簡介：SEEDISCUSSIONS,STATS,ANDAUTHORPROFILESFORTHISPUBLICATIONATHTTPS//WWWRESEARCHGATENET/PUBLICATION/320015943INTELLIGENTBUILDINGSCONSIDERATIONSFORITSDESIGNUSINGMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSCHAPTERJANUARY2017CITATION1READS892AUTHORSCARLOSRIZOMAESTREUNIVERSITYOFALICANTE11PUBLICATIONS1CITATIONSEEPROFILEFRANCISCOJOSéMORALIZáNUNIVERSITYOFALICANTE8PUBLICATIONS41CITATIONSSEEPROFILEALLCONTENTFOLLOWINGTHISPAGEWASUPLOADEDBYCARLOSRIZOMAESTREON25SEPTEMBER2017THEUSERHASREQUESTEDENHANCEMENTOFTHEDOWNLOADEDFILESECURITYANDSTRUCTUREITCONSISTSOFSEVERALIMPORTANTPARAMETERELEMENTSINASMARTBUILDINGELEMENTSINCLUDEEARTHQUAKEMONITORING,STRUCTURALMONITORING,TERRORISTATTACKPRECAUTIONPLAN,FIREPROTECTION,ELECTRICALSAFETY,LIFTRELIABILITY,PUBLICNOTICES,ESCAPEPLAN,ESSENTIALELECTRICALPOWER,PREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEOFBUILDINGSYSTEMS,INDOORAIRQUALITY,SECURITYMANAGEMENTSYSTEM,RISKMANAGEMENT,SAFETYANDCROWDCONTROL,ETCBUILDINGMANAGEMENTINCLUDINGOPERATIONANDMAINTENANCEOFCONSTRUCTIONSERVICES,HIGHTECHNOLOGY,SECURITYANDSURVEILLANCE,CONTROLS,MANAGEMENTPLANNING,WATERSUPPLYANDDRAINAGE,ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION,ETCINGENERAL,THISSECTIONWOULDINCLUDETHECOSTOFTHELIFECYCLEOFABUILDINGHEALTHYBUILDINGITISPARTICULARLYINTERESTINGINTHEEVALUATIONOFRESIDENTIALBUILDINGSTHEGROUPSOFELEMENTSINCLUDE,DRINKINGWATERANDWASHINGSYSTEM,DRAINAGE,TOILET,PARKINGANDELEVATORVENTILATION,SMELL,CLEANING,WASTEMANAGEMENT,PESTCONTROL,FILTRATIONINSWIMMINGPOOLS,ETCALLTHESEELEMENTSHAVEDIFFERENTINFLUENCEINTHEBUILDINGDEPENDINGONITSUSE,OFFICESOFWORK,RESIDENTIAL,COMMERCIAL,ETCINANYOFTHEM,THEINCREASINGWEIGHTANDSETOFTHESEELEMENTSCONTRIBUTETOTHECONSIDERATIONOFINTELLIGENTBUILDINGATTHEDESIGNLEVEL,WECANCONSIDERTWOTYPESOFELEMENTS,THOSETHATMAKEUPTHECLASSICARCHITECTURALDESIGNANDTHOSETHATMAKEUPTHEARCHITECTURALDESIGNBASEDONTHEINFORMATIONMANAGEMENTTHATISGENERATEDINTHEBUILDINGINTHEFOLLOWINGOFTHEARTICLEWEAREGOINGTOSEETHEMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSTOUSETHEMFORTHEARCHITECTURALDESIGNBASEDONTHEINFORMATIONMANAGEMENTTHATISGENERATEDINTHEBUILDINGIIMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSINTHEFIELDOFINTELLIGENTBUILDINGDESIGN,WEMUSTHAVEMECHANISMSTOINTEGRATESENSORS,ACTUATORS,DIFFERENTAUTOMATICCONTROLSYSTEMSANDINFORMATIONCAPTUREMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSMASFORMACOMMUNITYOFINTERDEPENDENTELEMENTSTHATACTINDIVIDUALLYFROMTHEMOMENTTHATAGROUPOFELEMENTS,INTHISCASEAGENTS,ASSUMETOACTINGROUPFORMINGSYSTEMS,THECAPACITYTONEGOTIATEANDTOCOORDINATEDIFFERENTTASKSISNECESSARYINMANYCASESTHEUSEOFINDIVIDUALAGENTSISNOTJUSTASSUITABLEFORALLSITUATIONSTHATOCCURINPRACTICESOLVINGAPROBLEMUSINGANINDIVIDUALAGENTCAUSESMAJORCONSTRAINTSANINDIVIDUALAGENTREQUIRESANENORMOUSAMOUNTOFKNOWLEDGETOSOLVECOMPLEXPROBLEMSINTHEWORSTCASE,THEPROBLEMCANBESOCOMPLEXTHATANAGENTCANNOTFINDAUSEFULSOLUTIONEVENWHENTHEINDIVIDUALAGENTCANSOLVEAPROBLEM,ITALWAYSPRESENTSABOTTLENECKINTERMSOFSPEED,RELIABILITY,FLEXIBILITYANDMODULARITYMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSOFFERAMETHODTOAVOIDTHEPROBLEMATICSITUATIONSDESCRIBEDINAMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,SEVERALINDEPENDENTAUTONOMOUSAGENTSAREACTIVE9EACHOFTHESEAGENTSISDEDICATEDTOTHEIROWNOBJECTIVESANDONLYCONTACTSTHEOTHERAGENTSTOOBTAININFORMATION,ORTOCONTRIBUTETOACOORDINATEDSOLUTIONOFAGENERALPROBLEMINBOTHSITUATIONS,EACHINDIVIDUALAGENTHASASPECIFICTASKFORWHICHITISADEQUATEANDWHOSESOLUTIONDOESNOTEXCEEDITSCAPABILITIESTHISALLOWSFORTHEPROCESSINGOFCOMPLEXPROBLEMSMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSPROVIDEAGREATADVANTAGETHEYALLOWTHEINTEGRATIONOFEXISTINGAGENTSINTOALARGESYSTEMTHEREFORE,SOLVINGAPROBLEMDOESNOTREQUIRETHEDESIGNANDDEVELOPMENTOFANEWSPECIALIZEDAGENT,INSTEAD,THEKNOWLEDGEOFEXISTINGAGENTSCANBEUSEDBYCOMBININGTHEMINTOAMULTIAGENTSYSTEMANDALLOWINGTHEMTOWORKTOGETHERTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMIIIINTERACTIONBETWEENAGENTSINAMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,ANAGENTMUSTANTICIPATETHEACTIONSOFTHEOTHERAGENTSINTHEIROWNPLANNINGTASKANDHOWITCANINFLUENCETHEACTIONSOFOTHERAGENTSINBENEFITOFTHEIROWNOBJECTIVESTHEEFFECTSOFTHEACTIONSOFOTHERAGENTSONOURAGENTMAYBEFAVORABLE,NEUTRALORDETRIMENTALTOOURAGENTSOBJECTIVESTOINFLUENCEWHATANOTHERAGENTWILLDOWEWILLNEEDMETHODSFORANAGENTTOCOMMUNICATEWITHANOTHERAGENTTHESIMPLESTKINDOFAGENTINTERACTIONWOULDBETHEONEINWHICHOURAGENTREACTSTOTHEEFFECTSOFTHEENVIRONMENTGENERATEDBYOTHERAGENTSASTHEYOCCURANDPERCEIVETHEMTHESEAREREACTIVEAGENTSINTHISCASE,THEREWOULDBENOEXPLICITCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHEM,NORWOULDWENEEDMODELSOFTHEOTHERAGENTSIFOURAGENTHASTOTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEACTIVITYOFTHEOTHERAGENTS,YOUWILLNEEDTOHAVEMODELSTHATYOUCANUSETOPREDICTHOWTHESEWILLBEHAVEANDUSETHEMWHENBUILDINGYOUROWNPLANSTHEMODELOFTHEAGENT,ALONGWITHTHEMECHANISMTOUSEITANDSELECTTHEACTIONS,ISCALLEDCOGNITIVESTRUCTUREOFTEN,THECOGNITIVESTRUCTUREALSOINCLUDESTHEAGENTSGOALSANDINTENTIONS10ALLTHISWEWILLDEALWITHINMOREDETAILINSECTION3WHENTALKINGABOUTTHEARCHITECTURESOFAGENTSSOMEBASICCHARACTERISTICSOFMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSARE1EACHAGENTHASALIMITEDVIEWOFTHESTATEOFTHEWORLD,IE,HASINCOMPLETEINFORMATION2THEREISNOGLOBALCONTROL,THECONTROLOFTHESYSTEMISDISTRIBUTED3THEINFORMATIONISDECENTRALIZED4THECOMPUTATIONISASYNCHRONOUSINAMULTIAGENTSYSTEM,WECANFINDINSITUATIONSOFCOOPERATIONORCOMPETITIONINTHEFIRSTCASE,THEAGENTSWILLHAVETOBEABLETOCOMBINETHEIREFFORTS,USUALLYTOOBTAINSOLUTIONSOFPROBLEMSTHATTHEAGENTITSELFISNOTABLETOFINDCMASCOOPERATIVEMULTIAGENTSYSTEMSONTHEOTHERHAN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簡介：3200英文單詞，英文單詞，19500英文字符，中文英文字符，中文5700字文獻出處文獻出處ILESANMIAO,EGBEMSUSTAINABLEINNOVATIONSINBUILDINGDESIGNTHECOURTYARDANDVERANDACONCEPTSINNIGERIAC//ARCHITECTURALENGINEERINGCONFERENCE2013594603SUSTAINABLEINNOVATIONSINBUILDINGDESIGNTHECOURTYARDANDVERANDACONCEPTSINNIGERIAADETOKUNBOOILESANMIPUTTINGNOVELIDEASINTOPRACTICETHISMAYRELATETOAPRODUCT,PROCESS,SERVICE,ORIDEATHATISNEW,NOVEL,ORIMPROVEDTHEUSEOFANEWPRODUCT,SERVICEORMETHODININDUSTRY,BUSINESSORSOCIETYSUBSEQUENTTOITSCREATIONJONESANDSAAD,2003ALTHOUGHMANYTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONSORIGINATEDINTHEDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,THISDOESNOTPRECLUDETHEUNIQUEINPUTANDPOTENTIALSFROMTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESDCSHOWEVER,THECURRENTPATTERNOFTHEGLOBALISATIONPROCESSSEEMSTOBEOBLIVIOUSOFTHEMULTIFACETEDINTELLECTUALWEALTHANDNATURALRESOURCESOFDCSASNWAGWU2005ARGUES,THEBEAUTYOFATRULYGLOBALISEDWORLDWOULDLIEINTHEDIVERSITYOFCONTRIBUTIONBYALLCOUNTRIESINTHEGLOBALARENASCHOLARS,PRACTITIONERSANDPOLICYMAKERSARETHEREFOREINCREASINGLYADOPTINGTHE“SYSTEMIC”APPROACHTOINNOVATION,WITHAGREATERAWARENESSTHATINNOVATIONOCCURSWITHINASYSTEM,WHERECONTINUOUSINTERACTIONSAMONGTHEVARIOUSACTORSPLAYANESSENTIALROLELUNDVALLETAL2008INNOVATIVETHINKING,PRODUCTSANDDELIVERYSHOULDBECENTRALTOTHEDESIGN,CONSTRUCTION,ANDPROVISIONOFTHEBUILTENVIRONMENT,FROMITSCAPITALWORKSTHROUGHTOTHEMAINTENANCEOFASSETSTHISISBECAUSETHEBUILTENVIRONMENT,OFWHICHTHECONSTRUCTIONSECTORISACORECOMPONENT,SHAPESTHESOCIETYSIMULTANEOUSLYASPEOPLESHAPETHEBUILTENVIRONMENTTHEISSUEOFINNOVATIONINBUILDINGDESIGNISUNIQUELYRELEVANTINTHECONTEXTOFADEVELOPINGCOUNTRYSUCHASNIGERIA,ASASENSEOFOUTDOORLIVINGINSOMECASES,COOLINGRAINWATERISDRAWNFROMELABORATEPITCHEDROOFS,THROUGHTHECOURTYARDS,TOHELPMODERATEINTERNALAIRTEMPERATURESTHECOURTYARDISACOMMONFEATUREINTHEARCHITECTURESOFTHEMAJORNIGERIANTRIBES–HAUSA,YORUBA,ANDIGBO–THOUGHWITHSLIGHTVARIATIONSRICHARDSON,2001INYORUBAARCHITECTURE,PALACESANDTHETRADITIONALCOMPOUNDSOFCHIEFSANDLARGEEXTENDEDFAMILYUNITSOFTENCONTAINASERIESOFCOURTYARDSLINKEDTOGETHERBYPASSAGESINADDITION,THECOURTYARDISAMAJORFEATUREOFTHEAGGREGATIONOFSPACESANDANESSENTIALCOMPONENTFORENVIRONMENTALCONTROLANDSOCIOCULTURALEXCHANGESOSASONAANDHYLAND,2006IRRESPECTIVEOFITSFORMORNATURE,THECOURTYARDSERVESTHEFUNCTIONOFACCOMMODATINGGROUPACTIVITIESOFHOUSEHOLDMEMBERSANDVISITORSTHECOURTYARDSYSTEMTHEREFOREHASTHEPOTENTIALTOMAXIMIZESPACEEFFICIENCYANDENHANCEBUILDINGENVELOPESINURBANTROPICALENVIRONMENTSTHEBUNGALOWISAONEFLOORHOUSEWITHALARGEROOFANDOVERHANGSITREPRESENTEDAUNIQUEARCHITECTUREDESIGNEDTOFITTHETROPICALBIOCLIMATICCONDITIONS,WHILESIMULTANEOUSLYBEINGACULTURALCONSTRUCTTHATRESPONDEDTOTHEBELIEFSANDDESIRESOFTHECOLONIALISTSITHOWEVERREMAINSTOBECONSERVED,REUSEDANDREDESIGNEDKING,1984ASABUILTFORMADAPTEDTOTHETROPICALCLIMATE,THEBUNGALOWEVOLVEDASATRANSFORMATIONOFTHEPEASANTBENGAHBANGGOLO,DIFFUSEDALLOVERTHETHENBRITISHEMPIRETYPICALLY,ITISAFREESTANDING,SINGLEFAMILYBUILDING,WITHCENTRALFUNCTIONSORGANIZEDINTHECOREANDASERIESOFWRAPAROUNDFUNCTIONSTHATINSULATEDTHEHOUSEFROMTHEHEATORCOLDTHECRITICALWRAPAROUNDELEMENTWASTHEVERANDAORTRANSITIONALZONETHATALLOWEDVENTILATIONTOCIRCULATETHROUGHTHEBUILDINGWHILESTILLPROVIDINGSHADELEFAIVREANDTZONIS,2004ANASIANTROPICALINVENTION,THEVERANDAISNOTONLYANIMPORTANTARCHITECTURALFEATURE,ITALSOSUPPORTSANENTIRELIFESTYLEINITSCONFINES–SITTING,SLEEPING,ANDSOCIALIZING–WHILESIMULTANEOUSLYALLOWINGITSOCCUPANTSTORETREATINTOTHEPRIVACYOFTHEINNERCHAMBERSITISAPORCHLIKE,SHADEDAREASEPARATINGINSIDEANDOUTSIDE,COMPARABLETOANIMMATERIAL,VIRTUALNONWALLMEHROTRA,2000AVARIETYOFDEVICESSUCHASLOUVERSANDSCREENSWEREADAPTEDTOMODULATETHEEXTENTOFBREEZEALLOWEDINTOTHEINTERIORS,ASWELLASTOPROVIDEPRIVACYFORTHEVERANDA–RESULTINGINARICHARCHITECTURALVOCABULARYMANYVARIATIONSOFTHEBUNGALOWANDVERANDAHAVEAPPEAREDINTHETROPICS,DEFINEDBYTHECULTURALHERITAGEOFETHNICGROUPS,THEIRLIFESTYLEANDTHETRADITIONALCRAFTSOFLOCALBUILDERSINTHEIRORIGINALTRADITIONALCONTEXTS,THECOURTYARDANDTHEVERANDACONCEPTSWEREMAINLYRESTRICTEDTORESIDENTIALBUILDINGTYPOLOGIESTHERATIONALEFORTHEPRESENTSTUDYISTHEREFORETOEXAMINETHEINNOVATIVEADAPTATIONOFTHESECONCEPTSTOOTHERBUILDINGTYPOLOGIESADMINISTRATIVE,EDUCATIONAL,HEALTH,INSTITUTIONAL,ANDMULTIUSERESEARCHMETHODTHISCASESTUDYRESEARCHAPPROACHFOCUSEDONFIVESELECTEDBUILDINGSINSOUTHWESTERNNIGERIA,INWHICHTHEAUTHORSWEREINVOLVEDASARCHITECTSATTHELEVELSOFDESIGN,CONSTRUCTION,MAINTENANCEANDMANAGEMENTQUALITATIVEPRIMARYDATAWEREDERIVEDFROMTHEDESIGNANDWORKINGDRAWINGS,PHYSICALOBSERVATION,ANDPHOTOGRAPHICRECORDSTHEBUILDINGSWEREPURPOSIVELYSELECTEDTOSPANARANGEOFDESIGNTYPOLOGIESADMINISTRATIVE,EDUCATIONAL,HEALTH,INSTITUTIONAL,ANDMULTIUSEFACILITIESTHEYALSOREPRESENTPROJECTSATDIFFERENTSTAGESOFTHEDESIGNCONSTRUCTIONOCCUPANCYCONTINUUMTHESTUDYANALYSEDSPACEEFFICIENCYRELATIVETOTHEBUILDINGS’ENVELOPES,EMPHASISINGTHEINNOVATIVEADAPTATIONOFTHECOURTYARDSYSTEMANDTHEBUNGALOWVERANDACONCEPTANALYSISOFTHECASESTUDIES

