESIGARCIA,JFRANSAER,JPCELISA,B,AAKATHOLIEKEUNIVERSITEITLEUVEN,DEPARTMENTMTM,KASTEELPARKARENBERG44,B3001LEUVEN,BELGIUMANATIONALCENTERFORMETALLURGICALRESEARCHCENIMCSIC,DEPARTMENTOFCORROSIONANDPROTECTION,AVGREGORIODELAMO8,28040MADRID,BSPAINRECEIVED1MARCH2001ACCEPTED21JUNE2001ABSTRACTSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZES,NAMELY5,07AND03MM,WERECODEPOSITEDWITHNICKELFROMWATTS’SOLUTIONSITWASFOUNDTHATFORAGIVENNUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESINTHEPLATINGSOLUTION,THENUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESINTHECOATINGINCREASESWITHDECREASINGPARTICLESIZETHEFRICTIONANDWEARBEHAVIOROFTHESECOMPOSITECOATINGSWASEVALUATEDINUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSAGAINSTCORUNDUMBALLSTHEBESTSLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEWASOBTAINEDWITHNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAINING4–5VOLSUBMICRONSICPARTICLES?2001ELSEVIERSCIENCEBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSELECTRODEPOSITIONCOMPOSITESWEARNICKELSIC1INTRODUCTIONELECTRODEPOSITEDCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONSISTOFAMETALORALLOYMATRIXCONTAININGADISPERSIONOFSECONDPHASEPARTICLESW1–3XTHESEPARTICLESCANBEHARDOXIDEORCARBIDEPARTICLES,SUCHASALO,SIC,TIO,WC,SIO2322ORDIAMOND,ASOLIDLUBRICANT,SUCHASPTFE,GRAPHITEORMOS,OREVENLIQUIDCONTAININGMICROCAPSULESW4XTO2IMPROVEWEARRESISTANCEANDYORTOREDUCEFRICTIONELECTROPLATEDCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGMICRONSIZEDPARTICLESAREUSEDASWEARRESISTANTCOATINGSW5–7X,EGNICKEL–SICINCARENGINESW1,8–10XWITHTHEINCREASINGAVAILABILITYOFNANOPARTICLES,THEREISAGROWINGINTERESTINTHEELECTROLYTICANDELECTROLESSCODEPOSITIONOFNANOPARTICLESW11XTHEMAJORCHALLENGESOFTHECODEPOSITIONOFNANOPARTICLESSEEMTOBETHECODEPOSITIONOFASUFFICIENTNUMBEROFPARTICLES,ANDAVOIDINGTHEAGGLOMERATIONOFPARTICLESSUSPENDEDINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONSCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTELQ3415538900FAXQ3415347425EMAILADDRESSIGARCIACENIMCSICESIGARCIAINTHISWORK,THEELECTROLYTICCODEPOSITIONOFMICRONANDSUBMICRONSICPARTICLESFROMNICKELWATTS’SOLUTIONS,ANDTHESLIDINGWEARRESISTANCEOFSUCHNICKELCOMPOSITECOATINGSAREINVESTIGATEDTHEEFFECTOFPARTICLESIZEANDNUMBEROFPARTICLESSUSPENDEDINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONONTHENUMBEROFCODEPOSITEDPARTICLESISREPORTEDTHECODEPOSITIONRESULTSANDAMODELBASEDONTHENUMBERDENSITYOFPARTICLESCODEPOSITEDAREDISCUSSEDTHEEFFECTOFPARTICLESIZEONTHECODEPOSITIONPROCESSOFMICRONANDSUBMICRONSIZEDNONBROWNIANPARTICLESISCLARIFIEDTHEEFFECTOFCODEPOSITEDSUBMICRONPARTICLESONTHEWEARRESISTANCEOFCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSISDISCUSSED2EXPERIMENTALTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONUSEDWASASTANDARDNICKELWATTS’SOLUTIONTHECOMPOSITIONOFTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONANDTHEPLATINGPARAMETERSAREGIVENINTABLE1SICPARTICLESWITHAMEANDIAMETEROF03BSC21C,PERFORMANCECERAMICS,JAPAN,07BS07,ELEKTROSCHMELZWERKKEMPTEN,GERMANYAND5MME110?4000,NORTON,NORWAYWEREUSEDALLPARTICLESWEREUSEDASRECEIVED173IGARCIAETAL/SURFACEANDCOATINGSTECHNOLOGY1482001171–178FIG2VOLUMETRICWEARFACTORUNDERUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGONCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSCONTAININGDIFFERENTVOLSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZESDATAFORPUREELECTROLYTICNICKELAREALSOGIVENEDNICKELREFERENCEFIG3VOLUMETRICWEARFACTORUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGONCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSCONTAININGDIFFERENTVOLSICPARTICLESOFTHREEDIFFERENTSIZESDATAFORPUREELECTROLYTICNICKELAREALSOGIVENEDNICKELREFERENCEPOSITIONISOBTAINEDWITH07MMPARTICLESQUITEUNEXPECTEDLYW13X,THE03MMSICPARTICLESCODEPOSITMORETHANTHE07MMPARTICLESAPOSSIBLEREASONCOULDBETHEDIFFERENCEINTHESURFACECONDITIONOFTHESESICPARTICLESOBTAINEDFROMDIFFERENTPRODUCERSANOTHERREASONCOULDBETHEAGGLOMERATIONOFTHE03MMPARTICLESINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONTHEWEARTRACKSONTHECOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSAFTERUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSHAVEABLACKAPPEARANCE,ANDSHOWSCRATCHESPARALLELTOTHEDIRECTIONOFMOTIONSUCHSCRATCHESARETYPICALFORABRASIVEWEARFORALLNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSTESTED,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISAPPROXIMATELY05DURINGTHEFIRSTFEWSLIDINGCYCLESAFTERTHERUNNINGINPHASE,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONOFNICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING07OR03MMSICPARTICLESISAPPROXIMATELY029THATCOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISLOWERTHANTHEVALUEOF034OBSERVEDONNICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING5MMSICPARTICLESATACOMPARABLEVOLUMEPERCENTOFCODEPOSITEDPARTICLESONTHEOTHERHAND,FOREACHSICPARTICLESIZEINVESTIGATED,THECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONINCREASESWITHINCREASINGVOLUMEPERCENTOFSICPARTICLESINTHECOATINGS,FROMAPPROXIMATELY034TO047INTHECASEOF5MMSICPARTICLES,ANDFROM028TO030INTHECASEOF07MMPARTICLESTHEWEARLOSSONNI–SICCOMPOSITECOATINGSCONTAININGSICPARTICLESOFDIFFERENTSIZES,AFTERSLIDINGAGAINSTCORUNDUMBALLSINUNIANDBIDIRECTIONALWEARTESTS,ISSHOWNINFIGS2AND3,RESPECTIVELYTHEVOLUMETRICWEARLOSSONPURENICKELCOATINGSANDCOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSINUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGWEARTESTSISAPPROXIMATELYTWOORDERSOFMAGNITUDELOWERTHANTHATNOTEDINBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSTHISISCONSISTENTWITHSLIDINGWEARDATAOBTAINEDONHARDCERAMICCOATINGS,SUCHASTIN,SHOWINGAMUCHLOWERWEARRATEUNDERUNITHANUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTCONDITIONSW14XHOWEVER,UNDERUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDING,COMPOSITENICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING5MMSICPARTICLESEXHIBITALOWERWEARRESISTANCEWITHINCREASINGAMOUNTSOFSICTHANPURENICKELCOATINGSREFERREDTOASEDNICKELREFERENCEINFIG2ONTHECONTRARY,COMPOSITENICKELCOATINGSCONTAINING03OR07MMSICPARTICLESWEARLESSINUNIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGWEARTESTSTHANPURENICKEL,ANDTHEBESTRESULTSAREOBTAINEDWITHAPPROXIMATELY4VOLOF07MMSICPARTICLESUNDERBIDIRECTIONALSLIDING,THEVOLUMETRICWEARLOSSONALLTHECOMPOSITENI–SICCOATINGSTESTEDISLOWERTHANTHEWEARMEASUREDONPURENICKELCOATINGSELECTRODEPOSITEDUNDERSIMILARPLATINGCONDITIONSFIG2THELOWESTVOLUMETRICWEARLOSSINBIDIRECTIONALSLIDINGTESTSISREACHED

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簡介：STUDIESONELECTROLESSNICKEL–PTFECOMPOSITECOATINGSKNSRINIVASANANDSJOHNELECTROLESSDEPOSITIONOFNICKELBASEDCOMPOSITESPRODUCESOUTSTANDINGTRIBIOLOGICALBEHAVIOURTHESECOMPOSITECOATINGSAREFORMEDBYADDITIONTOTHEELECTROLESSNICKELSOLUTIONOFTHEMATERIALTOBECODEPOSITED,INPOWDERFORM,ANDBYMAINTAININGITINSUSPENSIONDURINGTHEDEPOSITIONPROCESSSOTHATITISINCORPORATEDINTOTHEDEPOSITTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDHARDDISPERSEDCOMPOUNDSARESIC,DIAMONDPOWDER,ALUMINA,TIC,BN,CHROMIUMCARBIDEORWCRECENTLY,ELECTROLESSNICKELCONTAININGPTFEASACOMPOSITEMATERIALHASBEENUSEDBECAUSEITISUNIFORM,HIGHLYADHERENT,HARDWEARING,DRYLUBRICATING,NONGALLING,HASALOWERCOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONANDGOODCORROSIONRESISTANCEPROPERTIESTHEPRESENTPAPERSTUDIESTHEEFFECTOFPTFEINANELECTROLESSNI–ACIDBATHONTHERATEOFDEPOSITION,INCORPORATIONOFPTFEANDPHOSPHOROUSCONTENTINTHEDEPOSIT,WEARANDCORROSIONRESISTANCEKEYWORDSELECTROLESSCOMPOSITES,CHEMICALDEPOSITION,NICKEL–PHOSPHOROUS–PTFECOMPOSITES,COMPOSITECOATINGINTRODUCTIONANELECTRODEPOSITEDCOMPOSITEPLATINGISAUNIFORMDISPERSIONOFSMALLDISCRETEPARTICULATEMATTERDELIBERATELYCODEPOSITEDWITHINAMETALLICCOATING1–3ELECTROLESSNICKELPHOSPHOROUSCOATINGSHAVEMANYPROPERTIESTHATARESUPERIORTOTHOSEOFELECTRODEPOSITEDNICKEL4BECAUSEOFTHEPHOSPHOROUSCONTENT,ELECTROLESSNICKELISHARDERANDHASBETTERCORROSIONRESISTANCE5ELECTROLESSNICKELCOMPOSITESCOMBINETHEUNIQUEPROPERTIESOFCONVENTIONALELECTROLESSNICKELDEPOSITSSUCHASUNIFORMITYOFDEPOSITIONOVERCOMPLEXGEOMETRIES,HIGHHARDNESSANDGOODCORROSIONRESISTANCEWITHTHATOFABRASIVEMATERIALSPOSSESSINGHIGHTEMPERATURERESISTANCEANDOTHERTRIBIOLOGICALPROPERTIESITISINTERESTINGTONOTETHATINELECTROLESSDEPOSITIONITISPOSSIBLETOACHIEVEAHIGHPERCENTAGEOFINCORPORATIONEVENATLOWCONCENTRATIONSOFPARTICLESINTHEBATH,INCONTRASTTOELECTROPLATING,WHEREALARGECONCENTRATIONOFPARTICLESMUSTBEPRESENTTOGETAHIGHPERCENTAGEOFINCORPORATIONINRECENTYEARS,COMPOSITEMATERIALSHAVEGAINEDIMPORTANCEINENGINEERINGINDUSTRIES,ESPECIALLYFORHIGHTECHNOLOGYAPPLICATIONSSUCHASAEROENGINES,MODERNGASTURBINEENGINES,AUTOMOBILES,ETC6INELECTROLESSCOMPOSITES,THEMATRIXISNOTPURENICKEL,BUTITCANBEEITHERNI–PORNI–B,DEPENDINGUPONTHENATUREOFTHEREDUCINGAGENTSUSEDINTHEBATHTHEMOSTCOMMONLYUSEDHARDDISPERSEDCOMPOUNDSARESIC,DIAMONDPOWDER,ALUMINA,TIC,BNANDWC1–9THELATESTDEVELOPMENTINELECTROLESSCODEPOSITIONISTHEINCORPORATIONOFPOLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENEPTFEWITHNICKELPTFEPARTICLESAREADDEDTOTHESOLUTIONINTHEFORMOFAWATERDISPERSION10,11THEPROPERTIESOFELECTROLESSNI–PTFECOATINGSSUCHASWEARRESISTANCE,CORROSIONRESISTANCE,FRICTIONCOEFFICIENT,MICROHARDNESSANDALLOTHERPROPERTIESAREEXCELLENT12–18THEPRODUCTION,PROPERTIESANDAPPLICATIONSOFCOMPOSITEELECTROLESSNI/PTFECOATINGSAREGOOD19,20UNIFORMDISPERSIBILITYOFPTFEPARTICLESISOBTAINEDINELECTROLESSNICKELCOMPOSITEPLATING21,22DUNCAN13DEPOSITEDCOATINGSWHICHCONTAIN10–30VOL,03–04MMDIAMETERPARTICLESOFPTFEWITH5–10WTPTHECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONISTYPICALLY01–02FORNONLUBRICATEDCONDITIONSITWASALSOFOUNDFROMMICROHARDNESSTESTSANDWEARTESTSTHATTHEHARDNESSOFCOMPOSITECOATINGSWITH14–16PTFEWASTYPICALLY250–400HV,WHILETHEHARDNESSOFTHOSEWITH26PTFEHADONLY275HVAFTERHEATTREATMENTAT300UCHARDNESSVALUESWEREINCREASEDTO625–700HVAND400HV,RESPECTIVELYHADLEYANDHARLAND17DESCRIBEDACOATINGCONTAININGUPTO25WTPTFEUNIFORMLYDISTRIBUTEDINCHEMICALNI–PCONTAINING846NI–7P–84PTFEWTANDWITHASPECIFICGRAVITY65THEYALSOFOUNDTHATHARDNESSDEPENDSONHEATTREATMENTNISHIRAETAL23FOUNDTHATSUSPENSIONOFPTFEPARTICLESINANELECTROLESSNI–PBATHWASAFFECTEDBYNONIONICANDCATIONICSURFACTANTSMATSUDAETAL24FOUNDTHATPTFEPARTICLESWERECODEPOSITEDINELECTROLESSNI–PPLATEDFILMTHISCODEPOSITIONDEPENDSONSURFACTANTTYPE,IEZETAPOTENTIALOFPARTICLESURFACEINTHEPLATINGSOLUTIONANDCONTENTOFPARTICLESINFILMSPTFEHASBEENUSEDASAVERSATILEMATERIALTOPROTECTPARTSFROMCORROSIONANDWEAR25DANIELSANDHARME26FOUNDTHATTHENI–PTFECOATINGINCREASESSERVICELIFEANDPRODUCTQUALITYINPLASTICMANUFACTURE26ZHENGSHANETAL27REPORTEDTHEMORPHOLOGYANDSTRUCTUREOFNI–P–PTFECOATINGSTHISIMPARTSCONSIDERABLENONGALLING,DRYLUBRICANTPROPERTIESTOTHECENTRALELECTROCHEMICALRESEARCHINSTITUTE,KARAIKUDI–630006,TAMILNADU,INDIACORRESPONDINGAUTHOR,EMAILK_N_SRINIVASANYAHOOCOM?2005INSTITUTEOFMATERIALS,MINERALSANDMININGPUBLISHEDBYMANEYONBEHALFOFTHEINSTITUTERECEIVED13SEPTEMBER2004ACCEPTED8NOVEMBER2004156SURFACEENGINEERING2005VOL21NO2DOI101179/174329405X40902DETERMINATIONOFHARDNESSTHECLEANEDMILDSTEELPANELSWEREPLATEDWITHEN/PTFEANDTHEHARDNESSWASMEASUREDUSINGTHEVICKER’SHARDNESSMETHODTHEDIAGONALOFTHEDIAMONDSHAPEDINDENTATIONMADEBYAPPLYINGAKNOWNLOADTHROUGHADIAMONDINDENTORFORADEFINITETIMEWASMEASUREDUSINGAMICROSCOPEFITTEDWITHACALIBRATOREYEPIECETHEVICKER’SHARDNESSWASCALCULATEDFROMTHELENGTHOFTHEDIAGONALDETERMINATIONOFABRASIONRESISTANCEUSINGTABERABRASERTHEEN/PTFEPLATEDSPECIMENWASWEIGHED,THENPLACEDUNDERAPAIROFWEIGHTEDABRADINGWHEELSEACH500GOFCLOSELYCONTROLLEDCOMPOSITIONINSUCHAMANNERASTOCAUSESIDESLIPBETWEENTHEABRADINGWHEELSANDTHESURFACEOFTHETESTSPECIMENTHEWHEELSROTATEDONTHESPECIMENFOR1000REVOLUTIONS,AFTERWHICHTHEPANELWASWEIGHEDAGAINTHEDIFFERENCEINWEIGHTSWASTHEWEARINDEXTABERINDEXORRATEOFWEARTHEEXPERIMENTSWEREREPEATEDTWICE,ANDTHEAVERAGEVALUEWASTAKENTHESAMEEXPERIMENTWASCARRIEDOUTUSINGASPECIMENWHICHWASPLATEDWITHELECTROLESSNICKELONLY,ANDTHEABRASIONRESISTANCEPROPERTIESOFBOTHTHESPECIMENS,WITHANDWITHOUTPTFE,WERECOMPAREDEFFECTOFHEATTREATMENTONHARDNESSTWOSIMILARPANELSWERETAKENONEWASPLATEDWITHNICKELALONEANDTHEOTHERWITHNICKEL/PTFECOMPOSITEBOTHWEREHEATTREATEDAT400UCFOR1HANDTHENTESTEDFORABRASIONRESISTANCEUSINGTHETABERABRASERANALYSISOFNICKELANDPHOSPHOROUSINDEPOSITSTAINLESSSTEELPANELSWEREDEPOSITEDWITHEN/PTFEDEPOSITINVARIOUSCONDITIONSTHEPANELWASETCHEDINCONCENTRATEDHYDROCHLORICACIDFOR1–2MINANDACTIVATEDINPALLADIUMCHLORIDESOLUTIONTHENITWASPLATEDWITHEN/PTFECOMPOSITETHEDEPOSITWASREMOVEDFROMTHEPANEL,WEIGHED,DISSOLVEDIN20MLOF40NITRICACIDANDINCREASEDTO100MLINASTANDARDMEASURINGFLASKNICKELCONTENTINTHESOLUTIONWASANALYSEDVOLUMETRICALLYBYTHEEDTAMETHODANDPHOSPHOROUSBYTHEAMMONIUMPHOSPHOMOLYBDATEMETHODCORROSIONMEASUREMENTSBYPOTENTIOSTATICPOLARISATIONTWOMILDSTEELSAMPLESWERECUTTO75615MM,MECHANICALLYPOLISHED,DEGREASEDWITHTRICHLOROETHYLENEANDETCHEDIN20SULPHURICACIDAT60UCOR2MINONESPECIMENPLATEDWITHNICKELALONEANDTHEOTHERWITHEN/PTFECOMPOSITEFOR2HAT90UCANDPH55POLARISATIONMEASUREMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTPOTENTIOSTATICALLYBYEXPOSINGA1CM2AREAOFEACHPLATEDSPECIMENBOTHWITHANDWITHOUTPTFEUSINGAPOTENTIOSTATPLATINUMWASUSEDASANAUXILLIARYELECTRODEANDASATURATEDCALOMELELECTRODEASTHEREFERENCEELECTRODETHEELECTROLYTEUSEDINTHESTUDYWAS3SODIUMCHLORIDEBOTHANODICANDCATHODICPOLARISATIONSWERECARRIEDOUTAGRAPHWASDRAWNWITHCURRENTDENSITYAGAINSTPOTENTIALUSINGTHETAFELEXTRAPOLATIONMETHOD,THECORROSIONCURRENTANDCORROSIONPOTENTIALSWEREDETERMINEDTHECORROSIONRATEINMILLILITRESPERYEARWASCALCULATEDRESULTSANDDISCUSSIONSEFFECTOFTEMPERATURETHEEFFECTOFTEMPERATUREONTHERATEOFDEPOSITIONISSHOWNINTABLE1THERATEOFDEPOSITIONINCREASESWITHTEMPERATUREANINCREASEINSOLUTIONTEMPERATUREINCREASESTHEFLOWOFTHESOLUTIONTOWARDSTHEELECTRODEBYCONVECTIONBECAUSETHEELECTROLESSPLATINGOFMETALSINVARIABLYINVOLVESAREACTIONPROCEEDINGATARATELIMITEDBYDIFFUSION,INCREASINGTHETEMPERATUREOFTHESOLUTIONFAVOURSMORENICKELIONMOVEMENTTOWARDSTHEELECTRODES,WHICHLEADSTOAHIGHRATEOFDEPOSITIONTHEVOLUMEPERCENTAGEOFPTFECODEPOSITEDWASALSOFOUNDTOINCREASEWITHRISINGTEMPERATUREEFFECTOFDEPOSITIONTIMETABLE2SHOWSTHECHANGEINTHICKNESSOFTHEDEPOSITWITHINCREASEINDEPOSITIONTIMEITWASFOUNDTHAT,ASTHEDEPOSITIONTIMEINCREASES,THETHICKNESSOFTHEDEPOSITALSOINCREASESEFFECTOFCONCENTRATIONOFPTFEINBATHTHEPTFECONTENTINTHEBATHWASVARIEDFROM5GL–1TO20GL–1,ANDTHENICKELANDPHOSPHOROUSCONTENTINTHEDEPOSITSWASANALYSEDTHEANALYSISSHOWEDTHATTHEHYPOPHOSPHITEADDEDTOREDUCENI2ZPRODUCEDAPHOSPHOROUSCONTENTOF8THEAMOUNTOFNICKELINTHEDEPOSITWASFOUNDTODECREASEASTHEPTFECONCENTRATIONINCREASEDTHISCONFIRMSTHATTHEREISANINCREASEINTHEVOLUMEPERCENTAGEOFPTFEWITHANINCREASEINITSCONCENTRATIONTHEVOLUMEPERCENTAGEOFPTFEATTAINEDACONSTANTVALUEFROM15GL–1ONWARDSTHEEFFECTOFCONCENTRATIONOFPTFEISGIVENINTABLE3TABLE1INFLUENCEOFTEMPERATUREOFBATHONRATEOFDEPOSITIONATPH55TEMPERATURE,UCRATEOFDEPOSITION,MMH–160377050808090105TABLE3EFFECTOFCONCENTRATIONOFPTFEINBATHCONCENTRATIONOFPTFE,GL–1PTFEINEN/PTFEDEPOSIT,VOL5180720892261124013248152491725019250TABLE2EFFECTOFPLATINGTIMEONTHICKNESSOFDEPOSITATBATHTEMPERATURE90UCANDPH55THICKNESSOFDEPOSIT,MMTIMEOFDEPOSITION,H10511792259330845381SRINIVASANANDJOHNELECTROLESSNICKEL–PTFECOMPOSITECOATINGS158SURFACEENGINEERING2005VOL21NO2

簡介：ELECTRODEPOSITIONOFMIXEDCHROMIUMMETALCARBIDEOXIDECOATINGSFROMATRIVALENTCHROMIUMFORMATEELECTROLYTEWITHOUTABUFFERINGAGENTJHOJWIJENBERGA,,MSTEEGHA,MPAARNTSA,KRLAMMERSA,JMCMOLBATATASTEEL,RESEARCHDEVELOPMENT,IJMUIDENTECHNOLOGYCENTRE,POBOX10000,1970CA,IJMUIDEN,THENETHERLANDSBDELFTUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,DEPARTMENTOFMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,MEKELWEG2,2628CDDELFT,THENETHERLANDSARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED19MARCH2015RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM20MAY2015ACCEPTED21MAY2015AVAILABLEONLINE23MAY2015KEYWORDSELECTRODEPOSITIONTRIVALENTCHROMIUMELECTROLYTICCHROMIUMCOATEDSTEELCURRENTDENSITYMASSFLUXABSTRACTTHEELECTRODEPOSITIONOFMIXEDCHROMIUMMETALCARBIDEOXIDECOATINGSONLOWCARBONMILDSTEELFROMATRIVALENTCHROMIUMFORMATEELECTROLYTEWITHOUTABUFFERINGAGENTISINVESTIGATEDATAROTATINGCYLINDERELECTRODEENABLINGPRECISECONTROLOFTHEMASSFLUXATEQUILIBRIUMCONDITIONS,IEINTHEBULKOFTHEELECTROLYTEWITHPH23,CRIIIMAINLYEXISTSINTHEFORMOFCRHCOOH2O52ADEPOSITIONMECHANISMISPROPOSEDBASEDONAFAST,STEPWISEDEPROTONATIONOFTHEWATERLIGANDSINTHECRIIICOMPLEXIONINDUCEDBYASURFACEPHINCREASEDUETOTHEHYDROGENEVOLUTIONREACTION,WHICHISCONTROLLEDVIATHEAPPLIEDCURRENTDENSITYTHREEDIFFERENTREGIMESCANBEDEFINEDRELATEDTOTHECURRENTDENSITYANDMASSFLUXATLOWCURRENTDENSITIESNODEPOSITISFORMEDONTHEELECTRODE,BECAUSESOLUBLECRHCOOOHH2O4ISFORMEDATTHEELECTRODEREGIMEIABOVEACERTAINTHRESHOLDVALUEOFTHECURRENTDENSITYCRHCOOOH2H2O3ISDEPOSITEDONTHEELECTRODEREGIMEIIAPARTOFTHECRIIIOFTHEDEPOSITISREDUCEDTOCRMETALANDFORMATEISBROKENDOWNLEADINGTOTHEFORMATIONOFCRCARBIDETHEAMOUNTANDCOMPOSITIONOFTHEDEPOSITINREGIMEIISTRONGLYDEPENDONTHEAPPLIEDCURRENTDENSITY,MASSFLUXANDELECTROLYSISTIMEATHIGHCURRENTDENSITIES,AFURTHERSHIFTOFTHEACIDBASEEQUILIBRIUMTOCRHCOOOH3H2O2?RESULTSINADEPOSITONTHEELECTRODETHATISMAINLYCOMPOSEDOFCROXIDEREGIMEIIIINSTARKCONTRASTTOREGIMEII,THEAMOUNTANDCOMPOSITIONOFTHEDEPOSITINREGIMEIIIAREALMOSTINVARIANTOFTHEAPPLIEDCURRENTDENSITY,MASSFLUXANDELECTROLYSISTIME?2015ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONCHROMIUMCOATINGSAREWIDELYUSEDFORMANYDIFFERENTAPPLICATIONS,INCLUDINGELECTROLYTICCHROMIUMCOATEDSTEELECCSFORPACKAGINGAPPLICATIONS1–3ECCSCONSISTSOFATHINGAUGELOWCARBONSTEELSUBSTRATEWITHAVERYTHINCOATINGCOMPRISINGABASELAYEROFCHROMIUMMETAL50–150MGM2ANDATOPLAYEROFCHROMIUMOXIDE7–35MGM2ECCSISPRODUCEDINHIGHSPEEDCONTINUOUSSTEELSTRIPPLATINGLINES,INWHICHANENDLESSSTEELSTRIPOFABOUT1MWIDEISTRANSPORTEDVERYFASTTYPICALLY5MS?1THROUGHONEORMOREPLATINGCELLSTHEFASTMOVEMENTOFTHESTEELSTRIPINDUCESALOTOFTURBULENCERESULTINGINAHIGHMASSTRANSFERRATEOFTHEELECTROACTIVESPECIESAHIGHMASSTRANSFERRATEALLOWSTHEAPPLICATIONOFVERYHIGHCURRENTDENSITIESTYPICALLY,THEDEPOSITIONPROCESSISALREADYCOMPLETEDWITHINAFEWSECONDSECCSISPRODUCEDFROMHEXAVALENTCHROMIUMELECTROLYTESBUTCRVIISNOWADAYSCONSIDEREDAHAZARDOUSSUBSTANCETHATISHARMFULTOTHEENVIRONMENTANDCONSTITUTESARISKINTERMSOFWORKERSAFETYTHEUSEOFCRVIWILLBERESTRICTEDWITHINEUROPEIN2017DUETOREACHLEGISLATION4RESEARCHINTHEPASTDECADESHASFOCUSSEDONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTRIVALENTCHROMIUMELECTROLYTESSINCECRIIICOMPOUNDSARENOTTOXIC5–19COMMERCIALCRIIIPLATINGPROCESSESFORAPPLYINGDECORATIVECOATINGSHAVEALREADYBEENINUSESINCETHEMID1970S5SUCHELECTROLYTESTYPICALLYCONTAINACOMPLEXINGAGENTEGFORMATE,ACETATE,OXALATE,CITRATEORGLYCINEFORDESTABILISINGTHEVERYSTABLECRDH2OT3T6COMPLEXANDAPHBUFFERUSUALLYBORICACIDFORPREVENTINGHYDROLYSISANDOLATIONREACTIONSBYMINIMISINGTHEPHINCREASENEARTHECATHODEASARESULTOFHYDROGENFORMATION6–8FURTHERDETAILSOFTHEHYDROLYSIS,OLATION,POLYMERISATIONANDCORRESPONDINGAUTHORATTATASTEEL,RESEARCHDEVELOPMENT,IJMUIDENTECHNOLOGYCENTRE,POBOX10000,1970CAIJMUIDEN,THENETHERLANDSTEL310251498714EMAILADDRESSJACQUESWIJENBERGTATASTEELCOMJHOJWIJENBERGHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JELECTACTA20150512100134686/?2015ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDELECTROCHIMICAACTA1732015819–826CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTELECTROCHIMICAACTAJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ELECTACTATOACYLINDRICALSHAPEANDWELDEDONASOUDRONICAFB1000CANBODYWELDERTHEHEIGHTOFTHECYLINDERSWAS113MMTHELARGESURFACEAREAOFTHESTEELCYLINDERS26DM2FACILITATESSURFACEANALYSISAPLATINISEDTICYLINDERCUSTOMMADEBYMAGNETOSPECIALANODESBVWITHANINNERDIAMETEROF100MMSERVEDASCOUNTERELECTRODETHETHICKNESSOFTHETITANIUMIS2MMANDTHEPLATINUMCOATINGWEIGHTIS50GM?2THEANODEWASSYMMETRICALLYPOSITIONEDWITHRESPECTTOTHESTEELCYLINDERTHEANODEWASPARTIALLYISOLATEDBYMEANSOFAPLASTICINSERTTHEPRIMARYCURRENTDENSITYWASOPTIMISEDSUCHTHATTHELOCALCURRENTDENSITYOVERTHECYLINDERISEXACTLYEQUALTOTHEAPPLIEDCURRENTDENSITYFORALMOSTITSENTIRESURFACEAREAEXCEPTFORBOTHEDGESTHEPRIMARYCURRENTDISTRIBUTIONOVERTHESTEELCYLINDERWASCALCULATEDWITHTHESOFTWAREPACKAGEELSYVERSION61FORCALCULATINGTHEPRIMARYCURRENTDISTRIBUTION,TWODIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSWERESOLVEDNUMERICALLYFORTHISCELLGEOMETRYTHELAPLACEEQUATIONR2F?0ANDOHMSLAWI??KRF,WHEREFISTHEPOTENTIALV,ITHECURRENTDENSITYAM?2ANDKTHEELECTROLYTECONDUCTIVITYSM?1THEACTUALCURRENTDENSITYATTHECENTREOFTHESTEELCYLINDERISEXACTLYEQUALTOTHEAPPLIEDCURRENTDENSITYWHENTHEACTIVEHEIGHTOFTHEANODEIS103MMINFIG1,THEPRIMARYCURRENTDISTRIBUTIONOVERTHESTEELCYLINDERISSHOWNFROMITSCENTREX0TOITSEDGESX05HTHEMAXIMUMROTATIONALSPEEDVOFTHERCEDEVICEISABOUT15RPSR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簡介：SHORTCOMMUNICATIONDOI101002/EJOC201301248OXIDATIVEC–SECOUPLINGOFFORMAMIDESANDDISELENIDESBYUSINGAQUEOUSTERTBUTYLHYDROPEROXIDEACONVENIENTSYNTHESISOFSELENOCARBAMATESPUSHPINDERSINGH,AAANCHALBATRA,APARAMJITSINGH,AAMARJITKAUR,AANDKAMALNAINSINGHAKEYWORDSOXIDATION/COUPLINGREACTIONS/REACTIONMECHANISMS/SELENIUM/C–HACTIVATIONANOXIDATIVECOUPLINGREACTIONBETWEENFORMAMIDESANDDISELENIDESUNDERMETALFREECONDITIONSISDESCRIBEDTHEC–SEBONDFORMATIONOCCURREDEXCLUSIVELYATTHECARBONYLINTRODUCTIONDIRECTC–HFUNCTIONALIZATIONOFHETEROATOMCONTAININGCOMPOUNDSBYCROSSDEHYDROGENATIVECOUPLINGCDCISONEOFTHEMOSTEFFICIENTROUTESFORC–CBONDFORMATIONANDHASBEENUSEDFORTHESYNTHESISOFVERSATILEBUILDINGBLOCKSANDBIOLOGICALLYACTIVENATURALPRODUCTS1THEADVANTAGEOFUSINGNONFUNCTIONALIZEDSUBSTRATESMAKESTHISPROCEDUREMOREEFFECTIVEWITHWIDERAPPLICABILITY2INTHERECENTPAST,SEVERALEFFICIENTMETHODSFORC–HACTIVATIONΑTONITROGENANDOXYGENATOMSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDUNDERBOTHTRANSITIONMETALEG,CU,FEANDRUCATALYSEDANDMETALFREECONDITIONS3,4MANYREPORTSALSODESCRIBETHEFORMATIONOFC–N,C–P,C–OANDC–SBONDSBYUSINGCDCPROCEDURES5HOWEVER,C–SEBONDFORMATIONBYDIRECTC–HSELENYLATIONHASRECEIVEDVERYLITTLEATTENTIONANDISLIMITEDTOMETALCATALYSEDREACTIONSOFELECTRONRICHARENEORINDOLEC–HBONDSWITHDIARYLSELENIDES6OTHERMETALCATALYSEDREACTIONSOFDISELENIDES,SELENOLSORSELENOHALIDESWITHSUBSTRATESSUCHASALKYLHALIDES,ALKYNES,ORGANOBORANESANDORGANOSILANESHAVEALSOBEENEXPLOREDINTHESYNTHESISOFORGANOSELENIDESOFBIOLOGICALANDPHARMACEUTICALIMPORTANCEANDWITHAPPLICATIONSINMATERIALSSCIENCE7HOWEVER,THEMETALCATALYSEDREACTIONSAREGENERALLYACCOMPANIEDBYTOXICMETALIMPURITIESALONGWITHPHARMACEUTICALLYIMPORTANTFINALPRODUCTS8A–8CANDTHEMECHANISTICPATHWAYSAREUSUALLYCOMPLICATED8DTHUS,FROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFDEVELOPINGANEFFICIENTANDGREENERMETHODOLOGYBYUSINGSIMPLEREACTIONCONDITIONS,AMETALFREEAPPROACHTODIRECTC–SEBONDFORMATIONWOULDBEANATTRACTIVESTRATEGYADEPARTMENTOFCHEMISTRYANDCENTREOFADVANCEDSTUDIESINCHEMISTRY,PANJABUNIVERSITY,CHANDIGARH160014,INDIAEMAILKNSPUACINHTTP//CHEMISTRYPUCHDACIN/SUPPORTINGINFORMATIONFORTHISARTICLEISAVAILABLEONTHEWWWUNDERHTTP//DXDOIORG/101002/EJOC201301248?2013WILEYVCHVERLAGGMBHCOKGAA,WEINHEIMEURJORGCHEM2013,7688–76927688CARBONBYUSINGAQUEOUSTERTBUTYLHYDROPEROXIDEAND4?MOLECULARSIEVESANDTHECOUPLEDPRODUCTS,SELENOCARBAMATES,WEREOBTAINEDINMODERATETOGOODYIELDSSELENOCARBAMATES,AGROUPOFORGANOSELENIUMCOMPOUNDS,ACTASPRECURSORSFORΑALKYLIDENEΒ/ΔLACTAMSEXHIBITINGANTIBIOTICPROPERTIES9THEANTIVIRALEFFECTSOFCOMPOUNDSCONTAININGTHISFRAMEWORKHAVEALSOBEENSTUDIED10NSUBSTITUTEDSEPHENYLSELENOCARBAMATESAREUSEFULPRECURSORSFORTHEGENERATIONOFCARBAMOYLRADICALSANDOTHERSYNTHETICTRANSFORMATIONS11SELENOCARBAMATESCANBEUSEDASPROTECTEDSELENOLSANDSMOOTHLYDEPROTECTEDUNDERALKALINECONDITIONS12TRADITIONALLY,SELENOCARBAMATESHAVEBEENPREPAREDFROMAROMATICISOCYANATESANDHALOALKANESBYUSINGLIALHSEHASASELENATINGAGENT12BORFROMARYLHALIDESBYLITHIUM/HALOGENEXCHANGEFOLLOWEDBYSELENIUMMETALINSERTIONANDQUENCHINGWITHN,NDIALKYLCARBAMOYLCHLORIDE12B,12CDIMETHYLFORMAMIDEISNORMALLYUSEDASASOLVENT,13BUTISALSOCONSIDEREDASASOURCEOFCO,ME2N,ME2NCOANDOXYGEN14HOWEVER,THEDIRECTC–HACTIVATIONOFFORMAMIDESHASALSOBEENREPORTED15–18INTHESEOXIDATIVEREACTIONS,HYDROGENABSTRACTIONCANOCCURFROMTWODIFFERENTSITESTHEFORMYLC–HORTHEC–HΑTOTHENITROGENATOMTERTBUTYLHYDROPEROXIDETBHP/CUMEDIATEDDIRECTAMIDATIONOFΒKETOESTERSANDΒDICARBONYLPHENOLSWITHFORMAMIDESHASRECENTLYBEENACHIEVEDANDOCCURSATTHEC–HCENTREOFTHEFORMYLMOIETY16THEMETALFREEREACTIONOFFORMAMIDESWITHPHTHALIMIDESANDDECARBOXYLATIVEC–HACYLOXYLATIONOFDMFHAVEBEENREPORTEDTOOCCURREGIOSELECTIVELYATTHEC–HCENTREΑTOTHENITROGENATOM18XIANGANDCOWORKERSREPORTEDTHATINTHEDIRECTOXIDATIVETHIOLATIONOFDMFWITHDIPHENYLDISULFIDE,THEPRODUCTSCORRESPONDINGTOHYDROGENABSTRACTIONFROMTHEFORMYLC–HANDTHEC–HΑTOTHENITROGENATOMAREFORMEDINAPPROXIMATELYEQUALAMOUNTS18AHOWEVER,BYUSINGTHIOPHENOLASACOUPLINGPARTNERALONGWITHCUOAC2/TBHP,THEREGIOSELECTIVEFORMATIONOFTHIOCARBAMATEWASOBSERVED18BITMAYBENOTEDTHATTHEREACTIONOFSIMPLEPHENOLWITHDMFINTHEPRESENCEOFCUCL/TBHPRESULTEDINNOPRODUCTFORMATION16BPSINGH,ABATRA,PSINGH,AKAUR,KNSINGHSHORTCOMMUNICATIONTABLE3STUDYOFTHESUBSTRATESCOPEINTHECOUPLINGREACTIONBETWEENFORMAMIDESANDDESELENIDESAAREACTIONCONDITIONS180EQUIV,21EQUIV,4?MS01G/02MMOL,AQTBHP4EQUIVBISOLATEDYIELDCNOREACTIONWWWEURJOCORG?2013WILEYVCHVERLAGGMBHCOKGAA,WEINHEIMEURJORGCHEM2013,7688–76927690AMIDES,NAMELYN,NDIMETHYL,N,NDIETHYL,N,NDIBUTYLANDN,NDIISOPROPYLFORMAMIDE1A–1D,REACTEDWITHTHEDIARYLDISELENIDESTOGIVETHECOUPLEDPRODUCTSINMODERATETOGOODYIELDSTABLE2DISELENIDESBEARINGELECTRONDONATINGGROUPSONTHEPHENYLRING2B,2CSMOOTHLYAFFORDEDTHECORRESPONDINGCOUPLEDPRODUCTS3E–3LTABLE2,ENTRIES5–12DI1NAPHTHYLDISELENIDE2DALSOGAVETHEPRODUCTS3M–3OINGOODYIELDSTABLE2,ENTRIES13–15HOWEVER,BIS2METHOXY1NAPHTHYLDISELENIDE2EGAVELOWERYIELDSTABLE2,ENTRIES16AND17,WHICHMAYBEDUETOSTERICFACTORSTHEUSEOFDIBENZYLDISELENIDE2FASACOUPLINGPARTNERALSOGAVETHEPRODUCTS3RAND3SINYIELDSOF74AND67,RESPECTIVELYTABLE2,ENTRIES18AND19INADDITION,NOOTHERNEWPRODUCTSWEREDETECTEDINTHESEREACTIONSTOTESTTHEGENERALITYOFTHISPROCEDURE,WEALSOEVALUATEDTHEREACTIONWITHCYCLICFORMAMIDES1E–1GTHECORRESPONDINGSELENOCARBAMATESWEREOBTAINEDINYIELDSOF51–71TABLE3,ENTRIES1–6HOWEVER,NMETHYLFORMAMIDE1HANDNPHENYLFORMAMIDE1IFAILEDTOGIVETHECOUPLEDPRODUCTTABLE3,ENTRIES7AND8INADDITION,N,NDIMETHYLACETAMIDE1JALSOFAILEDTOREACTTABLE3,ENTRY9THEREFOREITCANBEINFERREDTHATTHEPRODUCTCORRESPONDINGTOC–HABSTRACTIONΑTOTHENITROGENATOMISNOTFORMEDEVENWHENFORMYLC–HABSTRACTIONISBLOCKEDITWASPROPOSEDEARLIERTHATTHEREACTIONOFFORMAMIDEWITHDIFFERENTCOUPLINGPARTNERSSUCHASAZOLE,ΒKETOESTERSANDTHIOLINTHEPRESENCEOFOXIDANTSLIKETBHPANDDTBPOCCURSREGIOSELECTIVELYBYFORMYLHYDROGENABSTRACTIONANDPROCEEDSTHROUGHARADICALPATHWAY16–18INTHISCASEALSO,WHENTHERADICALSCAVENGERTEMPO4EQUIVWASADDEDTOTHEREACTIONMIXTUREOF1AAND2AUNDERTHEOPTIMIZEDREACTIONCONDITIONSTABLE1,ENTRY2,THEYIELDOFPRODUCT3AWASREDUCEDDRAMATICALLY7,WHICHSUGGESTSTHEINVOLVEMENTOFARADICALOIDSPECIESTHEREFOREWEHAVEPROPOSEDAPLAUSIBLEMECHANISMFORTHISREACTIONSCHEME2HYDROGENRADICALABSTRACTIONFROMFORMAMIDE1ABYTBHPGIVESINTERMEDIATEA,WHICHREACTSWITHPHSESEPHTOGIVETHECOUPLEDPRODUCT3AANDSELENYLRADICALBTHEINTERMEDIATEBEITHERREACTSWITH1ATOGIVEPHSEHANDINTERMEDIATEAORITDIRECTLYREACTSWITHTHEINITIALLYFORMEDINTERMEDIATEATOGIVETHEDESIREDPRODUCTINTHEPRESENCEOFTBHP,PHSEHISOXIDIZEDTOPHSESEPHTOCOMPLETETHECYCLE20SCHEME2TENTATIVEMECHANISMFORTHECOUPLINGREACTIONBETWEENFORMAMIDESANDDISELENIDES

簡介：中文中文2650字文獻出處文獻出處SINGHP,BATRAA,SINGHP,ETALOXIDATIVEC–SECOUPLINGOFFORMAMIDESANDDISELENIDESBYUSINGAQUEOUSTERT‐BUTYLHYDROPEROXIDEACONVENIENTSYNTHESISOFSELENOCARBAMATESJEUROPEANJOURNALOFORGANICCHEMISTRY,2013,20133476887692本科畢業(yè)設計本科畢業(yè)設計論文論文外文翻譯外文翻譯（201屆）題目題目學生姓名學生姓名學號指導教師專業(yè)專業(yè)班級應用化學用化學專業(yè)專業(yè)班分析化學模分析化學模塊所在學院所在學院化學工程學院化學工程學院提交日期提交日期201年3月2二甲基甲酰胺通常被用作溶劑，但也被認為是CO、ME2N、ME2NCO和氧氣的原料。然而，直接C–H活化的甲酰胺也有報道。在這些氧化反應，氫可以從兩個不同的位點出現(xiàn)甲?；腃H和CH––Α的氮原子。Β酮酸酯和Β二羰基酚和甲酰胺在過氧化叔丁醇（TBHP）/銅介導下酰胺化最近已經(jīng)成功，發(fā)生在甲?；鶊FC–H中心。甲酰胺與鄰苯二甲酰亞胺的無金屬反應和DMF脫羧的酰氧基化反應的已經(jīng)被報道，選擇性發(fā)生在CH與N原子的中心。XIANG和他的同事報道了DMF和二硫化苯直接氧化硫醇，產(chǎn)品與在甲酰胺CH和Α氮原子之間轉移的氫氣的量對應。然而，通過使用苯硫酚作為一種偶合反應的添加物并且伴隨CU（OAC）2/TBHP，可以觀察硫代氨基甲酸酯的選擇性形成?？梢灾赋龅氖?，純粹的酚與DMF在CUCL/TBHP的存在下，將不會產(chǎn)生反應。由于持續(xù)關注促進了實用的新反應的發(fā)展，我們研究了甲酰胺和二硒醚之間的是否能發(fā)生氧化偶聯(lián)反應，用來形成一個新的C–SE鍵。此外，這種反應的區(qū)域選擇性的將感興趣的不僅對硫醚的相應的反應，也對氨基甲酸酯硒感興趣，它可能是其中的一個產(chǎn)品，具有相當?shù)闹匾浴D1甲酰胺和硒醚的無金屬耦合反應結果和討論結果和討論我們最初的研究主要集中在DMF1A）和二苯硒（2A）。80個當量的DMF也當做溶劑）和1個當量的2A混合，并加入4?分子篩，反應溫度100℃，12小時，在氮氣保護下，并使用4個當量的70TBHP充當氧化劑。通過柱色譜法純化后得到處理，得到收率為27產(chǎn)品3A（表1，條目1）以及未反應的2A（45）。通過薄層色譜分析沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)其他新產(chǎn)品。提高反應溫度120C3A°提高產(chǎn)量的68（表1，條目2）。減少反應是時間將得到更低的

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