簡介：2100英文單詞，英文單詞，11500英文單詞，中文英文單詞，中文3350字文獻出處文獻出處KOZLOVSKAM,MACKOVAD,SPISAKOVAMSURVEYOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONUSAGEINPLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTIONOFBUILDINGPROJECTJPROCEDIAENGINEERING,2016,161711715SURVEYOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONUSAGEINPLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTIONOFBUILDINGPROJECTMARIAKOZLOVSKA,DANIELAMACKOVA,MARCELASPISAKOVAABSTRACTPROJECTMANAGEMENTPRESENTSTHEMANAGEMENTANDTHECOORDINATIONOFHUMANANDMATERIALRESOURCESTHROUGHOUTTHELIFEOFPROJECTBYUSINGTHEMODERNTECHNIQUESOFMANAGEMENTFORACHIEVEMENTOFPREDETERMINEDOBJECTIVESINPARTICULARSCOPE,COSTS,TIME,QUALITYANDTHESATISFACTIONOFPROJECTSSTAKEHOLDERSTHECONSTRUCTIONPROJECTISUNIQUESUMMARYOFACTIVITIESWHICHRESULTEDINPRODUCTMEETINGTHEREQUIREDQUALITYPARAMETERSLIMITEDBYTIMEANDCOSTSTHESEPARAMETERSCANBEMANAGEDONLYTHROUGHTHECAREFULLYPLANNINGTHEWIDERANGEOFPLANSISTHERESULTOFCONSTRUCTIONPLANNINGTHEPLANSALLOWTHEEFFECTIVELYMANAGETHEACHIEVEMENTOFPLANNEDCONSTRUCTIONPARAMETERSNOTONLYTHETIME,COSTSANDQUALITYAREIMPORTANTFORCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTMANAGEMENT,BUTALSOTHEPLANSINTHEFIELDOFSAFETY,CONSTRUCTIONEQUIPMENTANDMEASURESFORELIMINATINGTHEIMPACTOFTHEWINTERSEASONFORCONSTRUCTIONASAPARTOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONFOREFFECTIVEPLANNINGANDTHEMANAGEMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONPROCESSBYTHEPLANS,ITISCURRENTLYNECESSARYTOUSEMORESOPHISTICATEDICTTOOLSTHEPAPERPRESENTSTHERESULTSOFLONGITUDINALRESEARCHFOCUSEDONTHEOPINIONOFCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESINSLOVAKIARELATEDTOTHEIRAPPROACHESTOPROCESSINGTHESEIMPORTANTPLANSFORMANAGEMENTOFTHEIRCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSTHESURVEYWASREPEATEDIN1996,2003,2008AND2013,THEREFOREITISPOSSIBLETOEXAMINETHETRENDSINTHEFIELDOFPLANSPROCESSINGANDTHENTHEIRUSINGFORCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTTHEAIMOFRESEARCHISTOFINDOUTTHETRENDINPROCESSINGOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONKEYWORDSCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONPLANNINGPHASECONSTRUCTIONPHASEQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYPREVIOUSLYISNECESSARYTODETERMINETHEDEPENDENCEOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONPROCESSINGONTIMEWHICHISCONFIRMEDBYSTATISTICALMETHODCHISQUAREDTESTFORINVESTIGATIONOFQUANTITATIVECHARACTERSTHEFINDINGSOFRESEARCHINDICATETHATTRENDINTHEPROCESSINGOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONISIMPROVING1INTRODUCTIONTHECONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONPRESENTSTHERESULTOFPLANNINGOFCONSTRUCTIONPROCESSESANDISNECESSARYFORITSMANAGEMENTTHEPROCESSINGANDCONTINUALUPDATINGOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONAREESSENTIALFORMANAGEMENTOFCHANGESWHICHAREVERYCOMMONISSUESINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSANYADDITIONS,DELETIONS,ORREVISIONSTOPROJECTGOALSORSCOPEARECONSIDEREDTOBECHANGESREGARDLESSOFWHETHERTHEYINCREASEORDECREASETHEPROJECTCOST,QUALITYORSCHEDULE3PROJECTCHANGESHAVEOBVIOUSIMPACTSONTHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESS,NOTONLYONTHEPROJECT’SSCHEDULEANDCOSTBUTALSOONTHEPROJECT’SPERFORMANCEFURTHERMORE,ITISHARDTOPREDICTTHECHANGESINCONSTRUCTIONPROJECTSTHISISMAINLYBECAUSEOFTHEUNIQUENESSOFEACHPROJECTANDTHELIMITEDRESOURCESTHATCANBESPENTONPLANNING,EXECUTINGANDDELIVERINGTHEPROJECT4PROJECTMANAGERNEEDSPLANOFMEASURESFORELIMINATINGTHEIMPACTOFTHEWINTERSEASONISUSEDTOELIMINATETHEEFFECTSOFWEATHERCONDITIONSTOACONSTRUCTIONPROCESSTHATAFFECTITSPROGRESSIONANDCONTINUITYOBLIGATIONOFPROCESSINGALMOSTALLDOCUMENTSEXCEPTQUALITYCONTROLPLANFORCONSTRUCTIONREALIZATIONANDPLANFOROSHISNOTLEGISLATIVELYREQUIREDONTHEOTHERHAND,THISDOCUMENTATIONPROVIDESTHENECESSARYANDVALUABLEINFORMATIONANDDATAFOREFFECTIVEANDCORRECTMANAGEMENTOFCONSTRUCTIONINALLASPECTSOFCONSTRUCTION2METHODOLOGYTHEGOALOFRESEARCHISTOFINDOUTTHETRENDINPROCESSINGOFCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTATIONINSLOVAKCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESPREVIOUSLYISNECESSARYTODETERMINETHEDEPENDENCEOFTHISDOCUMENTATIONPROCESSINGONTIMETHEDEPENDENCEISDETERMINEDBYTHERESULTSOFQUESTIONNAIRESURVEYWHICHHAVEDONESINCE1996INTECHNICALUNIVERSITYINKOSICETHISRESEARCHANALYSESDATACOLLECTEDINFOURYEARS1996,2003,2008,2013RESPONDENTSEXPERTSWEREASKEDBYPERSONALQUESTIONINGTOANSWERQUESTIONSRELATINGTOCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTSIN1996WEREINTERVIEWED64RESPONDENTS,IN200348RESPONDENTS,159RESPONDENTSINYEAR2008AND59RESPONDENTSINYEAR2013THISSTUDYANALYSESSELECTEDSIXCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTSPROCESSINGINSLOVAKCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANIESDEPENDSONTIMESCHEDULEOFCONSTRUCTIONWORKSQUESTIONQ1,BUDGETQUESTIONQ2,QUALITYCONTROLPLANFORCONSTRUCTIONREALIZATIONQUESTIONQ3,CONSTRUCTIONSITELAYOUTPLANNINGQUESTIONQ4,PLANOFOCCUPATIONALSAFETYANDHEALTHQUESTIONQ5,PLANOFMEASURESFORELIMINATINGTHEIMPACTOFTHEWINTERSEASONFORCONSTRUCTIONQUESTIONQ6THEQUESTIONNAIREMENTIONEDABOVECONTAINEDQUESTIONSRELATEDTOTHEPROCESSINGOFTHESEDOCUMENTSANDTHERESPONDENTHADSCALEOFPOSSIBLEANSWERSALWAYS,SOMETIMESANDNEVERDOCUMENTSAREPROCESSEDTHESHAREOFANSWERSINPERCENTFORALLSIXQUESTIONSDEPENDINGONTIMEISSHOWNINTABLE2ANDALSOINFIGURE1USINGCHISQUAREDTESTSIGNIFICANCELEVEL?005BYSOFTWAREMSEXCELITWASINVESTIGATEDINFLUENCEOFTIMETOCONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENTDOCUMENTSPROCESSINGANULLHYPOTHESISWASTHEPROCESSINGOFDOCUMENTSISINDEPENDENTONTHETIMETHESHAREOFANSWERSINPERCENTFORALLSIXQUESTIONSDEPENDINGONTIMEISSHOWNINTABLE2CONSEQUENTLYCHISQUAREDTESTWASDONEANDTHERESULTSARESHOWNINTABLE3TABLE2SHAREOFANSWERSFORQUESTIONSQ1,Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5,Q6ALWAYSSOMETIMESNEVER199620032008201319962003200820131996200320082013Q154437169465025250746Q26150575131383635812714Q3503544463350354017152114Q438224826544031558382118Q5545374713138212115958Q631222720614353548352026TABLE3RESULTSOFCHISQUAREDTESTQ1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6PVALUE339105049018211074210368104P?P?P?P?P?

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簡介：CONCEPTUALVOLUME4ISSUE3APRIL2018DOI1019080/CERJ201804555638CIVILENGRESJCOPYRIGHT?ALLRIGHTSARERESERVEDBYCHANDRASHEKHARSINGHGREENCONSTRUCTIONANALYSISONGREENANDSUSTAINABLEBUILDINGTECHNIQUESCHANDRASHEKHARSINGHDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,AMITYUNIVERSITYCHHATTISGARH,INDIASUBMISSIONJANUARY21,2018PUBLISHEDAPRIL17,2018CORRESPONDINGAUTHORCHANDRASHEKHARSINGH,DEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,AMITYUNIVERSITYCHHATTISGARH,STREET3/BASHISHNAGAREASTRISALIBHILAICHHATTISGARH490006,INDIA,TELEMAILINTRODUCTIONTHETERM“GREEN”REFERSTOENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYPRACTICESFROMBUILDINGDESIGNTOTHELANDSCAPINGCHOICESITALSOOPTIMISTSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTMODERNBUILDINGTECHNIQUESCOSTEFFICIENCYENVIRONMENTFRIENDLYHOWTOCITETHISARTICLECHANDRASHEKHARSINGHGREENCONSTRUCTIONANALYSISONGREENANDSUSTAINABLEBUILDINGTECHNIQUESCIVILENGRESJ201843555638DOI1019080/CERJ201804555638003CIVILENGINEERINGRESEARCHJOURNALGREENBUILDINGFEATURESGREENBUILDINGHASMANYSTARKFEATURESSOMEOFTHEMAREOENERGYEFFICIENTEQUIPMENTFORAIRCONDITIONINGANDLIGHTINGSYSTEMSANDUSEOFONSITERENEWABLEENERGYOMEASUREMENTANDVERIFICATIONPLANTOENSUREENERGYWATERSAVINGSOREDUCTIONOFBUILDINGFOOTPRINTSTOMINIMIZETHEIMPACTOENVIRONMENTOMINIMALDISTURBANCETOLANDSCAPESANDSITECONDITIONSOUSEOFRECYCLEDANDENVIRONMENTALFRIENDLYBUILDINGMATERIALSOUSEOFFNONTOXICANDRECYCLED/RECYCLABLEMATERIALSOEFFICIENTUSEOFWATERRECYCLINGOINDOORAIRQUALITYIMPROVEMENTFORHUMANSAFETYANDCOMFORTOUSEOFRAPIDLYRENEWABLEMATERIALSOPROVIDINGDAYLIGHTFORVISIBILITYFIGURE1FIGURE1ENERGYEFFICIENCYINGREENBUILDINGFORANEWORRENOVATEDBUILDINGTOACHIEVEENERGYEFFICIENCY,MAKESURETOINCLUDETHESETHREESTEPSOUSEACOMPREHENSIVEINTEGRATEDDESIGNPROCESS,ALSOCALLEDINTEGRATEDPROJECTDELIVERYOESTABLISHGOALS,TARGETS,ANDSTRATEGIESOIMPLEMENTENERGYEFFICIENCYMEASURESHOLISTICALLYTHEKEYTOENERGYEFFICIENCYINNEWBUILDINGSORRENOVATIONSISTOHAVEACOMPREHENSIVEINTEGRATEDPERSPECTIVEDURINGTHEDESIGNPHASETHATSEEKSTOOREDUCEHEATING,COOLING,ANDLIGHTINGLOADSTHROUGHTAKINGADVANTAGEOFTHEBUILDINGSITEANDCLIMATEATTRIBUTESINCLUDEPASSIVESOLARDESIGNANDINTEGRATEDLANDSCAPEDESIGNTHATUSETREESFORSHADING,WINDBREAKS,ANDATTRACTIVEOUTDOORSPACESORESEARCHANDINCLUDERENEWABLEENERGYSOURCESSUCHASDAYLIGHTING,PASSIVESOLAR,SOLARTHERMALHOTWATERANDPHOTOVOLTS,ANDGEOTHERMALHEATINGANDCOOLINGUSEOFRENEWABLEENERGYINCREASESENERGYSECURITYANDREDUCESDEPENDENCEONFOSSILFUELSOUSEPROJECTSPECIFICATIONSTOLAYTHEGROUNDWORKFORENERGYEFFICIENCY,SPECIFICALLYSTATINGPROJECTGOALS,TARGETS,ANDSTRATEGIESFORENERGYEFFICIENCYSPECIFYENERGYEFFICIENTHVACEQUIPMENTTHATMEETOREXCEEDFEDERAL,STATE,ANDLOCALSTANDARDS,SUCHASLEED,ENERGYSTAR,OROTHERFEDERALORSTATEHIGHPERFORMANCEMANDATESOINCREASEBUILDINGPERFORMANCEBYINCLUDINGPREDICTIVEENERGYMODELSANDSYSTEMCONTROLS,SUCHASOCCUPANCYANDDAYLIGHTSENSORS,CO2SENSORSANDOTHERAIRQUALITYALARMSEMPLOYSENSORSTHATCONTROLLOADSBASEDONOCCUPANCYANDAVAILABILITYOFNATURALRESOURCESSUCHASDAYLIGHTORNATURALVENTILATIONUSEENERGYMANAGEMENTTOOLSTOTRACKENERGYANDWATERUSESUCHASTHEENERGYSTARPORTFOLIOMANAGEROINTEGRATEWATERSAVINGTECHNOLOGIESTHATREDUCETHEENERGYBURDENTHATCOMESALONGWITHPROVIDINGPOTABLEWATERSUCHASWATERSENSEFIXTURESANDRAINWATERHARVESTINGPRACTICESMEASUREANDVERIFYTHATTHEPREDICTIVEMODELANDENERGYEFFICIENCYGOALSWEREMETGREENDESIGNCANHELPTOGIVEYOUAHEALTHYANDEFFICIENTHOUSETHATISALSOENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYANDYOUMONEYINTHELONGTERM15ORIENTATIONTOTHESUNTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFPASSIVESOLARHEATINGANDLIGHTINGOBUILDANENERGYEFFICIENTSTRUCTURE,CREATINGAWELLINSULATEDENVELOPETHATREQUIRESLESSENERGYTOHEATANDCOOLOLOWEWINDOWSTOPREVENTTHELOSSOFHEATOGREENMATERIALSLUMBERFROMSUSTAINABLEFORESTRYPRACTICES,MATERIALTHATEMITLOWTOXINS,RECYCLEDMATERIALSANDWATERSAVINGFAUCETSOUSEOFADVANCEDENERGYSYSTEMSGEOTHERMALHEATING/COOLINGMASONRYHEATER,PHOTOVOLTAICCELLS,SOLARHOTWATER,ANDWINDTURBINESMATERIALSELECTIONUSEOFTOXICSUBSTANCESINTHECONSTRUCTIONMAYBEHARMFULTOTHEOVERALLHEALTHOFABUILDING’SOCCUPANTSINSPITEOFANINCREASINGAWARENESSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALHEALTHPROBLEMSREGARDINGEXPOSURETOANUMBEROFPRODUCTS,THEREISLITTLEFOCUSINREALITYSCHOOLSONPICKINGMATERIALSBASEDONTHEIRPOTENTIALFOROUTGASSINGHARMFULCHEMICALS,DEMANDINGREGULARMAINTENANCEWITHSUCHCHEMICALS,ORREQUIRINGREGULARREPLACEMENTSTHATPERPETUATETHEEXPOSURECYCLEEVALUATIONOFBUILDINGPRODUCTS,FROMTHEGATHERINGOFRAWMATERIALSTOTHEIRULTIMATEDISPOSAL,

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